ch. 25 Respiratory system
Ingested nutrients spend at least ______ hours in the small intestine as chemical digestion and absorption are completed.
12
The left lung has ______ lobar bronchi and the right lung has ______ lobar bronchi.
2,3
In the living adult human, the esophagus is about ______ centimeters long, andmost of its length is within the thorax, directly anterior to the ______.
25, vertebral bodies
Each lung contains approximately ______ alveoli.
300-400 million
From its origin at the ileocecal junction to its termination at the anus, the large intestine has an approximate length of ______ feet and a diameter of ______ inches.
5, 2.5
The small intestine is a coiled, thin walled tube about ______ meters in length in the unembalmed cadaver.
6
The hepatic portal vein brings approximately ______% of the blood volume to the liver.
75
Water makes up ______ of the volume of saliva and is its primary ingredient
99.5%
The V-shaped anterior projection of the thyroid cartilage is commonly called the ______ in males
Adam's apple
The respiratory portion of the lower respiratory tract includes which of the following?
Alveolar ducts Alveoli Respiratory bronchioles
______ teeth are eventually lost and replaced by ______ permanent teeth.
Deciduous, 32
______ is the breakdown of large food items into smaller components.
Digestion
When successful swallowing occurs, the ____ closes over the opening to the larynx to prevent materials from entering the larynx.
Epiglottis
True or false: Overuse of the voice, as comes from yelling for several hours at a concert, is the number one cause of laryngitis.
False
The parietal pleura lines which of the following?
Internal thoracic walls Lateral surfaces of the mediastinum Superior surface of the diaphragm
Select all that are accessory digestive organs.
Liver Pancreas Gallbladder
Select all that are secretory cells from the gastric epithelium.
Mucous neck cell Surface mucous cell Enteroendocrine cell Chief cell Parietal cell
Which events are associated with inhalation?
Sternum moves anteriorly Scalene muscles contract Diaphragm contracts External intercostals contract
Superior to the larynx is the laryngopharynx. Inferior to the larynx is the _________
Trachea
Which are parts of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
Trachea Terminal bronchioles Primary bronchi Pharynx
Most of the small intestine and parts of the large intestine are intraperitoneal organs.
True
The lining of the oral cavity protects against the ______ activities associated with digestion.
abrasive
The stratified squamous epithelial lining of the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx provides protection against the ______ activities associated with swallowing ingested materials.
abrasive
Normally, only ______ passes through the nasopharynx.
air
The roots of the teeth fit tightly into dental ______, which are sockets within the alveolar processes of both the maxillae and the mandible.
alveoli
The trachea is ______ to the esophagus..
anterior
A root canal opens into the connective tissue through an opening called the ______ and is continuous with the pulp cavity.
apical foramen
Projecting inferiorly from the posteromedial region of the cecum is the vermiform ____, a thin, hollow, fingerlike sac lined by lymphocyte-filled lymphatic nodules.
appendix
Lymphatic structures called MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue) are found in the ______ and ________.
appendix small intestine
Blood from branches of the hepatic ______ and hepatic portal _______ mixes as it passes to and through the hepatic lobules.
arteries, vein
With regard to blood supply, each villus contains a(n) ________ and a venule, with a rich _______network between them.
arteriole capillary
The colon is partitioned into four segments: the _____ colon, ______colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon.
ascending, transverse
The wide ______ of the lung rests upon the diaphragm.
base
The alveoli have thin walls specialized to promote diffusion of gases between the alveolus and the ______.
blood
In a tooth, ______ pass through the apical foramen and are housed in the pulp.
blood vessels and nerves
The conducting airways of the lower respiratory tract include which of the following?
bronchi trachea
The ______ is a highly branched system of air conducting passages that originates from the left and right primary bronchi and progressively branches into narrower tubes ending in terminal bronchioles.
bronchial tree
The _____ surface of a tooth is adjacent to the internal surface of the cheek.
buccal
The ______ muscles compress the cheeks against the teeth to hold solid materials in place during chewing.
buccinator
Enamel, the hardest substance in the body, is composed primarily of ______ phosphate crystals.
calcium
The ______ is the small, narrow, superior entryway into the stomach lumen from the esophagus.
cardia
The internal opening where the cardia meets the esophagus is called the _______ orifice.
cardiac
Incomplete rings of ______ support the wall of the main bronchi to ensure that they remain open.
cartilage
Subdivisions of the right lobe include the ______ lobe and the ______ lobe.
caudate, quadrate
The hepatic artery proper, a branch of the ______ trunk, splits into left and right _____ arteries.
celiac, hepatic
Not everything we eat can be used by the body. Two examples include ______ and ______.
cellulose, fiber
Each root of a tooth is ensheathed within hardened material called ______
cementum
After the bolus has been completely processed in the stomach, the product is called ______.
chyme
As the transverse colon approaches the spleen in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, it makes a 90-degree turn inferiorly. The resulting bend in the colon is called the left ______ flexure
colic
The descending colon originates at the left ______ flexure and descends vertically until it terminates at the sigmoid colon.
