Ch. 4-6 Test

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Noticing some features while ignoring others is ___________

confirmation

Which part of the eye holds eye color? A. cornea B. iris C. lens D. retina

B. Iris

Derek wants to win the student of the year award so badly that when the name of the award winner is announced, he is convinced that he hears his name. He stands up and begins to leave the aisle when his friend grabs his hand. Someone else won the award. This illustrates how ________can affect perception. A. attention B. motivation C. peripherals D. sensation

B. Motivation ie. spongebob

9. Marlowe wakes up from a dream about his teeth falling out. He looks in a dream dictionary and finds losing teeth is usually dream symbolism for anxiety. Marlowe is focused on the ________ content.

C. latent

Unanswered Question 43 0 / 1 pts At the point of the optic chiasm, information from the right visual field (which comes from both eyes) is sent to the ________ side of the brain, and information from the left visual field is sent to the ________ side of the brain.

left; right

Unanswered Question 21 0 / 1 pts In a normal-sighted individual, the ________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ________.

lens; fovea

Which of the following is NOT a benefit associated with adequate amounts of sleep

less exposure to carcinogens

Unanswered Question 53 0 / 1 pts Within the visible spectrum, our experience of red is associated with ________.

longer wavelengths

what is the main idea of levels of processing theory

if you want to remember something, think about it deeply

In operant conditioning, ______ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

Negative reinforcement

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a _________.

Neutral stimulus and an unconditional stimulus

In classical conditioning, the association that learning is between a ?

Neutral stimulus and an unconditional stimulus

Suprachiasmatic

Nucleus of the hypothalamus SCN

______ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

Primary

_______ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities

Primary

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

Punishment (Positive)

when muscle paralysis associated with REM sleep does not occur

RBD

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.

REM

What type of sleep is characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids?

REM

What is known as people who are deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep without disturbance, will spend more time in REM sleep in effort to recoup the lost time in REM?

REM Rebound

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to _________ memory

implicit

Individuals undergoing hypnosis usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are ___________.

in control of their own behaviors

Each of the following is a sleep disorder EXCEPT

REM rebound

Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidentally touch a hot stove are both examples of ______.

Reflexes

Which of the following statements is true regarding imprinting? a. Imprinting occurs only in humans. b. After a certain age, imprinting cannot be modified at all. c. Imprinting provides clear evidence of synaptic change. d. Imprinting can be learned at any age.

b. After a certain age, imprinting cannot be modified at all.

Which is an example of an instinct

baby seeking food by rooting and suckling

A state of ________, as shown by EEG recordings of new practitioners, is not an altered state of consciousness; however, patterns of brain waves exhibited by expert practitioners may represent a unique state of consciousness.

meditation

teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park is an example of what type of learning?

observational

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their _____ cycles are aligned with the outside world

circadian

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world. circadian external melatonin rhythm

circadian

Our sleep-wake cycle follows a(n) _____rhythm.

circadian

biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours

circadian rhythm

drugs that decrease pain

opioid

Magic mushrooms are the source of

psilocybin

What are drugs that alter the central nervous system and produce a change of consciousness or a deep meditative stat?

psychoactive drugs

Which state is marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest while awake? circadian rhythm consciousness jet lag sleep

sleep

Unanswered Question 20 0 / 1 pts What is vertigo?

spinning sensation

drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity

stimulants

________ refers to drug craving.

psychological dependence

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of ________.

dopamine

drugs that result in profound sensory alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences

hallucinogen

Individuals undergoing hypnosis

have clear memories and are in control of their own behavior

Unanswered Question 80 0 / 1 pts ________-frequency sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds, while ________-frequency sound waves are perceived as low-pitched sounds.

high; low

Unanswered Question 69 0 / 1 pts ________ amplitudes are associated with ________ sounds.

higher; louder

The ________ content of a dream refers to the true meaning of the dream.

latent

Stage zero

Alpha waves Relax, not asleep but close Normal muscle tone

What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert

Emotions can be conditioned by response

Levels of sleep

Energy conversation Safety and survival at night Body restoration Brain restoration

Which disorder is.... • Ways to fix it: belland pad • It's a moisture sensitive pad hooked up to an alarm; when you are at the dribble, it wakes you up to relieve yourself

Enuresis

Unconscious

Events outside our awareness

Conscious

Events/mental processes that you are aware of

ex. feeling pain, hunger, stress, thirst, sleepiness and being aware of our thoughts and emotions

internal stimuli

Unanswered Question 62 0 / 1 pts Which part of the eye holds eye color?

iris

The average score on IQ is 100. One standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115

is one standard deviation above the mean

sleep walking BLANK

is partly hereditary

Which of the following is an example of wakefulness? Jemma, competing in a marathon Mercy, unconscious after being hit on the head Petro, immediately before entering REM sleep Samuel, sleepwalking in the middle of the night

Jemma, competing in a marathon

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.

______ is know for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion.

John B. Watson

_______ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotions

John B. Watson

Which theorist suggested that dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness?

John Hobson

Which theorist suggested that dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness? Carl Jung John Hobson Rosalind Cartwright Sigmund Freud

John Hobson

Which of the following is an example of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule?

Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets

Preconscious

Just outside mental awareness that we can retrieve Ex: random trivia

What is a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli?

K-complex

very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli

K-complex

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?

Knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear for the student.

According to Albert Bandura, __________.

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?

Learning can occur when a conditional stimulus is paired with an unconditional stimulus.

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs

Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?

Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

According to this theory, sleep is necessary for growth and repair of the body

Restorative theory

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In Social Learning Theory, B. F. Skinner identified three types of models: live, verbal, and symbolic.

The name "B. F. Skinner" should be changed to "Albert Bandura."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In social learning theory, B.F. Skinner identified three types of models: live, verbal, and symbolic.

The name "B.F. Skinner" should be changed to "Albert Bandura."

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.

after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

Unanswered Question 11 0 / 1 pts What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus?

afterimage

Unanswered Question 66 0 / 1 pts Kimya stares at a bright light and then looks away. After she looks away, she perceives a spot. What is this spot?

afterimage

which of the followingis NOT a naturally occuring substance

amphetamine; nicotine,caffeine, cocaine

caffeine replaced BLANK in patent medicines and over the counter preparations in the early 1900s

cocaine

Which of the following is an example observational learning ?

teaching your self yoga by watching a yoga group in the park

Unanswered Question 51 0 / 1 pts What is amplitude?

the height of a wave

hypnosis has been successfully used to

reduce sensations of pain

hypnosis has been shown to do all of the following BUT

regress people back to their early childhood experiences; induce amnesia, provide pain relief, alter sensory perceptions.

actual content/storyline of a dream

manifest content

act of focusing on a single target

meditation

What hormone does the pineal gland release?

melatonin

important hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles

melatonin

of the following which comes from the peyote cactus

mescaline

Unanswered Question 17 0 / 1 pts ________ is a chemical message sent by another individual.

pheromone

Which of the following is not one of the four indices of the Wechsler intelligence scale?

processing memory

24. Melatonin release is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________.

A. darkness; light

Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure? A. biometric B. Gestalt C. Pacinian D. somatosensory

B. Gestalt

Subconscious

Mental process that alter our emotions/ thoughts/ actions but is difficult to bring into awareness Ex: divorce at a young age

T/F: Removing a bowl of water from my hamster's cage is a negative event.

True

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Variable Interval

Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate.

Vicarious punishment

What is characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought and behavior?

Wakefulness

Each of the following is true of sleepwalking EXCEPT

Waking a sleepwalker is dangerous to his health.

The ________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours.

circadian

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

classical conditioning

Unanswered Question 63 0 / 1 pts Ravon was born deaf, so he is diagnosed with ________ deafness.

congenital

The ________ plays a role in controlling slow wave sleep.

hypothalamus & thalamus

If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.

increases

Unanswered Question 72 0 / 1 pts The ________is also known as the anvil.

incus

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep or remaining asleep throughout the night is called __________.

insomnia

Marlowe wakes up from a dream about his teeth falling out. He looks in a dream dictionary and finds losing teeth is usually dream symbolism for anxiety. Marlowe is focused on the ________ content. biological circadian latent manifest

latent

hidden meaning of a dream

latent content

which of the following is bad advice for someone suffering from insomnia

lie in bed until you fall asleep even if it takes several hours

A theta wave is a type of ________. brain wave associated with critical thinking brain wave associated with sleep spindles low frequency, high amplitude brain wave low frequency, low amplitude brain wave

low frequency, low amplitude brain wave

which of the following is a long-term effect of marijuana use

lung cancer, asthma, immune system damage

which of the following statements aboutm arijuana is TRUE?

marijuana is not physically addictive

which of the following is NOT an example of circadian rhythm

menstrual cycle

study that combines the results of many other studies

meta-analysis

which of the following is NOT a characteristic of REM sleep?

slower, deeper breathing

Crack is considered more addictive than cocaine because it is

smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly

which is an example of observational learning

teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park

which is an example of a reflex

the pupil of your eye contracting in presence of light

which is an example of operant conditioning

when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to repeat it

it might be best to say that adaptive theory explains BLANK, whereas resorative theory explains BLANK

when we sleep; why we need to sleep

the sleep-wake cycle is a BLANK rythm, normally occuring every 24 hours

circadian

Which disorder is.... • Overly diagnosed in the elderly • Difficulty in going to sleep and staying asleep

insomnia

According to research on sleep deprivation, a moderate amount of sleep loss __________________.

is still a serious problem

Unanswered Question 55 0 / 1 pts Which term describes the perception of the body's movement through space?

kinesthesia

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

negative reinforcement

A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________.

neutral stimulus

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a:

neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus

______________ reinforces have innate reinforcing qualities

primary

uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep

restless leg syndrome

Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?

