Ch. 32

Conflicting or confusing signs of spinal cord injury are typically the result​ of: A.​ Brown-Séquard syndrome. B. incomplete cord injury. C. central cord syndrome. D. anterior cord syndrome.

B. incomplete cord injury.

The steps in immobilizing a supine patient to a long backboard​ include: A. not placing padding on the​ board, as it might move the spine out of alignment. B. securing the​ patient's torso to the board before securing the head. C. removing the cervical collar once the patient is immobilized on the board. D. using the​ logroll, a move ideally performed by at least two rescuers---one at the​ head, the other at the hips.

B. securing the​ patient's torso to the board before securing the head.

There are some situations in which you may move the patient with a suspected spinal injury before immobilizing him to a long or short spinal device. These situations include​ when: A. you have enough help to do so. B. you have other patients to care for at the scene. C. the​ patient's condition is​ stable, with no signs of neurologic deficit. D. the scene is not safe.

D. the scene is not safe.

All of the following would indicate the need of spinal motion restriction for a trauma​ patient, EXCEPT: A. numbness in hands and feet. B. tenderness along the vertebral column. C. Glasgow Coma Scale​ (GCS) is 15. D. deformity to the vertebral column.

C. Glasgow Coma Scale​ (GCS) is 15.

A​ 43-year-old male fell from a roof and cannot move or feel his arms or legs. When assessing the​ patient, which sign would lead the EMT to suspect the patient is developing spinal​ shock? A. Cyanosis to the fingertips B. Seizure activity C. Heart rate of 62​ beats/min D. Cool and moist skin

C. Heart rate of 62​ beats/min

A patient who was injured in a motor vehicle collision has a separation of the rib and its associated spinal vertebrae. Based on the anatomy of the​ spine, where has this injury​ occurred? A. Middle spine B. Cervical spine C. Lumbar spine D. Thoracic spine

D. Thoracic spine

The vertebrae that combine to form the lower back are called​ the: A. cervical spine. B. thoracic spine. C. sacral spine. D. lumbar spine.

D. lumbar spine.

An Emergency Medical Responder reports that a male​ patient, who was injured while playing​ football, has bruising to the lumbar region of the body. Based on this​ statement, the EMT should expect to find bruising in which​ area? A. Lower back B. Buttocks C. Upper back D. Lower neck

A. Lower back

It is more common for spine injuries to cause​ paralysis: A. to all four extremities​ (quadriplegia) or to only the lower body and legs​ (paraplegia). B. to only one leg or only one arm. C. to only the upper extremities. D. on only the right side or only the left side​ (hemiplegia).

A. to all four extremities​ (quadriplegia) or to only the lower body and legs​ (paraplegia).

Telling a trauma patient to​ "flex your​ arms" tests motor function​ at: A. S1. B. T1. C. C6. D. L5.

C. C6.

You are maintaining manual cervical spine motion restriction for a patient who is being log​ rolled, transferred, and secured to a long backboard. At which point will you release the manual spine motion restriction​ hold? A. After the patient has been properly secured with straps to the long board B. After the chest has been secured with a head immobilization device C. Once the patient has been log rolled onto the long backboard D. After the patient has been secured to the backboard and transferred to the wheeled stretcher

A. After the patient has been properly secured with straps to the long board

You have been called for an​ 87-year-old male who fell in his kitchen while making breakfast. The patient states that he hit his forehead but managed to catch himself on the way down and did not hit the ground​ "too hard." Your assessment reveals him to have kyphosis of the thoracic and cervical​ spine, but no neurologic deficits. His​ legs, however,​ "feel weaker." Which action is appropriate given these assessment​ findings? A. Apply a cervical collar and prepare the patient for any discomfort that the collar may cause B. Place a soft cervical collar instead of the rigid cervical collar C. Avoid application of a cervical collar due to the natural deformity of the cervical spine D. Disregard application of a cervical collar since the patient has no neurologic deficits

A. Apply a cervical collar and prepare the patient for any discomfort that the collar may cause

The EMT is caring for a patient who sustained a spinal cord injury in a motor vehicle collision. Which assessment finding would indicate a spinal cord versus a spinal column​ injury? A. Bilateral​ motor/sensory loss B. Loss of muscle tone C. Protruding palpable vertebrae D. Pain upon palpation