colic
The ______ division of the respiratory system transports the air.
conducting
The nose, pharynx, and larynx are part of the ______ portion of the respiratory system.
conducting
The digestive organs form a(n) ______ from the mouth to the anus.
continuous tube
A tooth has an exposed ______, a constricted ______, and one or more roots that anchor it to the jaw.
crown, neck
The ______ duct connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct.
cystic
In an infant, 20 ______ teeth, also called milk teeth, erupt between ______ month(s) and 30 months after birth.
deciduous, 6
Undigested materials are expelled from the body via a process called ______.
defecation
The primary mass of a tooth is ______.
dentin
The teeth are collectively known as the
dentition
The ligamentum venosum is a remnant of the ______ in the embryo.
ductus venosus
The biliary apparatus is a network of thin ducts that carry bile from the liver and gallbladder to the ______.
duodenum
A tough, durable layer of ____ forms the exposed part of the tooth or the ______.
enamel, crown
The pancreas is referred to as a mixed gland because it exhibits both ____ and exocrine functions.
endocrine
Chemical digestion breaks down ingested material into smaller molecules by using ______.
enzymes
The exocrine activity of the pancreas results in the secretion of digestive _______ and bicarbonate, collectively called ______ juice, into the duodenum.
enzymes pancreatic
The large, spoon or leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that helps prevent food and liquid from entering the larynx is the ______.
epiglottis
Since the esophagus does not absorb any nutrients, its thicker ______ supports its function.
epithelium
Posterior to the larynx is the ______.
esophagus
The ______ is a tubular passageway for swallowed materials being conducted from the pharynx to the stomach.
esophagus
Gastric folds, which are observed only when the stomach is empty, allow the stomach to ______ greatly when it fills and then return to its normal J-shape when it empties.
expand
The right lobe of the liver is separated from the smaller left lobe by the ______ ligament.
falciform
The empty esophagus is ______.
flattened
During inhalation, the diaphragm ______.
flattens
The _______ concentrates bile produced by the ____ and stores this concentrate until it is needed for digestion.
gallbladder liver
Along the inferior surface of the liver are several structures that collectively resemble the letter H. The ______ and the round ligament of the liver form the vertical superior parts of the H; the inferior vena cava and the ligamentum ______ form the vertical inferior parts.
gallbladder, venosum
At the base of each pit are the openings of several branched tubular glands, called ______, which extend through the length of the mucosa to its base.
gastric glands
Gastric juices are produced by cells in the ______, and their secretions are released into gastric pits, which funnel them to the lumen of the stomach.
gastric glands
Hepatocytes synthesize blood plasma proteins such as albumins, ______, and proteins required for blood clotting.
globulins
Collectively, the roots, the dental alveoli, and the periodontal ligaments that bind the roots to the alveolar processes form a ______ joint.
gomphosis
A connective tissue capsule branches through the liver and forms septa that partition the liver into thousands of small, polyhedral _____ lobules.
hepatic
The left and right _____ ducts merge to form a single common hepatic duct.
hepatic
The right colic flexure is also called the _______ flexure.
hepatic
Central veins collect venous blood and merge throughout the liver to form numerous _____ veins that eventually empty into the inferior ______ ______.
hepatic, vena cava
Within hepatic lobules are liver cells called
hepatocytes
the inferior part of the esophagus connects to the stomach by passing through an opening in the diaphragm called the esophageal ______
hiatus
On the medial surface of each lung is an indented ____ through which a bronchus enters the lung.
hilum
The large intestine originates at the ____ junction and terminates at the anus.
ileocecal
The ascending colon originates at the ________ valve and extends superiorly from the superior edge of the cecum along the __________ lateral border of the abdominal cavity.
ileocecal, right
The small intestine consists of three specific segments which are ______
ileum duodenum jejunum
The ______ are designed for slicing or cutting into food.
incisors
The most anteriorly placed permanent teeth are called ______
incisors
The most anteriorly placed permanent teeth are called ______.
incisors
The trachea is ______ to the larynx and _______ to the primary bronchi
inferior, superior
The lateral walls of the oral cavity are formed by the cheeks, which are covered externally by the ______ and contain the ______ muscles.
integument, buccinator
Both the cecum and the vermiform appendix are ______ organs.
intraperitoneal
The transverse colon is ______.
intraperitoneal
Within the abdomen, organs that are completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum are called ______ organs.
intraperitoneal
The internal anal sphincter is ______, whereas the external anal sphincter is ______.
involuntary, voluntary
The tongue's stratified squamous epithelium is ______ over the filiform papillae but ______ over the rest of the tongue.
keratinized, nonkeratinized
In the small intestine, each villus usually contains a single, blind-ended, central lymphatic capillary called a ______.
lacteal
The areolar connective tissue layer of the mucosa is called the ______.
lamina propria
The lymphatic structures within the GI tract lie primarily in the ____ _____of the mucosa.
lamina propria
The wall of the GI tract, from the esophagus through the ______, contains ______ concentric layers called tunics.