Classical Conditioning

Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination

Conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle

How does the term Gestalt relate to the psychological study of perception? A. Perception is a Gestalt branch of psychology, meaning the brain is studied apart from the body. B. Sensation requires the use of Gestalt psychology; perception requires the use of gerund psychology. C. Gestalt psychology was popular in the 20th century, but it has been replaced by psycholinguistics. D. Perception involves more than simply combining sensory stimuli; therefore, perception is studied as Gestalt.

EEG

Electroencephalograph Recording electrical det. of brain

Unanswered Question 39 0 / 1 pts Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality they are the same length. This is known as the ________ illusion.

Müller-Lyer

What is sleep that is subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness characteristic patterns of brain waves?

NREM

Which disorder is.... • When you're awake and suddenly fall asleep • Brought on by strong emotions Adderall and Amphetamines are sometimes given to help

Narcolepsy

Unanswered Question 24 0 / 1 pts How does the term Gestalt relate to the psychological study of perception?

Perception involves more than simply combining sensory stimuli; therefore, perception is studied as Gestalt.

the suprachiasmatic nucleus instructs the BLANK gland to release BLANK

Pineal;Melatonin

Sleep

State of altered consciousness

What is a drug that tends to increase overall levels of neural activity?

Stimulants

If a slamming door a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of the slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.

Stimulus Discrimination

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ______.

Stimulus Generalization

psychological dependence

Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress but has no physical symptoms since he smokes infrequently.

Dimitri and rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ______ , and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill.

Taste Aversion (strong dislike)

What parts of the brain control the sleep-wake cycles?

Thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the pons

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Variable Interval

Mescaline is considered a ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.

hallucinogenic

high doses of marijuana can lead to

halluncinations and delusions

Kieran is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Kieran can say that ______ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry.

Acquisition (learning or developing of a skill)

If the principles of social learning theory are true, the children may model aggressive behavior ________.

After seeing a television character for taking violent action against another character.

Stage 1 sleep is produced by what low frequency, high amplitude waves?

Alpha

larger and larger doses of amphetamines can lead to severe mental disturbance and paranoia called

Amphetamine psychosis

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when ________. A disruption in signals that regulate breathing, which are sent from the brain, cause periods of interrupted breathing. An individual dreams she cannot breathe and wakes up in a panic. An individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep. Signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing are blocked in the hypothalamus.

An individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep.

Ronaldo was born without the ability to experience pain, though he can perceive temperature differences and changes in pressure. What is his condition called? A. Pacinian Syndrome B. inherited numbness C. nociception D. congenital analgesia

Which Statement about B.F. Skinner is correct?

He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct?

He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

Polysomonograph

How you can study sleep

What is a state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli?

Hypnosis

All the following statements are correct concerning what hypnosis can do EXCEPT

Hypnosis can give a person superhuman strength.

Unanswered Question 54 0 / 1 pts What has research shown about processing subliminal messages?

In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness.

If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ?

Increases

Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment

It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear.

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment? Belinda saw Mavis receive a hug for cleaning his room. She is careful to clean her room because she saw Mavis get a reward for doing it. Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots. Job wants to avoid being fired, so he follows the shop rules and does not smoke in the bathroom. Laurie wants to receive a smiley sticker and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she behaves herself.

Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.

which of the following statements about REM sleep is FALSE

Lack of REM sleep produces psychological disorders; the eyes move rapidly most people report that they were dreaming if awakened the body is aroused and the brain waves resemble waking beta waves

________ is one way in which people can help reset their biological clocks.

Light-Dark exposure

_________ content is the actual content, or storyline, of a dream. ________ on the other hand, refers to the hidden meaning of a dream. What psychologist made the connection between these?

Manifest; latent; Freud

Who believes that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer? This psychologist found empirical support, unlike Jung and Freud.

Rosalind Cartwright

brain's clock mechanism that is located in an area of the hypothalamus

SCN

narcolepsy

Samek was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn't resist falling asleep. Samek probably has ____________

Unanswered Question 74 0 / 1 pts Which of the following is false about sensation?

Sensation refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced.

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior

Shaping

Which of these statements about Rosalind Cartwright is false? Her analysis of dreams is not Freudian. Her ideas about dreams are supported empirically. She is a Jungian dream analyst. She is a sleep and dream researcher.

She is a Jungian dream analyst.

Which theorist described dreams as having manifest and latent content

Sigmund Freud

Which theorist described dreams as having manifest and latent content? Carl Jung John Hobson Rosalind Cartwright Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud

Which theorist described dreams as having manifest and latent content? Carl Jung John Hobson Rosalind Cartwright Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud

What is a state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness?

Sleep

What refers to the brain's control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world?

Sleep Regulation

in which disorder does breathing stop for nearly half a minute or more

Sleep apnea

____________ wave sleep after learning a new task can improve resultant performance on that task.

Slow

Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of _____.

Spontaneous Recovery

Which of the following is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment?

The pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

Unanswered Question 25 0 / 1 pts Which of the following statements about the vestibular sense is false?

The vestibular sense is divided into olfaction, gustation, and audition.

Vic has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means the he:

Suffers from chronic sleep deprivation

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Spontaneous acquisition is the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response.

The word "acquisition" should be changed to the word "recovery."

Place Theory

Suggest that different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies. For example, the base of the basilar membrane responds best to high frequencies and the tip of the basilar membrane responds best to low frequencies.

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

Taking your dogs to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Spontaneous acquisition is the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response.

The word "acquisition" should be changes to the word "recovery".

Unanswered Question 50 0 / 1 pts Which of the following was demonstrated by the 1998 research of Ayabe-Kanamura, Saito, Distel, Martínez-Gómez, & Hudson?

The ability to identify an odor, and rate its pleasantness and its intensity, varies cross-culturally.

Unanswered Question 56 0 / 1 pts What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Neuropathic pain is pain from damage to neurons of either the brain or central nervous system."

The word "brain" should be changed to the word "peripheral."

Unanswered Question 2 0 / 1 pts What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The frequency theory of pitch perception asserts that frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron."

The word "frequency" should be changed to the word "temporal."

Shyla experiences a long delay between the time that she goes to bed and the time that she actually falls asleep. In addition, she wakes up several times during the night and has difficulty getting back to sleep. To diagnose Shyla with insomnia, it is necessary that she experiences these symptoms________.

at least three nights a week for one month

Unanswered Question 10 0 / 1 pts Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sariah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates sensory ________.

adaptation

The ________ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep.

alpha

The ________ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep. alpha beta delta kappa

alpha

relatively low frequency, high amplitude waves

alpha waves

when our mental activity undergoes a change in quality or pattern this is called

altered state of consciouness

Intoxication, sleep and hypnosis are all types of __________________.

altered states of consciousness

Most teens start smoking because they seek some of the rewards that appear to come with smoking: coolness, peer acceptance, and looking like an adult. All of these rewards are ____________ reinforcers. a. conditioned b. secondary c. primary d. explicit

b. secondary

Physical dependence on a drug is indicated by the user experiencing ________ as a result of discontinuing use of the drug. a return to normal performance levels changes in normal bodily function psychological distress psychological stress

changes in normal bodily function

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because of their ___________ cycles

circadian

The ________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours. circadian homeostatic meta pineal

circadian

________ cycles occur roughly once every 24 hours.

circadian

Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?

classical conditioning

type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors

cognitive-behavior therapy

theoretical repository of information he believed to be shared by everyone

collective unconscious

Unanswered Question 19 0 / 1 pts Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?

cones

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________.

consciousness

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________. conscience consciousness REM sleep unconsciousness

consciousness

Our awareness of various mental processes, such as making decisions, daydreaming, reflecting and concentrating is called ________.

consciousness

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

continuous

Unanswered Question 35 0 / 1 pts Light waves are transmitted across the ________ and enter the eye through the ________.

cornea; pupil

Unanswered Question 46 0 / 1 pts The amplitude of a wave is the height of a wave as measured from the highest point on the wave________ to the lowest point on the wave ________.

crest; trough

____________ provides clear evidence of a sensitivity period in learning. a. Stimulus discrimination b. Spontaneous recovery c. Association d. Imprinting

d. Imprinting

Russell needs more of the drug he has been using to get the normal high he got when he first started. Russell is experiencing _________.

drug tolerance

what are two signs of physical dependency

drug tolerance and withdrawal

Psychoactive drugs are ___________.