A. Bilateral​ motor/sensory loss

After sustaining a fall from a​ roof, your patient presents with an inability to move his​ arms, but he can still move his legs just fine. What type of partial cord injury is​ this? A. Central cord syndrome B. Posterior cord syndrome C. Lateral cord syndrome D. Anterior cord syndrome

A. Central cord syndrome

Which injury is possible based on the anatomy of the​ spine? A. Disk injury between thoracic vertebrae 11 and 12 B. Compression fracture to lumbar vertebra 12 C. Fracture to the ninth cervical vertebra D. Dislocation of lumbar vertebra number 6

A. Disk injury between thoracic vertebrae 11 and 12

The medical director for EMS is providing a presentation regarding stabilizing spinal cord injuries. Which information should be included to prevent further trauma to the spinal​ cord? A. Focus on spinal motion restriction techniques. B. Immobilize the patient with a penetrating injury. C. Stabilize the patient using a long backboard. D. Turn the patient to one side prior to transport.

A. Focus on spinal motion restriction techniques.

Which device can be used to replace the long spine board when providing full spine motion restriction precautions to an​ adult? A. Full vacuum mattress B. Half spine board C. Folding stair chair D. ​Full-body air splints

A. Full vacuum mattress

Which of the following findings in a patient with a traumatic mechanism of injury is sufficient to prevent the EMT from​ "clearing the​ spine" and necessitate the implementation of spine motion restriction​ precautions? A. GCS score of 12 B. Pulse pressure of 24 mmHg C. Blood glucose of 90​ mg/dL D. Pulse oximeter of​ 96% on 2 lpm oxygen

A. GCS score of 12

Spine motion restriction may not be indicated in which of the​ following? A. Glasgow Coma Scale​ (GCS) of 15 B. Spinal tenderness C. Language barrier D. Distracting injury

A. Glasgow Coma Scale​ (GCS) of 15

You arrive on the scene of a motor vehicle collision. Walking toward you is the unrestrained driver of the vehicle that sustained moderate​ front-end damage. The patient complains of some back​ pain, but is walking around after the crash and does not appear to be suffering from any neurologic deficits. Although he answers your questions​ appropriately, he keeps asking​ you, "What​ happened?" What is your initial action in caring for this​ patient? A. Initiate spine motion restriction precautions B. Look for injuries to the​ patient's head C. Obtain the​ patient's vital signs D. Perform the primary assessment

A. Initiate spine motion restriction precautions

What has studying the historical approach to spinal immobilization​ revealed? A. Numerous patients without spinal injury were immobilized. B. Spinal immobilization is harmless. C. It is possible to completely immobilize the spine. D. Mechanism of injury should be the sole indicator for spinal immobilization.

A. Numerous patients without spinal injury were immobilized.

A​ 42-year-old man has called 911 because of severe back pain. He informs you that his back pain is related to a recent fracture of his coccyx. Based on this​ information, where should the EMT expect the patient to be complaining of​ pain? A. Pelvic area B. Upper back C. Lower back D. Neck

A. Pelvic area

The EMS crew has decided that an unresponsive patient who was involved in an MVC needs to be rapidly extricated. What should the EMS providers do​ first? A. Provide manual​ in-line stabilization of the head. B. Place the patient on a backboard. C. Roll the patient out of the open door laterally onto a backboard. D. Apply a properly sized cervical collar.

A. Provide manual​ in-line stabilization of the head.

Assessment of a young girl who was hit by a car while riding her bike reveals her to be responsive to painful stimuli with flexion of the​ extremities; she is also in respiratory distress. There is marked deformity to her thoracic spine and bruising noted to her anterior chest and abdomen. She does not move her legs when a noxious stimulus is applied to the lower extremities. Manual cervical spine motion restriction is being maintained and a cervical collar has been applied by fire department EMRs. Given the critical nature of this​ patient, which action is most appropriate for her​ care? A. Quickly but carefully provide full spine motion restriction precautions on scene prior to rapid transport to the hospital B. Rapidly transfer her to the stretcher and secure her to the long board while en route to the hospital C. Wait for family members to arrive and give consent for treatment prior to moving her to the stretcher for immediate transport D. Transfer her to the long board already placed on the stretcher and secure with straps en route to the hospital

A. Quickly but carefully provide full spine motion restriction precautions on scene prior to rapid transport to the hospital

What is a temporary​ concussion-like insult to the spinal cord that causes effects below the level of the​ injury? A. Spinal shock B. Neurogenic hypotension C. ​Brown-Séquard syndrome D. Cord transection

A. Spinal shock

What is NOT considered to be an indication for providing rapid extrication to a patient who was involved in an​ MVC? A. Suspected​ high-impact collision speed B. The patient is hypotensive and tachycardic. C. The engine compartment is smoking. D. The patient blocks your access to a second patient in the car who is critically injured.

