Nutrition - Chapter 4 Book Questions

Which of the following dietary components are absorbed by the cells lining the stomach?

-Water -Alcohol

Factors that contribute to the development of irritable bowel syndrome include

-altered gut immunity -psychosocial distress -abnormal intestinal motility

Digestive enzymes

-are made of protein -catalyze chemical reactions

Secretions from the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are delivered into the small intestines via the

-bile duct -pancreatic duct

The main functions of the large intestine include

-house gut microbiota -absorb water and electrolytes -form and expel feces

The role of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine is to

-make vitamin K and biotin -metabolize undigested food

Which of the following nutrients are absorbed in the lymphatic system?

-most fats -fat-soluble vitamins

Complications of inflammatory bowel disease include

-nutritional deficiencies such as anemia and oesteoporosis -protein-calorie malnutrition

Diarrhea in young children is typically cause by

-rotavirus -viruses -bacteria

Causes of hemmorrhoids

-straining during bowel movements -pregnancy and obesity -added stress to the veins of the rectum and anus

The stomach empties in about ____________ hours depending on the contents and size of the meal

1-4

The large intestine absorbs about ______________ percent of the water

10

The metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and protein yields

ATP

The intrinsic factor is needed for the absorption of which B vitamin in the small intestine?

B-12

Which of the following are examples of organ systems?

Digestive and Endocrine

Short chain fermentable carbohydrates that have been shown to reduce IBS symptoms are known as

FODMAPs

How much digestive fluid is secreted into the GI tract over the course of a day?

about 29 cups

When a nutrient requires a carrier protein and energy in order to be absorbed, this is called

active absorption

Factors that influence adult human gut microbiome composition include

alcohol, smoking, exercise

Nutritional status has ____________ effect on organ function

an

HCI destroys most harmful __________ and viruses in foods

bacteria

The pancreatic juices are very ___________ to neutralize the acidic chyme arriving from the stomach

basic, alkaline

Nutrients absorbed in the small intestine are delivered to which circulatory systems in the body?

cardiovascular system and lymphatic system

The smallest functional unit of the body is called a

cell

tendons and cartilage are made of ____________ tissue

connective

Pyloric sphincter

control the flow of stomach contents into the small intestine

Hepatopancreatic sphincter

controls the flow of bile from common bile duct into the small intestine

Feces in the rectum are a powerful stimulation for ____________

defecation

In developing countries, each year more children die from

diarrhea

Arrange the parts of the small intestine in the order they appear in the HI tracts

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

One function of bile is to _______________ fats, to disperse fat into many tiny droplets

emulsify

Swallowing moves food from the mouth to the

esophagus

Current research does not support the use of dietary ____________ in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome

fiber

Intestinal gas that is passed through the rectum is called

flatulence

Sour

from acids

Umami

from amino acids, primarily glutamate

Bitter

from diverse compounds such as caffeine and quinine

Salty

from metal ions such as sodium

Sweet

from organic compounds such as sugars

The stomach hormone that increases food intake is called

ghrelin

The protein ___________ found in wheat and related grains triggers an autoimmune response in individuals with celiac disease

gluten

swollen veins of the rectum and anus

hemorrhoids

Because of the hormones released during pregnancy, a pregnant woman is at _________________ risk for constipation

increased

The substance necessary for the body to absorb Vitamin B-12 is

intrinsic factor

Beneficial bacteria reside in the _____________ intestine

large

The ____________ intestine is the main site where electrolytes especially sodium and potassium, are absorbed.

large

The ______________ intestine is the main site where electrolytes, especially sodium and potassium, are absorbed

large

These nutrients would be picked up into the lymphatic system

large protein molecules

The large intestine is described as large compared to the small intestine because it is

larger in diameter than the small intense

Identify three organs that are important parts of the digestive system, that do not come in direct contact with food matter in the gastrointestinal tract

liver, gallbladder, pancreas

The resident bacteria throughout the GI tract are referred to as the gut

microbiota

Put the following digestive organs in the order they come in contact with food

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Which layer of the wall of the intestinal tract has many tiny fingerlike structures that project into the GI lumen and trap nutrients

mucosa

Each enzyme acts on __________ type(s) of chemical process

only one

Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called

peristalsis

A substance that serves as fuel for bacteria in the large intestine is called a

prebiotic

Fermentation has traditionally been used to

preserve foods

Lower esophageal sphincter

prevent backflow (reflux) of stomach contents into the esophagus

Anal sphincter

prevents defecation until person desires to do so

Ileocecal valve

prevents the contents of the large intestine from reentering the small intestine

The beneficial bacteria found in fermented foods, such as yogurt, kefir, and miso are known as _________ bacteria

probiotic

Yogurt would be classified as a __________ food

probitotic

Lingual lipase and salivary amylase are two components of the liquid called ________ which is produced by glands in the mouth

saliva

The most frequent peristalsis takes place in this organ of the GI tract

small intestine

What is the substance in the pancreatic juice that allows us to buffer the acidic contents arriving in the small intestine from the stomach?

sodium bicarbonate

IBS is often triggered by

specific foods

Pancreatic amylase is responsible for breaking down __________ for digestion

starch

Chyme is formed in the

stomach

The primary function of the pyloric sphincter is to control the flow of food contents from the __________ into the small intestine

stomach

The pyloric sphincter is a ringlike muscle located between which of the following two organs of the GI tract?

stomach and small intestine

The contents of the stomach pass through the pyloric sphincter at the rate of a __________ at a time

teaspoon

Digestion is

the process of breaking down foods into smaller components

most cases of diarrhea result from

viral and bacterial infection

Which of the following are absorbed in the large intestine?

water and electrolytes

Fluids that involve in the processes of digestion and absorption may contain

water, hormones, acid, mucus

Gluten-free diets have been shown to help people

with celiac disease

Irritable bowel syndrome is more common in younger

women