drugs capable of influencing perception, mood, cognition or behavior

Walter struggles to write legibly and has difficulty putting his thoughts on paper. This is:

dysgraphia

the BLANK lobes "shut down" during dreaming, explaining the often bizarre nature of dreams

frontal

Mescaline is considered a ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences. depressant hallucinogenic opioid stimulant

hallucinogenic

Mescaline is considered a ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences. depressant hallucinogenic opioid stimulant

hallucinogenic

Unanswered Question 15 0 / 1 pts ________ is another term for the malleus.

hammer

Unanswered Question 9 0 / 1 pts Felix is riding his bicycle. His ability to sense how his torso is adjusting to the speed of his cycling and how his legs are pumping up and down is called ________.

kinesthesia

________ is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that plays a role in regulating biological rhythms and immune function.

melatonin

According to the atkinson shiffrin model

memories are processed the same way as a computer

Which of the following is an example of a synthetic opioid? coffee methadone methamphetamine nicotine

methadone

synthetic opioid that is less euphorogenic that heroin and similar drugs

methadone

help people who previously struggled with opioid addiction manage withdrawal symptoms through the use of methadone

methadonw clinics

type of amphetamine that can be made from ingredients that are readily availiable

methamphetamine

if you suddenly and without warning slip ino REM sleep during the day, often faling down as you do so you may have the condition called

narcolepsy

Your friend has experienced excessive daytime sleepiness. He is laughing with you and suddenly falls to the ground. Your friend is probably suffering from ____________.

narcolepsy.

________ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior.

negative punishment

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

negative reinforcement

Unanswered Question 16 0 / 1 pts Tyrahn's rods do not transform light into nerve impulses as easily and efficiently as they should, so he has difficulty seeing in dim light. This is called ________.

night blindness

After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have?

night terrors

Which disorder is.... • Horrible hallucinations • Occur during stage 4 sleep You appear to wake up screaming bloody murder

night terrors

results in a sense of panic in the sufferer and are often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment

night terrors

Unanswered Question 64 0 / 1 pts Felicia smacks her thumb with a hammer while building a doghouse. The sense of ________ provides her brain with information about the pain she feels.

nociception

Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify? physical dependence psychological dependence tolerance withdrawal

psychological dependence

emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and may use the drug to relive psychological distress

psychological dependence

jackie used ecstacy while she was in college, but nowthat she has a govt job seh has avoided using any drugs. althought she had no problen quitting, she still finds that every now and then she gets a strong craving to use ecstacy again. her craving is most likely the result of

psychological dependence

Crack is considered more addictive than cocaine because it is ________.

smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ________. physical dependence psychological dependence tolerance withdrawal

tolerance

________ occurs when a drug user requires more and more of a given drug in order to experience the same effects of the drug.

tolerance

linked to physiological dependence, occurs when a person needs more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses

tolerance

Unanswered Question 52 0 / 1 pts Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts?

top-down

Gestalt psychology

(The whole is different from the sum of its parts). Different ways we organize sensory information: • Figure-Round Relationship • Proximity • Similarity • Continuity • Principle of closure

Conductive Hearing Loss

- because of age, genetic predisposition, or environmental effects, including exposure to extreme nice, certain illness, or damage due to toxins.

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

. taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

People often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage ________ sleep.

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. continuous B. partial C. primary D. secondary

A. continuous

several of her firends suspect that marnie is using some sort of drug. She is very think, stays awake for long periods of time, and is often jittery, nervoud, and somewhat paranoid. If marnie is using a drug it is...

An amphetamine

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of _____ learning.

Associational

Consciousness

Awareness of ourselves and our environment demonstrated by recall

In _____ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into eye produces a blinking response.

Classical

In _____ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper is blown into the eye produces a blinking response.

Classical

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called ______ reinforcement.

Continuous

Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater? A. cones B. fovea C. iris D. rods

D. rods dim light

Which state is marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest while awake?

D. sleep

20. Shoresh suggests that Ted cluck like a chicken during the hypnosis not because he is experiencing an altered state of consciousness but because he is playing the role of a hypnotized person. This is a good example of the ________ theory of hypnotism.

D. social-cognitive

15. Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.

D. stimulant

Unanswered Question 41 0 / 1 pts What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest?

Different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.

Which of the following does NOT have a role in determining when we sleep?

Digestion

EKG

Electrocardiograph Make sure you're still breathing

Birds migrating, cat chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of _____.

Instincts

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons

Instincts

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?

Instincts

Identify the major flaw with John b Watson's little Albert experiment

It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear

Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment.

It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear.

Identify the major flaws with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment

It is unethical for researchers to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear

Unanswered Question 77 0 / 1 pts How does a cochlear implant enable the deaf to hear?

It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain.

Which of the following statements about rotating shift work is false? It can result in sleeping problems. It refers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a regular basis. It renders the maintenance of a normal circadian cycle difficult. It will probably lead to substance abuse.

It will probably lead to substance abuse.

Which of the following is an example of wakefulness?

Jemma, competing in a marathon

Who is considered the founder of behaviorism?

John B. Watson

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

Shaping

Which of the following is an example of of a reflex; an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment

The pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

which dream theory states that dreams are simply the brians way of explaining random neural activity while sleeping?

activation-synthesis hypothesis

which theory of why we sleep explains why we sleep when we do?

adaptive theory

Temporal Theory

asserts that frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron. Meaning, a given hair cell would fire action potentials related to the frequency of the sound wave.

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ____ learning

associational

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

associational

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.

cognitive map

Learning can occur when a _______________ stimulus is paired with an __________________ stimulus

conditioned; unconditioned

Unanswered Question 78 0 / 1 pts Ronaldo was born without the ability to experience pain, though he can perceive temperature differences and changes in pressure. What is his condition called?

congenital analgesia

our awareness of internal and external stimuli

consciousness

which of the following statements concering sleep deprivation is false?

driving after 17 to 19 withotu sleep is less dangerous than haing a blood alcohol level level of .05

What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson s made after working with Little Albert?

emotions can be a primary response

tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological cycle

homeostasis

Which of the following would be experienced during a euphoric high?

feelings of intense elation and pleasure

euphoric high

feelings of intense elation and pleasure

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement?

fixed interval

An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event

flashbulb memory

Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon

fluid intelligence

How many of the five stages of sleep are considered NREM sleep?

four

Question 1 0 / 1 pts Hertz is a measure of ________.

frequency

Unanswered Question 59 0 / 1 pts Which of the following exemplifies the sense of audition?

hearing a song on the radio

collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment

jet lag

in Freuds theory, the symbolic content of dreams is called BLANK

latent content

Remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute is an example of _________________.

latent learning

dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state

lucid dreams

What is the act of focusing on a single target to increase awareness of the moment?

meditation

What is a study that combines the results of many related studies?

meta-analysis

when an individual's airway become blocked during sleep, and air is prevented from entering the lungs

obstructive sleep apnea

occurs when an individuals airway becomes blocked during sleep

natural opioids

opiates

NREM sleep is a period of sleep ________. associated with lucid dreaming outside periods of REM sleep that always occurs immediately after REM sleep that overlaps REM sleep

outside periods of REM sleep

NREM sleep is a period of sleep ________. associated with lucid dreaming outside periods of REM sleep that always occurs immediately after REM sleep that overlaps REM sleep

outside periods of REM sleep

REM sleep is often referred to as __________ sleep because of this combination of high brain activity and lack of muscle tone.

paradoxical

Ward notices that as his supply of marijuana decreases he starts thinking more and more about where he can get another supply as well as feeling nervous and anxious. This is an example of ¬___________.

psychological dependence.

which of the following hallucinogens is NOT a synthetically created drug

psylocybin

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

punishment

Which of the following is NOT one of the steps in inducing hypnosis

putting the person to sleep

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior after seeing a television character ______________ for taking violent action against another character.

receive a reward

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?

rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

Unanswered Question 7 0 / 1 pts Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater?

rods

work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis

rotating shift work

The effect that a psychoactive drug has on a person include all of the following EXCEPT

route of administration

external stimuli

seeing sunlight feeling warm hearing friend's voice

LSD affects ________ neurotransmission.

seratonin

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

In Watson and Rayner's experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ________.

stimulus generalization

Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she ________. falls asleep in the middle of the day sleeps more than 12 hours in a 24-hour period suffers from chronic sleep deprivation suffers from insomnia due to large amounts of debt

suffers from chronic sleep deprivation

Unanswered Question 57 0 / 1 pts Individuals suffering from congenital analgesia have a shorter life span due to ________.

their injuries and secondary infections of injured sites

Sigmund freud

theorist described dreams as having manifest and latent content

Individuals undergoing hypnosis ________.

usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors

Individuals undergoing hypnosis ________. can be coerced into harming themselves and others by a skilled hypnotist report no memory of the events that occurred during the period they were hypnotized usually do not have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are not in control of their own behaviors usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors

usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors

homeostasis

when you get hot you sweat to cool down when you are cold you get chill bumps and shiver to warm up

variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued

withdrawal

opioid with relatively low potency

codeine

To maximize learning, a ______ should be presented on a(n) _____ schedule.