A. Suspected​ high-impact collision speed

Which of the following was the original thought behind spinal​ immobilization? A. The backboard would protect against any further injury. B. It would facilitate increased patient comfort. C. The backboard would provide for rapid extrication. D. It would protect providers from potential litigation.

A. The backboard would protect against any further injury.

Research by the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma has shown a higher death rate for patients who were immobilized to a backboard​ when: A. The injury was the result of penetrating trauma to the head or torso B. The injury resulted from a lateral impact automobile accident C. The patient was ambulatory upon EMS arrival D. The patient was intoxicated at the time of injury

A. The injury was the result of penetrating trauma to the head or torso

Which type of alternative to a long backboard may be used for spine motion​ restriction? A. Vacuum mattress B. Short backboard C. Traction splint D. Pneumatic antishock garment

A. Vacuum mattress

A patient is ambulatory after a motor vehicle collision. Spinal tenderness is noted during the assessment. After placing a cervical​ collar, you should​ next: A. direct the patient to sit on the stretcher. B. direct the patient to sit on the ground. C. place a short backboard behind the patient. D. place a long backboard behind the patient.

A. direct the patient to sit on the stretcher.

You pull up to the scene of a​ single-car motor vehicle collision. Emergency Medical Responders​ (EMRs) are maintaining inline manual cervical spine motion restriction of the​ 56-year-old driver, who was unrestrained when she struck a tree at a high rate of speed. As you approach the​ vehicle, you note that the patient appears​ unresponsive, with blood coming from her nose and ears. Which instruction to the EMRs is most​ appropriate? A. ​"Let me conduct the primary assessment and place a cervical collar on the​ patient, and then we can start to get her out of this​ car." B. ​"Let me conduct the primary​ assessment, and then we can place a​ vest-type extrication device on the patient to get her outside the​ vehicle." C. ​"After I do the primary and secondary​ assessment, we will need to get the patient onto the stretcher for immediate​ transport." D. ​"Let's suction the airway and get the patient out of the car​ fast; we can put on a cervical collar once we are outside the​ vehicle."

A. ​"Let me conduct the primary assessment and place a cervical collar on the​ patient, and then we can start to get her out of this​ car."

A​ 2-year-old boy fell down a flight of​ stairs, is crying​ loudly, and is very difficult to communicate with. Because you are unable to clear the​ spine, you elect to initiate spine motion restriction precautions. Which instruction would you provide to other EMTs who are initiating this care for the​ patient? A. ​"Let's place a folded towel under his shoulders and back to help maintain head​ alignment." B. ​"After he is on the​ board, place a towel behind his head to keep the airway​ open." C. ​"Use an adult​ 'no neck' collar since those fit almost​ everyone." D. ​"It is better if the collar is a little too​ big; that is more comfortable for​ him."

A. ​"Let's place a folded towel under his shoulders and back to help maintain head​ alignment."

In order from top to​ bottom, how many vertebrae are in each section of the spinal​ column? A. ​7, 12,​ 5, 5, 4 B. ​7, 12,​ 5, 4, 5 C. ​5, 12,​ 5, 7, 4 D. ​5, 12,​ 7, 5, 4

A. ​7, 12,​ 5, 5, 4

What desired minimal pulse oximeter reading does the EMT want to maintain in a patient with a spinal cord​ injury? A. ​94% or more B. ​90% or more C. ​96% or more D. ​88% or more

A. ​94% or more

An elderly patient fell down a flight of basement stairs and is found at the bottom by family members about 20 minutes later. Your assessment reveals that the patient cannot feel painful stimuli to his hips and​ legs, nor can he move his​ legs, but he can feel you lightly touching the skin of his legs. Which type of injury may this​ be? A. Posterior cord syndrome B. Anterior cord syndrome C. Lateral cord syndrome D. Central cord syndrome

