Ch. 24

_________ was the term used by the Japanese to refer to the Western ships arriving on Japanese waters, such as Commodore Perry's fleets in 1853 and 1854.

"Black Ships"

Among other provisions, the Treaty of Shimonoseki:

Allowed the Japanese to annex Taiwan.

The Japanese occupation of Manchuria's Liaodong Peninsula in the 1890s was opposed by the Triple Intervention, an alliance of all of the following European countries except:

Great Britain

New Emperor Mutsuhito's Japan sought to make good on its promise and took on the name of Meiji, meaning _________, and launched a series of progressive reforms aimed at strengthening imperial rule, as exemplified by the issuing of the Charter Oath of 1868.

"Enlightened Rule"

This movement's slogan, Sonno joi, meant:

"Honor the emperor, expel the barbarian!"

In the aftermath of losing the war, a group of young Chinese officials pushed for a series of widespread reforms aimed at completely revamping China's government and many of its leading institutions in what became known as the _________.

"Hundred Days of Reform"

In April ________ the new Emperor Meiji issued a "charter oath" in which he renounced, at least officially, the restrictive measures of the past.

1868

Even before the Meiji Restoration, Japan had one of the highest levels of preindustrial literacy in the world, _______ percent for males and 15 percent for females.

40

Like the Chinese "self-strengtheners", Japanese senior advisors to the emperor sought to use new foreign technologies and institutions to strengthen the state ___________.

Against further foreign intrusion

A ________ sect called the White Lotus sparked a rebellion against the Qing soon after the Qianlong emperor stepped down from his throne in 1795.

Buddhist

The most prominent of the ___________, which emerged in the 1860s, was Shenbao.

Chinese-language newspapers

Two major political parties rose to prominence in Japan by the turn of the turn of the twentieth century, the Kenseito, or Liberal, Party (later re-established as the Minseito), and the more powerful Seiyukai, or _________.

Constitutional Government Party

With the ascension of the infant Guangxu as emperor in 1874 came the regency of Empress Dowager _________.

Coxo

The movement's new regime moved to the Tokugawa capital of _________ and renamed it Tokyo.

Edo

Through a treaty, the British imposed the policy of _________, by which their subjects who were accused of violating Chinese laws would be tried and punished by British consuls.

Extraterritoriality

After he had __________ and suffered a nervous breakdown, Hong Xiuquan came to believe that he was Christ's younger brother.

Failed his civil service examination for the third time

As a result of a British and French raid on Beijing in 1860, a newly created Chinese board, the Zongli Yamen, was to handle Qing ________, and the Chinese were invited to send their own ambassadors abroad.

Foreign relations

Much of the resistance to the Emperor _________'s "hundred days' reform" program, issued in a flurry of edicts in 1898, was centered on the empress dowager.

Guangxu

An anti-Qing and anti-foreign group calling itself the Society of the _________ Fists was referred to as "Boxers" by the foreign community in China

Harmonious

In 1899, _________, the US secretary of state, circulated a note suggesting that all powers remain committed to an "open door" to trade in China.

John Hay

The Treaty of _________ between Commodore Matthew C. Perry of the United States and the Tokugawa shogunate in 1854 was Japan's first with an outside power and ushered the nation into the "treaty port" era with the opening of ports such as Yokohama and Nagasaki, thereby ending Japan's policy of seclusion.

Kanagawa

The war between China and Japan over control of _________ graphically exposed the problems of China's self-strengthening efforts.

Korea

The _________ Constitution was promulgated in 1889 and remained in force in Japan until it was supplanted by a constitution composed by Allied occupation forces after World War II.

Meiji

As the trade in "foreign mud" (opium) began, heavily armed ships would unload their cargo of opium on small, sparsely inhabited offshore islands, from which:

Middlemen picked up the drug and made their rounds on the mainland.

The Chinese signed treaties with France and the US, conceding in a clause that any new concessions granted to one country automatically reverted to those who were "__________ nations."

Most-favored

The Treaty of ______ between the Chinese and the British in 1842 marked the first of the century's "unequal treaties" that would be imposed throughout east Asia by European powers.

Nanjing

The culmination of the trend to incorporate Western models into the Japanese _____________ was Natsume Soseki's Kokoro (1914).

Novel

By the end of the eighteenth century, the illegal trade in _________, or "foreign mud," constituted the most profitable import commodity in China, especially around the area of Guangzhou (Canton).

Opium

Living on the edge of poverty in many areas, with old trade routes and handicrafts disrupted by the treaty ports, many _______ saw in the Taipings, the Nian, and other local rebellions a desperate way to change their situations.

Peasants

The commander of an American fleet, Matthew C. _________, arrived in Japan in July 1853, deliberately attempting to impress the Japanese with Western technological might.

Perry

The two key terms in the popular Chinese self-strengthening formulation Zhongxue wei ti and Xixue wei yong meant "Chinese studies for the essence" and "Western studies for the __________."

Practical application

All of the rights of Japanese subjects set out in the Meiji Constitution's 15 articles are:

Qualified by such praises as "unless provided by law".

By the fall of 1894, a full-scale war over the fate of Korea and northeast Asia, called the _________ War, was under way.

Sino-Japanese

The ________ Rebellion, led by Hong Xiuquan and his Christian-influenced declarations, began in 1851.

Taiping

One of the signs of the prominence of Cao Xueqin's novel The Dream of the Red Chamber is:

That an entire field of scholarship on the book is called "red studies" or "redology"

In later treaties signed by China with France and the United States, an important addition was the most-favored nation clause, which stated that:

any new concessions granted to one country automatically reverted to those who by treaty were "most-favored nations."

Beginning in the fall of 1839, the hostilities between China and Great Britain exposed the growing gap between the military capabilities of industrializing Western nations and those like China, whose armed forces _________.

had fallen into disuse

After China's failure against the British in 1840, Lin Zexu and other officials argued that China, at the very least, needed the same kind of __________.

naval ships

Another policy imposed by the British was that of _________, the loss by a country of its right to set its own tariffs.

nontariff autonomy

While Western powers wished for Qing China to become a more stable trade and diplomatic partner, the Chinese were primarily concerned with _________.

suppressing both the Taipings and the control by foreigners

Which of the following factors did not shape Japan's pursuit of an overseas empire?

the Tokugawa shogunate's desire for contact with Western culture