CH 26 - URINARY SYSTEM

A typical adult kidney weighs about 150 grams and measures about ________.

10 cm long, 5.5 cm wide, and 3 cm thick

About how much blood flows through the kidneys each minute?

1200 ml

The urge to urinate first develops when the urinary bladder contains approximately how much urine?

200 ml

Which of the following statements about the glomerular filtration membrane is true?

Podocytes block the passage of all but the smallest of the plasma proteins.

Which structure is found separating the renal pyramids?

Renal columns

Where does the kidney filter the blood?

Renal corpuscle

Where does filtration of the blood occur within the kidneys?

Renal cortex

Which of the following regions of the kidney is in contact with the fibrous capsule?

Renal cortex

Which region of the kidney is the most superficial?

Renal cortex

Where are the renal columns located?

Renal medulla

A major calyx is a component of which of the following anatomical structures?

Renal pelvis

Which of the following statements regarding the ureters is FALSE?

Sphincter muscles regulate the passage of urine from the ureters to the bladder.

Which of the following statements comparing the ascending loop of Henle to the descending loop of Henle is true?

The ascending loop permits the reabsorption of more ions, such as sodium and chlorine.

Which of the following correctly describes the kidneys?

The inferior vena cava is medial to the kidneys.

The urinary system does NOT eliminate wastes generated by which of the following systems?

Wastes from each of these systems are eliminated by the urinary system.

The urinary system eliminates wastes generated by which of the following systems?

Wastes from each of these systems are eliminated by the urinary system.

Oxygenated blood passes through which vessels immediately before entering the glomerulus of a nephron? Does gas exchange occur in these vessels?

afferent arterioles; no

The secondary function of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) to reabsorb sodium is controlled by which hormone(s)?

aldosterone

Which structure separates the parietal and visceral epithelia of the glomerular capsule?

capsular space

Individual collecting tubules connect each nephron to which nearby structure?

collecting duct

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) controls the permeability of the ________.

collecting system

What is the function of the renal pelvis?

collects newly formed urine

Which area of the nephron lacks microvilli and is under aldosterone control for the reabsorption of sodium?

distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

The macula densa cells are located in the

distal convoluted tubule.

The capillaries of the glomerulus differ from other capillary networks in the body because they ________.

drain into an arteriole rather than a venule

Blood exits the nephron via ________.

efferent arteriole

Blood entering the kidney passes through all EXCEPT which of the following vessels on its way to the nephron?

efferent arterioles

Compared to the ureters, the urethra __________.

is used by more than one system in males

Which layer of the urethra is thick and elastic?

lamina propria

Which of the following correctly lists the parts of the juxtaglomerular complex?

macula densa, mesangial cells, and juxtaglomerular cells

Four or five minor calyces join to form

major calyx

Which of the following are cells found between the endothelial cells of adjacent capillaries that play a role in regulating glomerular blood flow and filtration?

mesangial cells

Ducts within each renal papilla empty urine into a cup-shaped drain, called a ________.

minor calyx

When Adam dissects a cadaver kidney, he first examines the renal sinus area. He would NOT find which of the following in this area?

nephrons

Which is the first part of the renal tubule?

proximal convoluted tubule

Which is/are the known function(s) of the sympathetic innervation of the kidneys?

regulates glomerular blood flow and filtration rates

The sympathetic innervation of the kidneys does NOT cause __________.

regulation of urea levels in the filtrate found in the renal corpuscle

Each kidney receives blood from (the) ________.

renal arteries

Each kidney ultimately receives blood from

renal arteries

What is the primary function of the distal convoluted tubule?

secretion

The inner mucosa of each ureter is lined by ________.

transitional epithelium

(t/f)Collagen fibers extend outward from the inner fibrous capsule through the perinephric fat to a dense outer layer known as the renal fascia.

true

(t/f)From the nephrons, blood enters a network of venules and small veins that converge on the interlobular veins.

true

(t/f)Peritubular capillaries are associated with cortical nephrons, while vasa recta are associated with juxtamedullary nephrons.

true

(t/f)The ascending limb contains active transport mechanisms that pump sodium and chloride ions out of the tubular fluid.

true

(t/f)The lateral umbilical ligaments, which pass along the sides of the bladder and also reach the umbilicus, are fibrous cords that contain the vestiges of the umbilical arteries that supplied blood to the placenta during embryonic and fetal development.

true

The proximal convoluted tubule begins at the ________ of the renal corpuscle, opposite the vascular pole.

tubular pole

Urine leaves the kidney and travels to the urinary bladder through the ________.

ureter

Which structure(s) of the urinary system transfer(s) urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?

ureters

The organ of the urinary system responsible for the temporary storage of urine before elimination is the __________.

urinary bladder

The organ(s) of the urinary system responsible for the temporary storage of urine before elimination is/are the __________.

urinary bladder

Podocytes are found within what structure in the renal corpuscle?

visceral layer of the glomerular capsule

In a male, the external urethral sphincter

is inferior to the prostate.