CS + USC; continuous

Who described the collective unconscious?

Carl Jung

Who described the collective unconscious? Carl Jung John Hobson Rosalind Cartwright Sigmund Freud

Carl Jung

Uncomfortable sensations in the leg during periods of inactivity are a symptom of ________ leg syndrome.

D. restless

Sleep apnea is defined by episodes during which a sleeper's ____________.

breathing stops

_________ encompasses processes associated with perception, knowledge, and memory

cognition

Suppose you are watching a movie on a large screen. For a fraction of a second, the words "Drink Cola" flash on the screen. You do not perceive the words "Drink Cola" because it is beyond your absolute threshold. In this example, the message "Drink Cola" is an example of ________. A. a subliminal message B. sensory adaptation C. bottom-up processing D. top-down processing

The visible spectrum refers to the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we ________. A. can see B. can't see without sunlight C. can't see D. can see only in the dark

Tyrahn's rods do not transform light into nerve impulses as easily and efficiently as they should, so he has difficulty seeing in dim light. This is called ________. A. night blindness B. legal blindness C. night vision D. night impairment

What is vertigo? A. spinning sensation B. fear of heights C. noise phobia D. inability to see color

When light levels are low, the pupil will become ________, to allow more light to enter the eye. A. dilated B. smaller C. longer D. contracted

Which part of the eye holds eye color? A. iris B. retina C. lens D. cornea

Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior? A. baby seeking food by rooting and suckling B. believing that nudity is wrong C. teacher demonstrating algebra to students D. toddler who is toilet training

A. A baby seeking food by rooting and Suckling

Felix is riding his bicycle. His ability to sense how his torso is adjusting to the speed of his cycling and how his legs are pumping up and down is called ________. A. kinesthesia B. nociception C. olfaction D. thermoception

A. Kinesthesia perception of body's movement through space.

John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John planning to use? A Primary B Partial C Continuous D Secondary

B Partial

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A Fixed interval B Variable interval C Fixed ratio D Variable ratio

B Variable interval

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning. A primary B latent C conditioned D partial

B latent

What hormone does the pineal gland release?

B. melatonin

Catherine is at a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from the all the other voices. This illustrates ________ theory. A. just noticeable difference B. sensory adaptation C. signal detection D. absolute threshold

Honeybees can see light in the ________ range of the electromagnetic spectrum. A. beta B. infrared C. ultraviolet D. gamma

Longer wavelengths will have ________ frequencies, and shorter wavelengths will have ________ frequencies. A. shorter; longer B. longer; shorter C. lower; higher D. higher; lower

Which term describes the perception of the body's movement through space? A. nociception B. neurasthenia C. kinesthesia D. dimensionality

Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. Which term describes Khaleel's squirming and giggling? A Unconditioned response B Conditioned stimulus C Unconditioned stimulus D Conditioned response

D Conditioned response

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert? A Boys display more fear than girls. B Boys display fear differently from girls. C Fear cannot be a conditioned response. D Emotion can be a conditioned response.

D Emotion can be a conditioned response.

What is the main idea of social learning theory? A Learning can occur when conditioned stimuli are paired with unconditioned stimuli. B Fear is a conditioned response that is learned at a young age. C Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for learning. D People can learn new behaviors by observing others.

D People can learn new behaviors by observing others.

Kieran is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Kieran can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry. A extinction B secondary conditioning C stimulation D acquisition

D acquisition

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement. A secondary B partial C primary D continuous

D continuous

Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________.

Learning

According to Albert Bandura, ________.

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called _____ learning.

Observational

Albert Bandura called learning by doing ____________. a. enactive learning b. integrative learning c. latent learning d. operant learning

a. enactive learning

In operant conditioning, the word "negative" (preceding the term "reinforcement" or "punishment") indicates: a. the desirability of a stimulus. b. the ineffectiveness of a stimulus. c. the removal of a stimulus. d. the effectiveness of a stimulus.

c. the removal of a stimulus.

Stimulants include all of the following EXCEPT

caffeine

_______________, as described by ________, is a theoretical repository of information he believed to be shared by everyone. Meaning certain symbols in dreams reflected universal archetypes with meanings that are similar for all people regardless of culture or location.

collective unconscious; Carl Jung

_________ are categories or groupings of information, images, and ideas

concepts

Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination?

conditioned to drool when a

Morphine and heroin duplicate the action of __________.

endorphins

Sleep apnea is defined by

episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops

Sleep apnea is defined by

episodes in which a sleeper's breathing stops

Katia is experiencing a state of extreme self-focus and attention. Her brother is trying to get her attention, but she ignores him. Her phone is buzzing, but she doesn't notice. This state was induced through ________. cognitive behavioral therapy hypnosis K-complex manipulation methamphetamines

hypnosis

Unanswered Question 34 0 / 1 pts Derek wants to win the student of the year award so badly that when the name of the award winner is announced, he is convinced that he hears his name. He stands up and begins to leave the aisle when his friend grabs his hand. Someone else won the award. This illustrates how ________can affect perception.

motivation

When mixing two or more psychotropic drugs has a greater than addictive effect, a(n) ____________ effect has occurred.

multiplicative

Cataplexy is a symptom associated with ________.

narcolepsy

Samek was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn't resist falling asleep. Samek may have ________.

narcolepsy

Samek was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn't resist falling asleep. Samek may have ________. a stroke damage to his K-complex narcolepsy D.REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

narcolepsy

Samek was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn't resist falling asleep. Samek may have ________. a stroke damage to his K-complex narcolepsy

narcolepsy

The most common treatment for ________ involves the use of amphetamine-like medications.

narcolepsy

A (an) __________ is a basic sound unit of a given language

phoneme

Unanswered Question 6 0 / 1 pts Congenital deafness refers to deafness ________.

since birth

a sleep disorder that may require the use of a machinet force air gently into the nasal passages called

sleep apnea

Unanswered Question 28 0 / 1 pts ________ is exemplified by stroking the hand of another person.

somatosensation

________ is another word for sleepwalking.

somnambulism

The brain's clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as the ______________ nucleus.

suprachiasmatic

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

Unanswered Question 13 0 / 1 pts Which of the following exemplifies gustation?

tasting freshly caught salmon

Retina

the light-sensitive lining of the eye.

Unanswered Question 31 0 / 1 pts Due to his sense of ________, Abraham knows he is cold when he is outside during a blizzard, and he knows he is hot after he comes inside and eats soup by the fire.

thermoception

usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors

Harold catches fish through the day at unpredictable intervals: Which reinforcement schedule?

variable interval

Unanswered Question 49 0 / 1 pts Vinnie is standing on one leg with his arms in the air. The ________ sense helps keep him balanced so he has less chance of falling over.

vestibular

characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior

wakefulness

most of our time awake is spent in a state called BLANK, in which our thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear organized, and we feel alert

waking conciouness

Sensation

what happens when sensory information is detected by sensory receptors

Physical dependence on a drug is indicated by the user experiencing ________ as a result of discontinuing use of the drug.

changes in normal bodily function

Which of the following is an example of a reflex? A A person's pupils contracting in bright light B A woman shaking her fist at a bad driver C A child feeling bored at a wedding D A student sitting very still in a classroom

A A person's pupils contracting in bright light

In Social Learning Theory, who identified three types of models: live, verbal, and symbolic?

Albert Bandura

Who proposed observational learning?

Albert Bandura

Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization? A Being conditioned to laugh at all kinds of hats B Being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats C Being conditioned not to laugh at hats D Being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat and cry when you see other kinds of hats

B Being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

B. Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.

Who is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated?

B.F. Skinner

Which of the following is an example of latent learning? A A teenager learning karate from her best friend who takes karate lessons B A child earning tokens for good behavior and spending the tokens on prizes C An adult recalling the location of a gas station when he unexpectedly runs out of gas D A rabbit knowing to run away from an unleashed dog

C An adult recalling the location of a gas station when he unexpectedly runs out of gas

Which of the following is an example of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule? A Jeremy checking YouTube every morning before work B Bill traveling to Myrtle Beach for vacation every June C Nikita taking her dog to the vet once a year D Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets

D Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together. A The word "repeatedly" should be changed to the word "rarely." B The word "repeatedly" should be changed to the word "never." C The word "conditioning" should be changed to the word "reinforcement." D The word "operant" should be changed to the word "classical."

D The word "operant" should be changed to the word "classical."

Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________. A classical conditioning B neutral stimulus C higher order conditioning D spontaneous recovery

D spontaneous recovery

Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule?

D. Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification

Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement?

Edward C. Tolman

________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion.

John B. Watson

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

______________ is the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response.

Spontaneous recovery

In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

acquisition

In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response

classical

Pavlov established the principles of ___________.

classical conditioning

conditioned response

What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert? Emotions can be a ________________.

conditioned response

In Pavlov's work with dogs, the psychic secretions to the bell were ________.

conditioned responses

conditioned stimulus

Extinction occurs when the ________________ stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an ________________ stimulus.

conditioned; unconditioned

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.

continuous

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

extinction

Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment. It is harmful to induce __________.

fear

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed ratio

knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule?

fixed ratio

Being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats is an example of stimulus ___________.

generalization

In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus

higher order

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?

instincts

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

latent

Is this classical conditioning or operant conditioning? rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

operant

partial

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

primary

the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light is the example of what?

reflex

Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________.

reflexes

spontaneous recovery

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).

unconditioned response

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule?

variable interval

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets is an example of a what reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots is an example of _____________.

vicarious punishment

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior

People report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage _______ sleep

What is the stage of sleep that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep?