B. Anterior cord syndrome

A patient complains of lower back pain after falling down five stairs. Assessment of the​ patient's cervical spine reveals no​ displacement, tenderness, or instability. The patient does state that each leg has feelings of​ "electrical shocks" shooting through them. How should the EMT care for this​ patient? A. Release manual spine motion restriction precautions B. Apply a properly sized cervical collar after initiating manual spine motion restriction C. Inform the team that spine motion restriction precautions are not needed D. Secure the patient to a backboard without a cervical collar

B. Apply a properly sized cervical collar after initiating manual spine motion restriction

The EMT is properly assessing for a spinal cord injury when​ she: A. Asks the patient if he has pain anywhere along his spinal column B. Asks the patient to spread his fingers apart on both hands C. Checks for distal pulses in all four extremities D. Palpates the entire spinal column for tenderness

B. Asks the patient to spread his fingers apart on both hands

Which choice best describes what the underlying pathophysiology is in a patient with spinal​ shock? A. Paralysis to only one side of the body that does not resolve B. Dilation of the blood vessels resulting in reduction of perfusion to tissues C. Inadequate circulation indicated by a rapid pulse and​ cool, clammy skin D. Paralysis of the respiratory​ muscles, occurring with injury to the thoracic spine

B. Dilation of the blood vessels resulting in reduction of perfusion to tissues

Which injury that may result in spinal cord damage would you be most likely to encounter while treating a teenager who attempted to hang himself in his​ garage? A. Lateral bending of the spine B. Distraction injury to the cervical spine C. Rotation injury of the axis D. Rupturing of disks of the cervical vertebrae

B. Distraction injury to the cervical spine

Assuming no evidence of spinal​ injury, a patient who has suffered which of the following should not be immobilized on a​ backboard? A. Struck by a baseball bat B. Gunshot wound to the neck C. Struck by a vehicle at high speed D. Fall from 20 feet

B. Gunshot wound to the neck

You have arrived at the scene of a shooting where a​ middle-aged male sustained a single gunshot wound to the abdomen. As you approach the​ patient, you note that he is sitting up and attempting to talk with the police officers while holding a​ blood-soaked towel over the left upper quadrant of his abdomen. Once you get beside the​ patient, you realize he is speaking in a different language that neither you nor the officers understand. Your initial action in caring for this patient is​ to: A. Expose the abdomen to assess the gunshot wound B. Initiate spine motion restriction precautions C. Obtain a pulse​ rate, respiratory​ rate, blood​ pressure, and SpO2 D. Determine the need for airway management

B. Initiate spine motion restriction precautions

At a scene where a vehicle was involved in a​ single-car accident, you find the driver walking around at the scene. As you​ approach, the driver states that he felt fine when he exited the vehicle but is now concerned that his legs feel like they are​ "going to​ sleep." What is your first step in treating the​ driver? A. Assist him in sitting on the cot B. Instruct him to hold his head in a neutral inline position C. Place a backboard behind the​ driver, against his spine D. Assess his airway and circulation

B. Instruct him to hold his head in a neutral inline position

You arrive on the scene of a​ two-car motor vehicle collision. The patient was the unrestrained driver of a car that struck another car from behind while moving at a speed of 25 mph. During the​ collision, the patient flew forward and struck the windshield with his head. No air bags were deployed. The patient extricated himself and denies​ head, neck, or back​ pain; however, you do note a small cut on his​ hand, which occurred as he was getting out of the car. When asked about preexisting medical​ problems, he tells you that he did have herniated disks in his lumbar spine that were surgically repaired several years ago. Based on this​ information, your strongest reason to initiate spine motion restriction precautions for this patient would​ be: A. Laceration to the hand B. Mechanism of injury C. ​Self-extrication of the patient D. History of back surgery

B. Mechanism of injury

You are assessing distal pulses on a trauma patient. Which pulse should be assessed in the lower​ extremity? A. Radial B. Pedal C. Femoral D. Carotid

B. Pedal

Choosing to apply full spinal immobilization on a patient with a significant MOI but no sign of spinal column injury will not protect the patient​ from: A. a herniated disk. B. SCIWORA. C. the formation of scar tissue. D. arthritis.