large intestine, four
_____ is inflammation of the larynx.
laryngitis
the ____ is also called the voice box.
larynx
The stomach is a muscular, J-shaped sac that occupies the ______ upper quadrant of the abdomen, immediately inferior to the ______.
left, diaphragm
The classic structural and functional units of the liver are the hepatic ______.
lobules
Lymphatic vessels enter and exit the many ______ scattered near the organs and within the mesentery.
lymph nodes
Lobar bronchi branch off the ______.
main bronchi
Most saliva is produced during ______, but smaller amounts are produced continuously to ensure that the oral cavity mucous membrane remains moist.
mealtime
increasing the absorptive surface area of the small intestine even further are ______ along the free surface of the simple ______ cells
microvilli, columnar
The distal surface of the tooth is farthest from the mouth ______.
midline
The mesial surface of the tooth is the surface closest to the ______ of the mouth.
midline
The small intestine finishes the chemical digestion process and is responsible for absorbing ______ of the nutrients and water.
most, 90%
in cystic fibrosis, the ______ becomes so thick it results in airway obstruction.
mucus
The tunics comprising the GI tract wall include the ______.
muscularis adventitia submucosa mucosa
The nerve fibers that control the contractions of the circular and longitudinal layers of the muscularis are called the _____ plexus
myenteric
The nose is supported superiorly by paired _______ _______that form the bridge of the nose.
nasal bones
The mucosa of the esophagus is lined with ______ squamous epithelium.
nonkeratinized stratified
The esophageal mucosa is different from that of the abdominal GI tract organs in that it is composed of thick ______ epithelium
nonkeratinized stratified squamous
The oropharynx and the laryngopharynx are lined with ______ epithelium.
nonkeratinized stratified squamous
The ______ is the main conducting airway for inhaled air.
nose
The ____ surface of a tooth is where the teeth from the opposing superior and inferior arches meet.
occlusal
The name cystic fibrosis refers to the scarring and cyst formations observed in the ______ of the patient.
pancreas
The hepatic portal vein carries blood from the capillary beds of the ______.
pancreas GI tract spleen
The portion of the serous membrane that lines the inside surface of the body wall is called the ______ peritoneum
parietal
Between the visceral and parietal layers of the peritoneum is the ______ cavity.
peritoneal
The ______ cavity is a potential space where the parietal and visceral layers that face each other secrete a lubricating ______ fluid.
peritoneal, serous
At the periphery of each liver lobule are several portal triads, composed of branches of the hepatic _____ vein, the hepatic _____ , and the bile duct.
portal, artery
The ______ are located posterolateral to the canines and anterior to the ______.
premolars, molars
_____cells are phagocytic cells of the hepatic sinusoids that have an immune function.
reticuloendothelial
the sinusoids are lined with stellate cells called ______ cells.
reticuloendothelial
The ascending colon is ______ since its posterior wall directly adheres to the posterior abdominal wall, and only its anterior surface is covered with peritoneum.
retroperitoneal
The descending colon is ______ and found along the ______ side of the abdominal cavity.
retroperitoneal, left
As it approaches the inferior surface of the liver, the ascending colon makes a 90-degree turn toward the left side of the abdominal cavity. This bend in the colon is called the ______ flexure,
right colic
The liver lies in the ______ upper quadrant of the abdomen, immediately inferior to the ______.
right, diaphragm
The major lobes of the liver are the _____ lobe and ____ the lobe.
right, left
In the inferior free edge of the falciform ligament lies the ______ ligament of the liver, which represents the remnant of the fetal _______ vein.
round, umbilical
The accessory digestive organs produce ______ that facilitate the chemical digestive activities of GI tract organs.
secretions
The tongue is an accessory digestive organ that is formed primarily from ______ muscle and covered with stratified ______ epithelium.
skeletal, squamous
If proper swallowing occurs, materials from the oral cavity and oropharynx will be blocked from entering the nasopharynx by the ______, which elevates during swallowing. Multiple choice question. hard
soft palate
The external and internal anal ______ close off the opening of the anal canal.
sphincters
The epithelial lining of the oral cavity is a nonkeratinized ______ epithelium
stratified squamous
The small intestine receives its blood supply primarily from branches of the ______ mesenteric artery, and it is innervated by the superior mesenteric ______.
superior, plexus
The largest cartilage of the larynx is the ______ cartilage which forms the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx.
thyroid
The largest cartilage of the larynx is the ______ cartilage and the most inferior cartilage of the larynx is the ______ cartilage.
thyroid, cricoid
The _ is also known as the 'windpipe".
trachea
Hepatocytes produce bile, detoxify drugs, metabolites, and poisons
true
At the center of each hepatic lobule is a central ______ that drains the blood from the lobule.
vein
The caudate lobe is adjacent to the inferior ______ cava, and the quadrate lobe is adjacent to the __________ .
vena, gallbladder
The portion of the serous membrane that directly contacts the surface of some abdominal organs is called the ______ peritoneum.
visceral
The outer surface of each lung is tightly covered by ______.
visceral pleura
