Ch. 31 Pathophysology

Thyroid and steroid hormones, which exert their effect on target cells by way of nuclear receptors, have which of the following characteristics? A) The selective use of a second messenger B) The ability to cross the cell membrane of target cells C) The ability to regulate surface receptor affinity D) Both lipid solubility and water solubility

B) The ability to cross the cell membrane of target cells

When sensors detect a change in a hormone level, the hormonal response is regulated by which of the following mechanisms that will return the level to within normal range. A) Metabolic B) Feedback C) Production D) Action potential

B) Feedback

A diabetic client is controlled on Avandia (rosiglitazone), a thiazolidinedione medication that acts at the level of nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) to promote: A) Glucose uptake B) Stimulation of the beta cells in the pancreas C) Increase in basal metabolic rate D) Weight loss by shrinking fat cells

A) Glucose uptake

A hormone has been synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of an endocrine cell after which it has moved into the Golgi complex, been packaged in a vesicle, and been released into circulation. From the following list, which hormone is synthesized and released in this manner? A) Insulin B) Cortisol C) Testosterone D) Estrogen

A) Insulin

When trying to explain hypothyroidism to a newly diagnosed client, the nurse stresses the fact that the thyroid hormone is transported in blood by specific: A) Proteins B) Target cells C) Cholesterol molecules D) Prohormones

A) Proteins

When hypofunction of an endocrine organ is suspected, which hormone test can be administered to measure and assess target gland response? A) Stimulation B) 24-hour urine C) Agglutination D) Antibody binding

A) Stimulation

Which of the following physiologic processes best exemplifies a positive feedback mechanism? A) The increase in prolactin secretion that occurs with more frequent breast-feeding B) The regulation of blood glucose levels by insulin C) The release of parathyroid hormone in response to decreased serum calcium levels D) The release of antidiuretic hormone when sodium levels are higher than normal

A) The increase in prolactin secretion that occurs with more frequent breast-feeding

When explaining factors that influence the number of receptors present on target cells, the instructor will likely mention: Select all that apply. A) The role antibodies may have on receptor proteins. B) A decreased hormone level may produce increased receptor numbers. C) A sustained excess hormone level brings about a decrease in receptor numbers. D) How any given hormone can change its affinity to supply a need to all cells. E) It may take days to weeks before a hormone can react to target cells.

A) The role antibodies may have on receptor proteins. B) A decreased hormone level may produce increased receptor numbers. C) A sustained excess hormone level brings about a decrease in receptor numbers.

While teaching a science class, the instructor mentions that both autocrine and paracrine hormonal actions occur without entering the blood stream. The instructor then asks the students, "What cells do paracrine actions affect?" The student with the correct answer is: A) Self B) Local C) Stored D) Target

B) Local

17. When discussing luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone with students, the instructor will emphasize that these hormones are under the control of: A) Thyroid gland B) Anterior pituitary gland C) Posterior adrenal cortex D) Pancreas

B) Anterior pituitary gland

The release of insulin from the pancreatic beta cells can inhibit its further release from the same cells. This is an example of which type of hormone action? A) Retinoid B) Autocrine C) Juxtaposed D) Arachidonic

B) Autocrine

Which of the following hormones are synthesized by non-vesicle-mediated pathways? Select all that apply. A) Epinephrine B) Estrogen C) Insulin D) Aldosterone

B) Estrogen D) Aldosterone

When describing to a newly diagnosed diabetic client how insulin is regulated, the nurse will draw upon her knowledge of which hormonal regulation mechanism? A) Basal metabolic rate B) The hypothalamic-pituitary-target cell system C) The cytokine-interleukin regulatory mechanism D) The angiotensin I to angiotensin II to aldosterone system

B) The hypothalamic-pituitary-target cell system

A client with many nonspecific complaints has been ordered a positron emission tomography (PET) scanning for evaluation of: A) The pancreas response to an insulin injection B) Tumors located on the endocrine glands C) Bone density D) Radioactivity of the thyroid gland

B) Tumors located on the endocrine glands

While discussing the elimination of hormones from the body to prevent overaccumulation, which of the following hormones are eliminated in bile? Select all that apply. A) Catecholamines B) Unbound adrenal hormones C) Gonadal steroid hormones D) Thyroid hormones E) Peptide hormones

B) Unbound adrenal hormones C) Gonadal steroid hormones D) Thyroid hormones

Paracrine action involves which of the following characteristics? A) Action on a distant target cell B) Autoregulation C) Act locally on cells other than those that produce the hormone D) Action on nearby target cells

C) Act locally on cells other than those that produce the hormone

Hormones are usually divided into categories according to their structure. The release of epinephrine would be classified as: A) Proteins B) Steroids C) Amines and amino acids D) Peptides and polypeptides

C) Amines and amino acids

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary in the normal functioning of the endocrine system? A) Posterior pituitary hormones are constituted from components of both the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland itself. B) The posterior pituitary gland regulates the release of hypothalamic hormones. C) Posterior pituitary hormones are produced in the hypothalamus but released from the pituitary gland. D) The hypothalamus regulates the production and release of posterior pituitary hormones by the pituitary gland.

C) Posterior pituitary hormones are produced in the hypothalamus but released from the pituitary gland.

As part of maintaining homeostasis, hormones secreted by endocrine cells are inactivated continuously to: A) Free receptor sites B) Stimulate production C) Prevent accumulation D) Absorb metabolic waste

C) Prevent accumulation

When comparing the endocrine and nervous system functions, the nurse knows that the endocrine system: Select all that apply. A) Sends signals to neurons over a short distance to muscles B) Responds to neurotransmitter molecules within milliseconds C) Releases hormones into the blood that is transported throughout the body D) Glands are widely scattered throughout the body E) Takes longer to respond to innervations but has prolonged actions when they arrive

C) Releases hormones into the blood that is transported throughout the body D) Glands are widely scattered throughout the body E) Takes longer to respond to innervations but has prolonged actions when they arrive

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) performs which of the following roles in the functioning of the endocrine system? A) Mediating hormone synthesis by non-vesicle-mediated pathways B) Acting as a high-affinity receptor on the surface of target cells C) Inactivating hormones to prevent excess accumulation D) Acting as a second messenger to mediate hormone action on target cells

D) Acting as a second messenger to mediate hormone action on target cells

A nursing student who has a history of brain tumors that resulted in partial removal of her pituitary gland years ago is asking her OB/GYN doctor about her ability to breast-feed her infant. This is based on which physiological function of the pituitary gland that facilitates breast milk production? A) Growth hormone (GH) B) Oxytocin C) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) D) Lactotrophs

D) Lactotrophs

A client has received an injection containing thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and is now being assessed for levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). This client has undergone which of the following diagnostic tests? A) Suppression testing B) Radioimmunoassay (RIA) C) Autoantibody testing D) Stimulation testing

D) Stimulation testing

Which of the following statements about immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) testing for measuring plasma hormone levels is most accurate? A) This bioassay test uses an intact animal or a portion of tissue from an animal to calculate specificity and sensitivity. B) This testing procedure uses antibody-coated plates to produce colored reaction. C) A 24-hour urine test will be required along with blood tests to calculate specific results. D) These tests are very specific since they utilize two antibodies instead of one.

D) These tests are very specific since they utilize two antibodies instead of one.

. In major athletic competition, athletes are required to submit to liquid chromatography testing looking for: A) Blood doping to increase RBC levels B) Low serum sodium levels indicating dehydration C) Use of opioids to minimize pain during competition D) Use of performance-enhancing agents to increase the chances of winning

D) Use of performance-enhancing agents to increase the chances of winning