B. SCIWORA.

A male patient fell 20 feet from a cliff to a trail below while hiking with his girlfriend. The primary assessment shows him to be​ confused, with an open airway and shallow breathing. His pulse is 72​ beats/min and his blood pressure is​ 78/50 mmHg. The skin is warm and flushed. The patient has no motor ability or sensation in his legs. What is the most likely cause of this​ patient's presentation? A. Internal bleeding B. Spinal shock C. Hemorrhagic shock D. Hypoglycemia

B. Spinal shock

Prior to the revisions in prehospital spinal assessment and​ care, the primary criterion for determining the need for spine motion restriction​ was: A. Evidence of multisystem trauma B. The mechanism of injury C. Decided by medical command D. A patient history of kyphosis

B. The mechanism of injury

Which patient should be rapidly extricated from a car after an​ MVC? A. The patient who is sitting closest to a door if there are multiple patients in the car B. The patient who is unresponsive C. The pediatric patient who is found properly restrained in an infant seat in the vehicle D. The patient who is tachycardic and complaining of neck pain

B. The patient who is unresponsive

A spinal column injury typically and primarily damages which of the following​ (but as a result may also damage one or more of the other​ three)? A. Light touch sensation B. The vertebrae C. The spinal cord D. Ambulation

B. The vertebrae

A young female​ driver, who was involved in a motor vehicle​ collision, complains of cervical pain resulting from a​ lateral-type mechanism of neck injury. Based on this​ information, which type of collision most likely took​ place? A. The​ patient's car​ rear-ended another car B. The​ patient's car was struck from the side C. The​ patient's car was struck from behind D. The​ patient's car struck a utility pole​ head-on

B. The​ patient's car was struck from the side

In which area of the spinal column do the ribs​ originate? A. Sacral spine B. Thoracic spine C. Cervical spine D. Lumbar spine

B. Thoracic spine

A window washer fell 20 feet from scaffolding while washing the windows on an office building. He is alert and​ oriented, but states that he cannot move or feel his legs.​ Additionally, because his blood pressure is​ 72/48 mmHg, you suspect spinal shock. Which other assessment finding reinforces your suspicion of spinal​ shock? A. SpO2 of​ 92% B. Warm and dry skin C. Heart rate of 144​ beats/min D. Pulse pressure of 24 mmHg

B. Warm and dry skin

The first seven vertebrae are referred to as the A. sacral spine. B. cervical spine. C. thoracic spine. D. lumbar spine.

B. cervical spine.

When immobilizing infants and​ children, it is important to​ remember: A. that if you do not have a cervical collar that​ fits, use one that is slightly larger. B. that if an automobile collision involves a child in a car​ seat, you cannot use that car seat to stabilize the child for transport. C. that​ adult-sized backboards and cervical collars can be modified to use with children. D. to pad from the shoulders to the heels of an infant or child to maintain neutral​ in-line immobilization.

B. that if an automobile collision involves a child in a car​ seat, you cannot use that car seat to stabilize the child for transport.

Until​ recently, the indication to provide spinal immobilization was solely based​ on: A. a​ patient's complaint. B. the mechanism of injury. C. a thorough assessment. D. obvious injury.

B. the mechanism of injury.

An injury to a hemisection of the spinal cord that disrupts the spinal tracts on only one side of the cord​ is: A. Posterior cord syndrome B. ​Brown-Sequard syndrome C. Anterior cord syndrome D. Central cord syndrome

B. ​Brown-Sequard syndrome

A patient complains of back pain and numbness to both legs after being thrown from a bicycle. When should the EMT first check the motor​ function, sensory​ function, and pulses in the legs of this​ patient? A. Immediately after applying a cervical collar B. During the primary assessment C. As the secondary assessment is performed D. Immediately after taking manual spine motion restriction precautions

C. As the secondary assessment is performed

What is the MOST common cause of spinal​ injury? A. Falls B. Gunshot wounds C. Automobile accidents D. Sports

C. Automobile accidents

While performing the primary assessment on a patient with an isolated spinal cord​ injury, you note that he is in severe respiratory distress and struggling to breathe. Where should you suspect the spinal cord injury has​ occurred? A. Diaphragm B. Lumbar spine C. Cervical spine D. Thoracic spine

C. Cervical spine

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding spine motion restriction​ (SMR)? A. A patient with penetrating neck trauma should routinely receive SRM. B. A patient with penetrating head trauma should routinely receive SRM. C. Decisions to utilize SMR should be based on the assessment. D. SMR should be placed based on mechanism alone.