How long of our lives do we spend approximately sleeping? or approximately how many years?

1/3; 25

In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear?

In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear? 1 2 3 4

As we move into stage _______ sleep, the body goes into a state of deep relaxation. Theta waves still dominate the activity of the brain but they are interrupted by brief bursts of activity known as _______________.

2; sleep spindles

What stages of sleep are often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep? They are characterized by low frequency, high amplitude _________. During this time, an individual's heart rate and respiration slow dramatically.

3 and 4; delta waves

Between ________ of the population suffers from a sleep disorder at some point in their lives.

30% and 50%

Stages ______ & __________ are described as slow-wave sleep.

3; 4

Congenital deafness refers to deafness ________. A. since birth B. due to deliberate damage C. as a result of old age D. as a result of disease

Light waves are transmitted across the ________ and enter the eye through the ________. A. cornea; pupil B. lens; retina C. iris; pupil D. pupil; cornea

infant stops breathing during sleep and dies

SIDS

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve info?

memory

What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Esther's mother offers her a new dish she's been working on―a raisin-jalapeno quiche. Esther's body responds first: Esther eyes the content of the skillet, and smells the mix of raisins, jalapenos, and eggs. Her stomach churns and she looks away. Feeling disgusted and disappointment, she says "I'm not hungry." A. bottom-up B. sensory adaptation C. top-down D. vertical-horizontal

A. Bottom-up perceptions are built on sensory input

Suppose you are watching a movie on a large screen. For a fraction of a second, the words "Drink Cola" flash on the screen. You do not perceive the words "Drink Cola" because it is beyond your absolute threshold. In this example, the message "Drink Cola" is an example of ________. A. a subliminal message B. bottom-up processing C. sensory adaptation D. top-down processing

A. a subliminal message

Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________. A. conditioned response B. conditioned stimulus C. unconditioned response D. unconditioned stimulus

A. conditioned response

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment? A. cones B. fovea C. lens D. rods

A. cones colorful

keelah extended her arm in front of her and then extended one of her fingers. She focused on that finger. Next, she closed her left eye without moving her head; then she opened her left eye and closed her right eye without moving her head. She noticed that her finger seemed to shift as she alternated between the two eyes because of the slightly different view each eye had of her finger. What is illustrated by this example? A. bottom processing B. binocular disparity C. monocular disparity D. top-down processing

In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear?

B. 2

Katia is experiencing a state of extreme self-focus and attention. Her brother is trying to get her attention, but she ignores him. Her phone is buzzing, but she doesn t notice. This state was induced through ________.

B. hypnosis

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________. A. conditioning B. instincts C. learning D. reflexes

B. instincts

8. Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?

B. kicking and punching while asleep

17. Which of the following is an example of a synthetic opioid?

B. methadone

10. Cataplexy is a symptom associated with ________

B. narcolepsy

Which of the following is an example of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule? A. Bill traveling to Myrtle Beach for vacation every June B. Jeremy checking YouTube every morning before work C. Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets D. Nikita taking her dog to the vet once a year

C. Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets

Which of these statements about Rosalind Cartwright is false?

C. She is a Jungian dream analyst.

What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Shimon offers Mouin some salmon. Mouin thinks, "How nice. My friend is offering me fish. I wonder where he got it." This thought leads Mouin to feel happy, appreciative, and curious; he responds with a smile and an extended hand. A. bottom-down B. bottom-up C. top-down D. top-first

C. Top down influenced by knowledge, our expiriences, and our thoughts.

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________. A. acquisition B. conditioning C. extinction D. learning

C. extinction

18. Morphine is considered a(n) ________ drug because it decreases pain.

C. opioid

Which of the following is an example of latent learning? A. a rabbit knowing to run away from an unleashed dog B. earning tokens for good behavior and spending the tokens on good behavior prizes C. learning karate from your best friend who takes karate lessons D. remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute

D. remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute

Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________. A. classical conditioning B. higher order conditioning C. neutral stimulus D. spontaneous recovery

D. spontaneous recovery

Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.

D. stimulant

D. stimulus generalization

Due to his sense of ________, Abraham knows he is cold when he is outside during a blizzard, and he knows he is hot after he comes inside and eats soup by the fire. A. gustation B. olfaction C. somatosensation D. thermoception

D. thermoception temperature

Amplitude

Height

sleep subdivided into four stages

NREM sleep

the "date rape" drug, rohypnol, is one of the

minor tranquilizers

lower frequency, higher amplitude waves

theta waves

which is following statements about algorithms is false?

they are used frequently in our everyday lives

Which of the following statements about deaf culture is false? A. Deaf individuals believe children should receive a cochlear implant as soon as possible after birth. B. Deaf individuals prefer to teach children to communicate in American Sign Language rather than teaching children to read lips. C. Deaf individuals primarily communicate through signing. D. Deaf individuals communicate using American Sign Language.

Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?

Baby seeking food by rooting and suckling

the tendency to act as though your bahvior is out of your control and involuntary is called the

Basic suggestion effect

Ultraradian rhythm

Basic test activity cycle 90min cycle all day long Found in pons

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

What occurs during stage 1 sleep?

Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.

Bev likes to be up late at night and sleep in; Caleb likes to wake up with the sun and go to bed early. A psychologist would say they have different ________.

C. chronotypes

13. Individuals undergoing hypnosis ________.

D. usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors

Alcohol is considered a ____ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity

Depressant

Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true?

He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning.

BLANK was originally thought to be a more pure form of morphine, with fewer side effects

Heroin

this drug was first hailed as the new wonder drug because the impurities that supposedly cuased many of the addictive and unpleasant side effects of the previous version had been removed. In fact BLANK was even more addictive and deadly

Heroin

In _____ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.

Higher Order

Who suggests that dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness? This is when dreaming involves constructing a virtual reality in our heads that we might use to help us during wakefulness.

Hobson

Unanswered Question 4 0 / 1 pts Imagine yourself in a dark classroom reading PowerPoint slides. If an audience member were to check the internet using her cell phone and causing her screen to light up, chances are that many people would notice the change in illumination in the classroom. However, if the same thing happened in a brightly lit classroom during a discussion, very few people would notice. The cell phone brightness does not change, but its ability to be detected as a change in illumination varies dramatically between the two contexts. This is an example of ________.

Merkel's theory

night terrors

are more common in children

Forward conditioning occurs when the ___________. a. conditioned response occurs before the neutral stimulus is presented b. unconditioned stimulus is presented before the neutral stimulus c. unconditioned stimulus is presented at the same time as the neutral stimulus d. neutral stimulus is presented just before the unconditioned stimulus

d. neutral stimulus is presented just before the unconditioned stimulus

Sleep apnea is defined by ________. a sense of panic in the sufferer often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep

episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops

feelings of intense elation and pleasure, especially in those users who take the drug via intravenous injection or smoking

euphoric high

You hear about an accident that took place at 3:00 am the car was traveling along and then seemed to drift into the opposing lane of traffic, hittting an oncoming car head on. Give the early morning time, you suspect that the drier of the car that drifted over the center line most likely experienced a

microsleep episode

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.

model

The person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a ________.

model

cannot resist falling asleep at inopportune times

narcolepsy

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

observational

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?

operant conditioning

Morphine is considered a(n) ________ drug because it decreases pain.

opiod

What is a drug that have analgesic properties and decrease pain?

opiod

Morphine is considered a(n) ________ drug because it decreases pain. antipsychotic hallucinogen opioid stimulant

opioid

all narcotics are derived from

opium

psychological dependence edit: no? -tolerance?

Perception

refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced.

What is an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment?

reflex

Which of the following is an example of latent learning?

remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute

Uncomfortable sensations in the leg during periods of inactivity are a symptom of _____ leg syndrome

restless

Uncomfortable sensations in the leg during periods of inactivity are a symptom of ________ leg syndrome. agitated restless

restless

episodes when the sleeper's breathing stops

sleep apnea

Crack is considered more addictive than cocaine because it is ________. cheaper, so people can afford more of it easier to get, so people can take more at once frequently smoked in combination with pharmaceuticals smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly

smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly

Sleepwalking is also referred to as ________. hypersomnia night terror restless leg syndrome somnambulism

somnambulism

Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most often associated with ________ sleep.

stage 2

While the American Heart Association (AHA) suggests that meditation might be used in conjunction with more traditional treatments as a way to manage hypertension, ________.

there is not adequate empirical support for its effectiveness

Which of the following statements about olfactory receptors is false? A. They are bulb-like structures at the tip of the frontal lobe where the olfactory nerves begin. B. They are located in a mucous membrane at the top of the nose. C. They have small, hair-like extensions. D. They are cells.

