Ch 29 - Immunity

Investigating Life 29.1: Interpreting results Review Investigating Life 29.1. The graph shows the results from an experiment in which schoolchildren in Gabon were tested for infection with parasitic worms and allergy to dust mites. Click on all of the true statements about the results.

- About 15% of children without parasitic worms were allergic to dust mites, while only 5% of children infected with worms were allergic to dust mites. - The results support the hypothesis that exposure to pathogens suppresses allergies and dampens immune response. - Statistically, harboring worms significantly lowered the risk for allergies in the group of children studied.

Survey the Landscape - Pathogens and infection Consider how you might add pathogens and infection to the concept map. Each statement may contain a term already present in the concept map (italicized) and at least one new term (bold). The intervening words represent the connecting phrase in the concept map. Which of the following phrases are accurate statements? (Select all that apply.)

- Pathogens cause infection. - Pathogens compete with body cells for resources, disrupting homeostasis. - Infection of a cell may lead to its death, disrupting the organism's homeostasis.

Scientific Literacy - Chapter 29 Scientists are researching the effects of naturally acquired immunity and vaccine-acquired immunity against a particular pathogen. They define naturally acquired immunity as the immune system's "memory" after an actual infection, and vaccine-acquired immunity as the immune system's "memory" after a vaccination. Their work produces the two graphs below. What conclusions can they make from these results? (Select all that apply.)

- The concentration of antibodies produced by vaccine-acquired immunity and naturally acquired immunity do not significantly differ. - The yearly infection rate is significantly higher among people who have never contracted the illness (no immunity) than among people who have contracted the illness (natural immunity) and people who have been vaccinated. - Both naturally acquired immunity and vaccine-acquired immunity sometimes fail to protect from infection.

Allergic reaction Put the events of an allergic reaction in the correct order.

1. First exposure to allergen occurs. 2. Allergen binds to B cell receptor. 3. B cell differentiates into plasma cell. 4. Plasma cell secretes antibodies. 5. Antibodies attach to mast cell. 6. Second exposure to allergen occurs. 7. Allergens attach to mast cell antibodies. 8. Mast cell releases allergy mediators. 9. Allergic reaction occurs.

Adaptive immunity sequence Analyze the image below. Then, match each description below with its part number in the image.

1. Macrophage displays bacterial antigens 2. Helper T cell binds to an antigen 3. Clonal selection of helper T cells 4. Effector helper T cell produces cytokines 5. Cytotoxic T cell becomes activated 6. B cell becomes activated 7. Clonal selection of B cells 8. Plasma cell produces antibodies

Diagnosing immune disorders Classify each description into the immune disorder it describes.

Allergy - Dave goes into anaphylactic shock when given penicillin. - Bailey drinks milk, then breaks out in hives and has an asthma attack. Autoimmune Disorder - Ray's bloodstream has antibodies complementary to his own proteins. Immunodeficiency - J.D.'s cytokines do not function, because his genes that encode them have a mutation. - Tolu is infected with a virus that kills his plasma cells.

White blood cell functions Match each white blood cell with its function.

Basophils - Release histamine Macrophages - Engulf bacteria Helper T cells - Initiate both arms of adaptive immunity Cytotoxic T cells - Destroy damaged or virus-infected cells B cells - Secrete antibodies

Investigating Life 29.1: Result Review the experiment discussed Investigating Life 29.1. What did researchers find when they tested schoolchildren living in the country of Gabon for allergy to dust mites and infection with parasitic worms?

Children infected with worms were less likely to be allergic to dust mites than children not infected with worms.

Drugs called antihistamines help treat the symptoms of allergies. What is the function of histamine in the human immune system?

Histamine dilates blood vessels and makes them more permeable.

Passive and active immunity Passive and active immunity are divisions of what label on the diagram?

Humoral immunity

Humoral vs cell-mediated immunity Classify the labels as relating to cell-mediated immunity or humoral immunity. Some labels may be used more than once.

Humoral immunity B cells Helper T cells Antigens Memory B cells Plasma cells Antibodies Kills bacterial invaders Cell-mediated immunity Cytotoxic T cells Helper T cells Antigens Memory T cells Kills cancer cells Kills bacterial invaders

Investigating Life 29.1: Developing versus developed countries According to Investigating Life 29.1, what might account for the lower incidence of allergies, asthma, and autoimmune disorders in developing countries compared to developed countries?

In developing countries, the human immune system is coevolving with many pathogens.

Nonspecific infection fighters Classify each description into the correct type of nonspecific immune response.

Inflammation - Uses histamine to widen blood vessels - Increases blood vessel permeability - Bronchitis refers to this Fever - Kills viruses by increasing body's temperature set point - Reduction in blood iron levels Complement Protein Attack - Punctures bacterial cell membrane

Innate versus adaptive immune classification Is each picture or description part of your immune system's innate response, adaptive response, or both?

Innate Response - Skin - High levels of histamine Adaptive Response - Antibody - The secondary immune response against a pathogen Both Responses - Macrophages play a role - Interleukins are released into the bloodstream

Primary and secondary immune responses Drag and drop the labels to put the events of the primary and secondary immune responses in the correct order.Some labels may be used more than once.

Primary immune response - New pathogen enters body. - Macrophages engulf pathogen. - Macrophages display pathogen antigens. - Helper T cells bind to pathogen antigens. - Interleukins are released. - Cytotoxic T cells and B cells are activated. - Antibodies and memory cells are produced. - Pathogens are destroyed. Secondary immune response - Pathogen with familiar antigens enters the body. - Memory B cells and T cells bind to pathogen antigens. - Pathogens are destroyed.

If the _______________ change, then the immune system will not recognize them. Scientists would have to develop a new vaccine.

antigens

The hepatitis B vaccine contains _____________ from the surface of the hepatitis B virus.

antigens

After receiving the hepititis B vaccine, the immune system produces ________________ that remain in the body.

memory cells

If the vaccinated individual is later exposed to the hepititis B virus, a ________________ immune response is triggered.

secondary