C. Decisions to utilize SMR should be based on the assessment.

The EMT arrives at a call for a patient who sustained injuries after being ejected from a motorcycle. Which assessment finding indicates the need for spine motion restriction​ (SMR)? A. Reports absence of spinal pain B. Lack of numbness and tingling C. Glasgow Coma Scale score of 7 D. No evidence of intoxication

C. Glasgow Coma Scale score of 7

A football player was struck in the head during a hard​ tackle, and is reportedly demonstrating retrograde amnesia to the event. Currently the patient complains of a headache and nausea and reports that he has pain to his upper back and tingling in his left hand. The EMT is providing proper care for the patient when​ he: A. Does not place the patient on a long board due to the presence of shoulder pads B. Removes the helmet to immediately assess the​ patient's head C. Leaves the helmet in place but removes the face mask first D. Removes the shoulder pads to apply a cervical collar

C. Leaves the helmet in place but removes the face mask first

Which presentation would MOST likely be consistent with a patient possibly having a spinal​ injury? A. Male patient found in a tripod position in his​ garage, complaining of dyspnea B. Elderly female patient found lying in bed wearing pajamas C. Male patient found lying unresponsive under a tree D. Conscious female patient with a history of dropping a bowling ball on her foot

C. Male patient found lying unresponsive under a tree

A patient dove into a shallow pool and struck his head on the bottom. Your assessment findings indicate that he has no motor or sensation in his​ legs, but can move his arms. The EMT should recognize this condition to​ be: A. Tetraplegia B. Quadriplegia C. Paraplegia D. Hemiplegia

C. Paraplegia

A minivan has struck a utility pole. The driver is unresponsive and has​ life-threatening injuries. Which option would be most appropriate when extricating the patient from the​ vehicle? A. Remove the patient and place him on a long spinal board in the ambulance during rapid transport B. Apply a​ vest-type immobilization device C. Perform rapid extrication with a cervical collar applied D. Pull the patient from the car and provide spine motion restriction precautions away from the vehicle

C. Perform rapid extrication with a cervical collar applied

Which statement about the care and treatment of a patient with a spinal injury in the prehospital setting is​ true? A. If a patient has a possible spine injury but is in​ shock, it is permissible to forego spine motion restriction precautions since this takes time and keeps the patient from definitive care in the hospital B. Before transporting the critically injured patient with a spinal​ injury, the EMT must perform a​ detailed, head-to-toe neurologic assessment C. Prehospital care for the patient with a spine injury involves spine motion restriction precautions and the identification of​ life-threatening conditions D. It is important to identify the level of spinal injury so the proper prehospital care can be rendered

C. Prehospital care for the patient with a spine injury involves spine motion restriction precautions and the identification of​ life-threatening conditions

Which of the following tools is NOT recommended for removing the face mask from a football​ helmet? A. Pruning shears B. PVC pipe cutter C. Screwdriver D. FM extractor

C. Screwdriver

A neurological deficit is an indicator of which​ injury? A. A rotational injury B. A neck fracture C. Spinal cord injury D. Spinal column injury

C. Spinal cord injury

As a backup unit on a​ multiple-car collision, you are assigned to care for an infant who is still in his car​ seat, locked into the backseat of the car. As you prepare this patient for​ transport, which statement is MOST​ accurate? A. The infant can be secured and transported in the car seat if the infant presents without any life threats. B. The infant should be immobilized on the same backboard as a parent to keep the infant calm. C. The infant should be removed from the car seat and immobilized to a backboard. D. The infant should be transported to the hospital via air​ transport, since infants often deteriorate rapidly.

C. The infant should be removed from the car seat and immobilized to a backboard.

What is the MOST accurate statement about the ability of a patient to breathe when she has suffered a spinal cord​ injury? A. The patient will be apneic if there is a spinal cord injury. B. The patient will have slow and shallow breathing that will likely be inadequate to sustain life. C. The patient may be able to breathe adequately or inadequately or may not be able to breathe at all. D. The patient will have rapid and shallow​ breathing, but it will be adequate.

C. The patient may be able to breathe adequately or inadequately or may not be able to breathe at all.

Injury to the sensory and motor tracts located in the anterior portion of the spinal cord is​ called: A. posterior cord syndrome. B. ​Brown-Séquard syndrome. C. anterior cord syndrome. D. central cord syndrome.