Within the visible spectrum, our experience of red is associated with ________. A. longer wavelengths B. wavelengths of indeterminate length C. shorter wavelengths D. intermediate wavelengths

In the initial period of learning, ______ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

Acquisition (learning or developing of a skill)

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A Fixed ratio B Variable interval C Variable ratio D Fixed interval

B Variable interval

Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist, Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill. A unconditioned aversion B taste aversion C unconditioned response D taste response

B taste aversion

________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor. A. perception; reception B. perception; sensation C. preception; postception D. sensation; perception

B. Perception; sensation.

Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________. A. conditioned response B. conditioned stimulus C. unconditioned response D. unconditioned stimulus

B. conditioned stimulus

Ravon was born deaf, so he is diagnosed with ________ deafness. A. conductive B. congenital C. postnatal D. prenatal

B. congenital congenital=present from birth.

2. Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of _______

B. consciousness

12. Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

B. depressant

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity

B. depressant

22. ________theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist.

B. dissociative

1. Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of________.

B. parasomnias

Marlowe wakes up from a dream about his teeth falling out. He looks in a dream dictionary and finds losing teeth is usually dream symbolism for anxiety. Marlowe is focused on the ________ content.

C. latent

Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________. A. cognitive mapping B. conditioning C. latent learning D. reinforcement

C. latent learning

In a normal-sighted individual, the ________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ________. A. cornea; iris B. fovea; lens C. iris; retina D. lens; fovea

D. lens; fovea small indentation in the back of the eye known as the fovea, which is part of the retina.

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

D. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________. A. associations B. instincts C. learning D. reflexes

D. reflexes

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule? A. checking your Facebook account at random times throughout the day B. playing basketball with your friends after completing your chores C. playing poker D. taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

D. taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

Which of the following is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment? A. becoming angry at your friend for raising his voice B. becoming bored at a wedding C. sitting very still in the classroom D. the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

D. the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

Vinnie is standing on one leg with his arms in the air. The ________ sense helps keep him balanced so he has less chance of falling over. A. nociception B. proprioception C. somatosensation D. vestibular

D. vestibular balance

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called _____ learning.

Latent (not yet developed)

Frequency

Speed

____________ is defined as the rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver within a very short period of time after birth. a. Imprinting b. Habituation c. Association d. Shaping

a. Imprinting

Which of the following is classified as a depressant?

alcohol

The ________ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep

alpha

low frequency, low amplitude brain wave

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

observational

Which state is marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest while awake? circadian rhythm consciousness jet lag sleep

sleep

in which stage of sleep is a person who is very hard to awaken?

stage four

Which of the following is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment?

the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

In the initial period of learning, _____ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

acquisition

What hormone does the pineal gland release? insulin melatonin estrogen testosterone

melatonin

What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus? A. monocular B. afterimage C. fovea D. preimage

Why are olfaction and gustation called chemical senses? A. They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe. B. They are unrelated to biological senses. C. We cannot use these senses without the presence of specific chemicals in the body. D. Neither one has sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe

________ is another term for the malleus. A. hammer B. nail C. drum D. percussive

________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor. A. perception; sensation B. sensation; perception C. perception; reception D. preception; postception

Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events? A Classical conditioning B Psychic conditioning C Physiological conditioning D Controlled conditioning

A Classical conditioning

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A Continuous B Primary C Partial D Secondary

A Continuous

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus? A Extinction B Recovery C Acquisition D Reflex

A Extinction

Which statement about Edward C. Tolman is incorrect?

He found that emotions can be a conditioned response.

Which of the following is an example of observational learning? A Learning yoga poses by watching a yoga group in the park B Learning how to play tennis by joining a local tennis club C Learning Spanish by attending a Spanish class every week D Learning how to print by having your mother hold your hand as you form the letters

A Learning yoga poses by watching a yoga group in the park

Which of the following is the first step in the modeling process? A Paying attention B Retaining knowledge C Reproducing a behavior D Feeling motivated

A Paying attention

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities. A Primary B Classical C Operant D Secondary

A Primary

A dog is conditioned to associate a bell with food. Which of the following responses by the dog illustrates stimulus discrimination? A The dog drools when he hears a bell but not when he hears a whistle. B The dog drools whenever a bell rings. C The dog drools only when food is paired with a bell. D The dog drools when he hears either a bell or a whistle.

A The dog drools when he hears a bell but not when he hears a whistle.

A instincts

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________. A negative reinforcement B negative punishment C positive punishment D positive reinforcement

A negative reinforcement

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________. A neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus B conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response C neutral stimulus and a neutral response D neutral response and a conditioned response

A neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries because she is allergic to them. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________. A stimulus generalization B stimulus discrimination C modeling D imitation

A stimulus generalization

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

A. Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

Kieran is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Kieran can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry. A. acquisition B. extinction C. secondary conditioning D. stimulation

A. acquisition

Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sariah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates sensory ________. A. adaptation B. formation C. regression D. revision

A. adaptation Sensory adaptation: not percieving stimuli that remain relatively constant over prolonged periods of time.

Kimya stares at a bright light and then looks away. After she looks away, she perceives a spot. What is this spot? A. afterimage B. blind spot C. preimage D. night blindness

A. afterimage

Akeelah extended her arm in front of her and then extended one of her fingers. She focused on that finger. Next, she closed her left eye without moving her head; then she opened her left eye and closed her right eye without moving her head. She noticed that her finger seemed to shift as she alternated between the two eyes because of the slightly different view each eye had of her finger. What is illustrated by this example? A. binocular disparity B. bottom processing C. monocular disparity D. top-down processing

A. binocular disparity

Xi needs to stay awake another hour to study for his English final, so he drinks several cups of cola. When he s done studying, he finds that he can t sleep even though he wants to, he feels agitated, his muscles twitch, his heartbeat is irregular, and he feels nauseated. What is causing Xi to feel this way?

A. caffeine

4. Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world.

A. circadian

In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response. A. classical B. operant C. response D. stimulus

A. classical

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light. A. cognitive map B. fixed interval map C. fixed ratio map D. latent map

A. cognitive map

Light waves are transmitted across the ________ and enter the eye through the ________. A. cornea; pupil B. iris; pupil C. lens; retina D. pupil; cornea

A. cornea; pupil cornea is the transparent covering over the eye pupil is the small opening in the eye through which light passes

16. While ________ is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform ________ alone.

A. hypnosis; meditation

Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill. A. taste aversion B. taste response C. unconditioned aversion D. unconditioned response

A. taste aversion

Accquistion

Felicia smacks her thumb with a hammer while building a doghouse. The sense of ________ provides her brain with information about the pain she feels. A. preconception B. nociception C. thermoception D. kinesthesia

Our vestibular sense contributes to our ability to ________. A. distinguish the fat content of food B. maintain balance and body posture C. feel pain D. regulate body temperature

The ________is also known as the anvil. A. malleus B. incus C. hair cell D. cochlea

Which of the following is false about John B. Watson?

He is considered the founder of behaviorism.

19. Which of the following would be experienced during a euphoric high?

B. feelings of intense elation and pleasure

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio

B. fixed ratio

21. Mescaline is considered a ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.

B. hallucinogenic

B. learning

Cataplexy is a symptom associated with ________. A. insomnia B. narcolepsy C. night terrors D. restless leg syndrome

B. narcolepsy

Tyrahn's rods do not transform light into nerve impulses as easily and efficiently as they should, so he has difficulty seeing in dim light. This is called ________. A. legal blindness B. night blindness C. night impairment D. night vision

B. night blindness

Felicia smacks her thumb with a hammer while building a doghouse. The sense of ________ provides her brain with information about the pain she feels. A. kinesthesia B. nociception C. preconception D. thermoception

B. nociception pain

What allows Nancy to run without watching her feet and hit a baseball without focusing on the bat? A. gustation B. proprioception C. somatosensation D. thermoception

B. proprioception self-awareness of body position

14. Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify?

B. psychological dependence

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________. A. conditioned response B. stimulus discrimination C. stimulus generalization D. unconditioned response

B. stimulus discrimination

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

What occurs during stage 1 sleep? Both our respiration and heartbeat quicken. Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down. Our respiration quickens while our heartbeat slows down. Our respiration slows down while our heartbeat quickens.

Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.

Unanswered Question 27 0 / 1 pts Which of the following statements best describes trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory?

Both theories are equally accurate, but they apply to different levels of the nervous system.

Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality they are the same length. This is known as the ________ illusion. A. Ménière B. Merkel C. Müller-Lyer D. Meissner

What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest? A. Different amplitudes of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different waves. B. Different sections of the cochlea are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies. C. Different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies. D. Different portions of the ear are sensitive to sounds of different decibels.

What has research by Goolkasian & Woodbury (2010) demonstrated about pattern perception? A. Those who have a preexisting phobia will interpret innocuous patterns as threatening. B. Subliminal priming is more effective than priming above the absolute threshold. C. Those who are given verbal priming produce a biased interpretation of complex ambiguous figures. D. Those who receive less auditory priming are more likely to hear things than those who receive more auditory priming.