The location of the kidneys __________.

is posterior to the abdominal cavity

The parts of the urethra in the male, in correct order from the bladder to the exterior, are: (1) urachus (2) spongy urethra (3) dysuria (4) membranous urethra (5) prostatic urethra

5, 4, 2

Identify the correct direction of urine flow from formation to exiting the kidney.

Cortex, medulla, renal pelvis, ureter

During filtration, which of the following act as a physical barrier?

Basal lamina, podocytes, and capillary endothelium

In which of the following ways are the stomach and the bladder similar?

Both have internal folds called rugae, which disappear when the organs are full.

Which of the following statements regarding the glomerulus is CORRECT?

It is a capillary network contained within the renal corpuscle.

What happens to the glomerular filtrate released into the capsular space?

It passes into the proximal convoluted tubule.

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the urinary bladder?

It receives urine from the ureters only when the urethral sphincter muscles guarding the entrances to the bladder are open.

In what way is the male urethra different from the female?

The male urethra allows for the passage of sperm and urine, though not at the same time, whereas the female urethra allows only the passage of urine.

How does the urethra in the male differ from that of the female?

The male urethra transports both semen and urine; in the female, the urethra transports only urine.

Mark is taking an anatomy lab practical exam and is looking at a slide of the kidney. He is differentiating between cross sections of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and distal convoluted tubule (DCT). What feature distinguishes the PCT from the DCT?

The simple cuboidal cells lining the PCT contain microvilli.

Describe the composition of the filtrate that escapes from the glomerular capillaries.

a fluid similar to plasma, but without the blood proteins

What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron?

active secretion of ions, acids, and other materials

Blood enters the nephron via ________.

afferent arteriole

The ureters

along with the urethra, form the trigone.

Which of the following are the blood vessels at the boundary of the renal cortex and renal medulla?

arcuate artery and vein

Unlike the capillaries found in the skin, the glomerular capillaries __________.

are arranged in a knot-like fashion, which slows the passage of blood

The capillaries of the glomerulus __________.

are fenestrated and covered with podocytes

The ureters ________.

are retroperitoneal

The outer layer of the kidney is the

cortex

About 85 percent of the nephrons are classified as which of the following?

cortical

Smooth muscle in the wall of the urinary bladder is the

detrusor muscle

The three layers of the muscular layer of the urinary bladder are collectively known as which of the following?

detrusor muscle

The urinary system is NOT responsible for __________.

extracting usable nutrients from consumed liquids

(t/f)The medullary pyramids contain collecting tubules (ducts) that travel towards the renal cortex, carrying urine to exit the kidney.

false

(t/f)The peritoneum covers the inferior surfaces of the urinary bladder; and several peritoneal folds assist in stabilizing its position.

false

(t/f)The urine arriving at the renal pelvis is of the same composition as that of the filtrate produced at the renal corpuscle.

false

The capillaries of the glomerulus are ________.

fenestrated

From innermost to outermost, the protective layers on the kidney are the ________.

fibrous capsule, perinephric fat, renal fascia, pararenal fat body

Which of the following are described as the gaps between the secondary processes of the podocytes?

filtration slits

The glomerular capsule

has specialized podocyte cells of the visceral layer that wrap around the glomerular capillaries.

Lying alongside the minor calyces are the __________.

interlobar arteries

The position of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity is maintained, in part, by (the)

overlying peritoneum.

Which of the following drains into a minor calyx in the renal pelvis?

papillary duct

The left renal vein

passes posterior to the superior mesenteric artery.

Adipose tissue that surrounds the fibrous capsule is called the ________.

perinephric fat

Urine reaches the urinary bladder by

peristalsis.

The glomerular epithelium consists of large cells with secondary processes or "feet" that wrap around the glomerular capillaries. These cells are called ________.

podocytes

Adjacent renal pyramids are separated by the

renal columns.

The glomerular capsule and the glomerulus make up the ________.

renal corpuscle

The kidneys are innervated by which of the following?

renal nerves

The renal medulla consists of six to eighteen distinct conical or triangular structures, called ________.

renal pyramids

The juxtaglomerular complex adjusts glomerular filtration rates by secretion of which hormones?

renin and erythropoietin

The kidneys, adrenal glands, and ureters, which lie against the muscles of the posterior body wall, are all ________.

retroperitoneal

Which of the following sits atop the kidneys?

suprarenal glands

Sympathetic innervation of the kidneys does NOT cause __________.

the release of erythropoietin (EPO) after a hemorrhaging injury

Which of the following structures does NOT assist in holding the kidney in its correct position in the body?

the renal pyramids