C. anterior cord syndrome.

Which of these assessments must be done BEFORE the​ others? A. sensation B. pain C. mental status D. numbness

C. mental status

A​ 32-year-old male patient has a penetrating injury to the neck. The assessment reveals no indication of spinal injury. You​ should: A. apply a backboard only. B. initiate full spinal immobilization. C. not place the patient on a backboard. D. utilize a short backboard.

C. not place the patient on a backboard.

An involuntary erection of the​ penis, caused by a spinal cord​ injury, is called A. neurologism. B. neurologic hypotension. C. priapism. D. spinal shock.

C. priapism.

Which instruction would you provide to your team immediately after securing a patient with​ head, neck, and back pain to the long backboard with appropriate spine motion restriction​ equipment? A. ​"Remove the chest strap so the patient can breathe more easily now that his head and legs are​ secured." B. ​"Maintain manual cervical spine motion restriction until the patient is on the​ stretcher." C. ​"Let's check for extremity PMS before we move the patient to the​ stretcher." D. ​"Loosen the collar so you can palpate the back of the​ neck."

C. ​"Let's check for extremity PMS before we move the patient to the​ stretcher."

After an injury to the spinal cord a patient has differing effects on each side of the body. This is known​ as: A. central cord syndrome. B. anterior cord syndrome. C. ​Brown-Séquard syndrome. D. posterior cord syndrome.

C. ​Brown-Séquard syndrome.

A​ 47-year-old male patient has been involved in motor vehicle collision. He denies symptoms and has no signs of spinal injury. In which of the following situations would spine motion restriction be​ required? A. Blunt trauma to the head B. Femur fracture C. Penetrating chest injury D. Altered mental status

D. Altered mental status

A high school football player was hit from behind and now complains of severe back pain and numbness to his right leg. Manual spine motion restriction is being maintained by an assistant coach. The trainer has already removed the face mask from the helmet. Once at the​ patient's side, what should you do​ next? A. Apply a cervical collar B. Carefully remove the helmet C. Remove the shoulder pads as you prepare to place the patient on a backboard D. Assess the airway and breathing

D. Assess the airway and breathing

Which of the following should be done when applying spine motion restriction to the ambulatory​ patient? A. Lift the patient onto the stretcher. B. Immediately hold inline stabilization of the​ patient's neck. C. Apply a head immobilization device. D. Bring the stretcher to the patient.

D. Bring the stretcher to the patient.

A young intoxicated male patient cannot move his left arm and leg after diving into the shallow end of a pool and hitting the bottom head first. The EMT would recognize which mechanism as most likely responsible for this​ injury? A. Distraction B. Rotation C. Penetration D. Compression

D. Compression

A​ 22-year-old woman dove into the shallow end of the pool and injured her neck. Which of the following spinal injuries is most​ likely? A. Flexion B. Rotation C. Hyperextension D. Compression

D. Compression

Which form of spinal injury is most common in​ hangings? A. Rotation B. Lateral bending C. Compression D. Distraction

D. Distraction

Which statement about removing a helmet in the prehospital setting is​ true? A. Any patient wearing a helmet should have it removed so the airway and breathing can be properly assessed B. Since helmets should never be​ removed, the EMT must be creative in providing care around the obstacle of a helmet C. Helmets should be removed only if they are too tight or if spine motion restriction will be required D. It is acceptable to leave the helmet on a patient if the patient has no airway or breathing problems

D. It is acceptable to leave the helmet on a patient if the patient has no airway or breathing problems

A​ 24-year-old male patient fell from a roof. He denies neck or back pain. Which of the following would indicate the need for spine motion restriction​ (SMR)? A. No tenderness upon palpation of the spine B. Glasgow Coma Scale​ (GCS) of 15 C. Denies the use of drugs D. Open femur fracture

D. Open femur fracture

When performing the secondary​ assessment, which sign is most suggestive of a spinal cord​ injury? A. Headache and nausea B. Pain in the right leg C. Bruising on the back D. Persistent penile erection

D. Persistent penile erection

A​ 25-year-old male jail inmate was pushed over the railing of a walkway 20 feet above the ground. He is unresponsive and has an open fracture of the left upper arm. How would you determine if the patient has sensation in his​ legs? A. Check for the presence and strength of a pedal pulse B. Since the patient is​ unresponsive, this assessment would be impossible C. Lift his leg and look for a facial grimace D. Pinch his foot and look for movement on the leg

D. Pinch his foot and look for movement on the leg

A trauma patient is unable to push down with his feet. This may indicate damage in the area​ of: A. T2. B. C4. C. L5. D. S1.