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A Variable ratio B Fixed interval C Fixed ratio D Variable interval

C Fixed ratio

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as latent. A The word "conditioning" should be changed to the word "behaviorism." B The word "initial" should be changed to the word "interval." C The word "latent" should be changed to the word "acquisition." D The word "classical" should be changed to the word "operant."

C The word "latent" should be changed to the word "acquisition."

In the initial period of learning, ________ refers to when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. A neutral stimulate B extinction C acquisition D conditioning

C acquisition

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________ map, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light. A latent B fixed interval C cognitive D fixed ratio

C cognitive

C model

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent a(n) ________. A stimulus generalization B conditioned response C stimulus discrimination D unconditioned response

C stimulus discrimination

Which is the correct order of steps in the modeling process? a. motivation, retention, reproduction, attention b. retention, reproduction, attention, motivation c. attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when ________.

C. An individual s airway becomes blocked during sleep.

Which of the following statements about Charles Spearman is false?

C. He divided intelligence into two components: crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence

Why are olfaction and gustation called chemical senses? A. Neither one has sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe. B. They are unrelated to biological senses. C. They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe. D. We cannot use these senses without the presence of specific chemicals in the body.

C. They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe.

5. Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness?

C. evolutionary

Seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend are all examples of ________ stimuli.

C. external

3. When Brady is hot he sweats. When Brady is cold, he gets goose bumps on his skin so he will warm up more quickly. This is an example of how the body tries to achieve _______

C. homeostasis

When Brady is hot he sweats. When Brady is cold, he gets goose bumps on his skin so he will warm up more quickly. This is an example of how the body tries to achieve ________.

C. homeostasis

7. Nancy is aware that she is dreaming when she has a nightmare, so she concentrates and changes her dream from bad to good. This is a good example of ________ dreaming.

C. lucid

23. A state of ________, as shown by EEG recordings of new practitioners, is not an altered state of consciousness; however, patterns of brain waves exhibited by expert practitioners may represent a unique state of consciousness.

C. meditation

C. observational

11. Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ________.

C. tolerance

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning? A. when a cat and a dog share the same water bowl B. when a cat learns to drool at the sound of a can opener C. when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior D. when a dog refuses to play dead

C. when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior

device that includes a mask that fits over the sleeper's nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person's airways, forcing them to remain open

CPAP

To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule.

CS + UCS, continuous

To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule.

CS + UCS; continuous

Conditioned Response

What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest? A. Different amplitudes of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different waves. B. Different sections of the cochlea are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies. C. Different portions of the ear are sensitive to sounds of different decibels. D. Different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.

What has research shown about processing subliminal messages? A. Outside of laboratory settings, people have a lower absolute threshold. B. In laboratory settings, people do not perceive information outside of their awareness. C. In real life, people obey subliminal messages like zombies. D. In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness.

Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain? A. photoreceptor B. cornea C. linear D. optic

Which of the following exemplifies gustation? A. hearing a cat purr B. smelling fresh mint in a garden C. feeling a piece of petrified wood D. tasting freshly caught salmon

________ is exemplified by stroking the hand of another person. A. gustation B. audition C. olfaction D. somatosensation

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior. A positive reinforcement B punishment reinforcement C punishment D negative reinforcement

D negative reinforcement

Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________. A learning B instincts C associations D reflexes

D reflexes

6. Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.

D. REM

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________. A. just noticeable difference B. subliminal messaging C. top-down processing D. transduction

D. Transduction The convertion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential.

Which of the following is true about John B. Watson?

He is considered the founder of behaviorism.

Imagine yourself in a dark classroom reading PowerPoint slides. If an audience member were to check the internet using her cell phone and causing her screen to light up, chances are that many people would notice the change in illumination in the classroom. However, if the same thing happened in a brightly lit classroom during a discussion, very few people would notice. The cell phone brightness does not change, but its ability to be detected as a change in illumination varies dramatically between the two contexts. This is an example of ________. A. Merkel's theory B. the law of thermoception C .the principle of transduction D. Weber's law

D. Weber's Law change in a stimulus that will be just noticeable is a constant ratio of the original stimulus

Unanswered Question 30 0 / 1 pts Which of the following statements about deaf culture is false?

Deaf individuals believe children should receive a cochlear implant as soon as possible after birth.

Your brain waves are being monitored in a sleep laboratory. If you are in deep sleep in less than an hour after falling asleep, what brain waves will be detected?

Delta

What is a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity?

Depressant

Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.

Edward C. Tolman

Who exterminated with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do no receive immediate reinforcement?

Edward C. Tolman

EMG

Electromyograph Recording of muscles

What did John B Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert

Emotion can be a conditional response

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

Emotion can be a conditioned response

What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert?

Emotions can be a conditioned response.

What is a discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection?

Evolutionary Psychology

What can you do to realign your biological clock with the external world when you work a rotating shift? Expose yourself to bright light while working. Surround yourself with darkness while working. Take a break every hour to exercise for five minutes. Take regular naps throughout the day.

Expose yourself to bright light while working.

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating is is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enter the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enter the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ______.

Extinction

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

Extinction

inattentional blindness

Failure to notice something that is completely visible because of a lack of attention is called

T/F: An unconditioned response is caused by either a conditioned stimulus or an unconditioned stimulus.

False

T/F: The term "positive," in the context of learning, means favorable.

False

T/F: Learning occurs when information in short-term memory remains in short-term memory and becomes permanent.

False (occurs when information in short-term memory moves to long-term memory)

T/F: Ivan Pavlov was a psychologist.

False (physiologist)

randall tells his therapist that he has a dream about riding on a train that went through a tunnel. the therapist tells tandall that his dream was most likely about sexual intercourse, as the tunnel represents the womans vagina. randalls therapst is using the BLANK theory of dreams to explain randalls dreams

Freudian

Unanswered Question 76 0 / 1 pts Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure?

Gestalt

Which of the following statements about sleep-wake cycles is false? Brain areas involved in sleep-wake cycles include the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pons. Melatonin initiates the waking cycle. Sleep is associated with the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones. They are controlled by multiple brain areas acting together.

Melatonin initiates the waking cycle.

Model

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sale quota this month. Dave's boss is using ?

Negative Reinforcement

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using _____.

Negative reinforcement

Grace watches her older sister do headstands. Grace falls over when she attempts to do one herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and notices that her sister leans backwards slightly to complete her headstand. Grace is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

Observational

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?

Operant Conditioning

which of the followingis Not a depressant

PCP; alchol, barbiturate,valium

In ______ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.

Partial

The social cognitive theory of hypnosis suggests that ________. Hypnosis is essentially an associated state of consciousness. No one can actually be hypnotized. People can hypnotize themselves if they try hard enough. People in hypnotic states are performing the social role of a hypnotized person.

People in hypnotic states are performing the social role of a hypnotized person.

Unanswered Question 67 0 / 1 pts Several studies have suggested that non-Black participants identify weapons faster and are more likely to identify non-weapons as weapons when the image of the weapon is paired with the image of a Black person. What does this imply about perception?

Perceptions our influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes.

Which disorder is.... • REM without atonia • Not paralyzed during REM sleep • People often kill their significant other

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

if you are in REM Sleep but areable to move around and act out your drea,s, you may have a rare condition called

REM bahvior disorder

acting out your nightmares is a rare condition called

REM behavior disorder

Which of the following is CORRECT concerning REM deprivation?

REM deprivation leads to increased amounts of REM sleep on subsequent nights of sleep.

Shelia once had a dream in which she was trying to reach something important but couldnt. the harder she tried , the less she oculd move-it was like moving in molasses. This is most likely explained by BLANK.

REM paralysis

NREM sleep is a period of sleep outside periods of ________.

REM sleep

sleep characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids

REM sleep

What is the period in which dreaming occurs? Also associated with __________ of muscle systems in the body with the exception of those that make circulation and respiration possible.

REM; paralysis

nightmares occur in BLANK sleep, whereas night terrors occur in BLANK sleep.

REM;NREM

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "States of consciousness do not vary over the course of the day." Remove the phrase "do not." The word "consciousness" should be changed to the word "dependence." The word "day" should be changed to the word "week." The word "vary" should be changed to the word "differ."

Remove the phrase "do not."

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?

Rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal much and counting hoe many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily.

Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect daily life events that are important to the dreamer?

Rosalind Cartwright

Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer?

Rosalind Cartwright

Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer? Carl Jung John Hobson Rosalind Cartwright Sigmund Freud

Rosalind Cartwright

Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer? Carl Jung John Hobson Rosalind Cartwright Sigmund Freud

Rosalind Cartwright

Unanswered Question 79 0 / 1 pts Which of the following exemplifies olfaction?

smelling cookies in the oven

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The consequences of sleep debt include increased levels of alertness and mental efficiency." The word "alertness" should be changed to the word "vigilance." The word "consequences" should be changed to the word "benefits." The word "increased" should be changed to the word "decreased." The word "mental" should be changed to the word "biological."

The word "increased" should be changed to the word "decreased."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as latent

The word "latent" should be changed to the word "accquistion"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as latent.