D. S1.

A patient has just been log rolled and positioned onto the long backboard. Which care measure should be performed​ next, assuming it was not previously​ completed? A. Secure the​ patient's head B. Release manual cervical spine motion restriction C. Apply a properly sized cervical collar D. Secure the​ patient's torso with straps

D. Secure the​ patient's torso with straps

How many vertebrae form the cervical​ spine? A. Eight B. Five C. Six D. Seven

D. Seven

The EMT is caring for a patient who has a problem with the autonomic component of his nervous system. Which sign or symptom would most likely be caused by this​ condition? A. Inability to swallow B. Inability to move facial muscles C. Trouble remembering his name D. Slowing of the heart rate

D. Slowing of the heart rate

A patient who was involved in a diving accident is found with his head positioned so that his left cheek is touching his left shoulder. He states that he has severe pain in his neck and it hurts to move his head. He denies​ numbness, tingling, or decreased strength in his arms or legs. What is the​ EMT's best course of​ action? A. Carefully straighten the head and neck so that a cervical collar can be placed B. Avoid palpation of the cervical spine and apply a short​ vest-type device C. Straighten his​ neck, and position the patient on his left side on a long spinal board D. Stabilize and maintain the head in the position in which the patient is holding it

D. Stabilize and maintain the head in the position in which the patient is holding it

Which statement shows that the EMTs are correctly using a​ vest-type device while removing a patient from an entrapped vehicle​ location? A. The head is secured​ first, followed by the torso and legs B. The head is secured to the device immediately after the cervical collar is placed C. The cervical collar is applied after the torso and legs have been secured to the device D. The head is secured to the device after the torso has been secured

D. The head is secured to the device after the torso has been secured

When should the EMT remove the helmet of an injured​ patient? A. The helmet is a​ sports-type helmet. B. The helmet does not have a chin strap. C. The patient presents with significant neck and back pain. D. The helmet interferes with your ability to assess the airway.

D. The helmet interferes with your ability to assess the airway.

You determine that an ambulatory patient requires spine motion restriction. You should​ first: A. place a cervical collar on the patient. B. direct the patient to sit on the stretcher. C. place a backboard behind the patient. D. instruct the patient to maintain​ self-restriction.

D. instruct the patient to maintain​ self-restriction.

When performing spine motion​ restriction, the patient should​ be: A. strapped down. B. placed in Trendelenburg position. C. laid supine. D. made comfortable.

D. made comfortable.

You are in the process of applying spine motion restriction to a patient who was ambulatory upon your arrival. After the patient lies down on the​ stretcher, you​ should: A. place rolled towels around the head. B. place a single piece of tape across the cervical collar. C. secure the​ patient's head with tape. D. secure the patient to the stretcher.

D. secure the patient to the stretcher.

The application of spine motion restriction usually requires securing the patient to​ a(n) A. extrication device. B. short backboard. C. long backboard. D. stretcher.

D. stretcher.

Which response shows that the EMT is correctly assessing motor function in the arms of a patient with a potential spine​ injury? A. ​"I am going to move your​ arm; tell me if it​ hurts." B. ​"Can you tell me which finger I am​ touching?" C. ​"I am going to feel for a pulse in your​ wrist." D. ​"I need you to flex both arms across your​ chest."

D. ​"I need you to flex both arms across your​ chest."

Which of the instructions from one EMT to another shows the correct application of a cervical​ collar? A. ​"Let's log roll the patient to one side so I can apply the cervical​ collar." B. ​"Carefully flex his head forward a little so I can pass the collar underneath his​ neck." C. ​"I need you to extend the​ patient's chin backward a little so I can fit the collar under his​ chin." D. ​"Keep his head in neutral position while I apply the cervical​ collar."

D. ​"Keep his head in neutral position while I apply the cervical​ collar."

The vertebrae are divided into five areas. From top to​ bottom, these areas​ are: A. ​thoracic, lumbar,​ sacral, cervical, and coccygeal. B. ​cervical, lumbar,​ thoracic, coccygeal, and sacral. C. ​coccygeal, sacral,​ lumbar, thoracic, and cervical. D. ​cervical, thoracic,​ lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.

D. ​cervical, thoracic,​ lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.