The word "latent: should be changed to the word "acquisition".

Unanswered Question 23 0 / 1 pts What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Pain that signals some type of tissue damage is known as neuropathic pain."

The word "neuropathic" should be changed to the word "inflammatory."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together.

The word "operant" should be changed to the word "classical."

Unanswered Question 47 0 / 1 pts What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The central tenet of Gestalt psychology is that the pattern is different from the sum of its parts."

The word "pattern" should be changed to the word "whole."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The brain's clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as the pineal nucleus. The word "clock" should be changed to the word "chronometer." The word "clock" should be changed to the word "circadian." The word "nucleus" should be changed to the word "gland." The word "pineal" should be changed to the word "suprachiasmatic."

The word "pineal" should be changed to the word "suprachiasmatic."

What are even lower frequency, higher amplitude brain waves than alpha waves and also continues through stage 1 sleep?

Theta

Unanswered Question 61 0 / 1 pts Which of the following statements about olfactory receptors is false?

They are bulb-like structures at the tip of the frontal lobe where the olfactory nerves begin.

Unanswered Question 60 0 / 1 pts Why are olfaction and gustation called chemical senses?

They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe.

Nonconsciousness

Things removed from your awareness by your brain Ex: maintaining blood pressure

Unanswered Question 36 0 / 1 pts What has research by Goolkasian & Woodbury (2010) demonstrated about pattern perception?

Those who are given verbal priming produce a biased interpretation of complex ambiguous figures.

Zetigebers

Time giver

According to the _________________________________, all colors in the spectrum can be produced by combining red, green, and blue. The three types of cones are each receptive to one of the colors.

Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision

T/F: "Association" is the process by which two pieces of information become connected together in our minds.

True

T/F: "Positive punishment" means I have added an undesirable consequence to an organism's world.

True

T/F: A neutral stimulus is a thing or event that evokes no particular response.

True

T/F: A primary reinforcer is a consequence that satisfies a biological need.

True

T/F: A response is a behavior.

True

T/F: A secondary reinforcer is a consequence that satisfies a second biological need.

True

T/F: A stimulus is a thing or event.

True

T/F: Adding a bowl of water to my hamster's cage is a positive event.

True

T/F: Classical conditioning is a type of learning.

True

T/F: Like people, dogs salivate when preparing to eat.

True

T/F: Modeling refers to observing and imitating behavior.

True

T/F: Operant conditioning is the process of modifying an organism's behavior by manipulating the consequences of that behavior.

True

T/F: Reinforcers are consequences that increase the likelihood of a behavior occuring again.

True

T/F: The term "operant," is derived from the term "operate."

True

T/F: To become a conditioned stimulus, a neutral stimulus must be presented right before the unconditioned stimulus.

True

Which of the following is not a risk factor for SIDS? above average birth weight hyperthermia premature birth smoking in the home

above average birth weight

Unanswered Question 14 0 / 1 pts Read the following two sentences. (1) Gre eng rass gr ow son themoun tain. (2) Green grass grows on the mountain. How does the principle of proximity explain why the second sentence makes sense immediately, but the first sentence does not?

We group letters of a given word together because there are no spaces between the letters, and we perceive words because there are spaces between each word.

Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule?

Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification

Free running rhythm

Without zeitgebers Over 24.5 hours

Unanswered Question 73 0 / 1 pts Suppose you are watching a movie on a large screen. For a fraction of a second, the words "Drink Cola" flash on the screen. You do not perceive the words "Drink Cola" because it is beyond your absolute threshold. In this example, the message "Drink Cola" is an example of ________.

a subliminal message

Why did Skinner and Watson ignore the role of cognitive and brain processes in learning? a. Because they could not be observed b. Because they could lead to treacherous results c. Because they could not be experimented with d. Because they were not suitable for group studies

a. Because they could not be observed

_____ challenges the behaviorist conviction that learning always results either from associating an event with an unconditioned stimulus or from shaping by reinforcement or punishment. a. Instinctive drift b. Conditioned response c. Stimulus generalization d. Backward conditioning

a. Instinctive drift

Which of the following young children is most likely to experience the highest neural growth? a. Jade, whose parents constantly buy her new toys, action figures, and games b. Maria, whose parents encourage her to indulge in activities such as running c. Amanda, whose parents painted her room in the colors she likes d. Julio, whose parents hired an excellent babysitter to watch him during the day

a. Jade, whose parents constantly buy her new toys, action figures, and games

What effect does modeling and reward have on learned aggressive behavior? a. Kids are more likely to copy behavior that they see others being rewarded for. b. Children's aggressive behavior can be suppressed through punishment. c. Adults are less likely to demonstrate behavior that they see others being rewarded for. d. Kids can learn aggression through exposure to amicable adult models.

a. Kids are more likely to copy behavior that they see others being rewarded for.

Once we have mastered the skill of riding a bicycle, we don't have to learn to ride a bicycle every time we want to go for a spin. What is the reason behind this? a. New knowledge is stored in networks in the brain. b. Information moves from sensory to short-term memory. c. Learning and memory work separately. d. Information moves from implicit to explicit memory.

a. New knowledge is stored in networks in the brain.

Which of the following statements best describes the concept of classical conditioning? a. Organisms learn from the relations between stimuli. b. Organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior. c. Organisms learn by observing the behavior of others. d. Organisms learn from their voluntary responses which develop over time.

a. Organisms learn from the relations between stimuli.

Newborn Kayla smiles when she sees her father smile. This is most likely a result of which of the following physiological processes? a. The firing of mirror neurons b. The presence of reinforcement c. The activation of the parasympathetic nervous system d. The activation of conditioned stimulus

a. The firing of mirror neurons

When people learn from their own successes and failures and from trial and error, it is an example of ______. a. enactive learning b. observational learning c. operant learning d. latent learning

a. enactive learning

Brenda recently joined a new company. She watches how her colleagues dress and act so that she can fit in better. This type of learning is referred to as ___________. a. observational learning b. enactive learning c. operant learning d. latent learning

a. observational learning

Smoking can cause the arousal of the sympathetic nervous system and mild relaxation of the muscles. From a learning perspective these are considered ___________. a. positive reinforcers b. instinctive drifts c. unconditioned stimuli d. negative punishments

a. positive reinforcers

According to Albert Bandura, the acquisition of smoking behavior--how people become smokers in the first place--is perhaps best explained by ___________. a. social learning theory b. stimulus discrimination theory c. habituation theory d. imprinting theory

a. social learning theory

From birth, animals are inclined toward readily learning some things and not others. Biology makes it possible for humans, but not chimpanzees, to ___________. a. talk b. listen c. lift d. run

a. talk

Neurogenesis is ___________. a. the growth of new neurons b. the destruction of neurons c. the firing of neurons in the frontal lobe d. the mapping of the functions of neurons

a. the growth of new neurons

When Ivan Pavlov accidentally discovered classical conditioning, a simple association was formed between: a. the sound of the apparatus and the meat powder. b. the sight of Pavlov and salivation. c. the meat powder and salivation. d. salivation and the sound of the apparatus.

a. the sound of the apparatus and the meat powder.

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. In this study, meat powder acted as a(n) ___________. a. unconditioned stimulus (UCS) b. unconditioned response (UCR) c. conditioned stimulus (CS) d. conditioned response (CR)

a. unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

at least three nights a week for one month

Unanswered Question 45 0 / 1 pts Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit's friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived.

attention

Encoding information occurs through

automatic processing and effortful processing

Which of the following is most likely to be essential for moving an experience from short-term to long-term memory? a. Connecting an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus b. Having experiences repeated over a short period of time c. Converting a change in response into habituation d. Connecting a conditioned response to an unconditioned stimulus

b. Having experiences repeated over a short period of time

Which of the following statements best describes the concept of operant conditioning? a. Organisms learn from the relations between stimuli. b. Organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior. c. Organisms learn by observing the behavior of others. d. Organisms learn from their involuntary responses which develop over time.

b. Organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior.

____________ decrease the frequency of behavior. a. Reinforcers b. Punishers c. Stimulators d. Converters

b. Punishers

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement? a. Thomas is tired; he drinks coffee to stay awake. b. Ravi is given a candy by his mother for cleaning his shoes. c. Greta gets caught while speeding and the police officer gives her a ticket. d. Cindy loses her credit points because she submits her homework late.

b. Ravi is given a candy by his mother for cleaning his shoes.

While training his dog, Mark first says the word "sit" and once the dog sits, he gives her a treat. Immediately after this, he says, "Good dog!" He repeats the same process many times, and each time his dog sits after listening to his command. In this example, which of the following is the primary reinforcer? a. The words "good dog" b. The treat c. The word "sit" d. Mark

b. The treat

Which is the true statement regarding mirror neuron system (MNS)? a. They are existent in only adult beings. b. They are involved in imitation and social learning. c. They are responsible for stimulus discrimination. d. They are found only in human beings.

b. They are involved in imitation and social learning.

Konrad Lorenz demonstrated that in mammals and birds, there is a rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver very soon after birth when he: a. conducted the first fMRI tests on infant-parent attachment. b. became an imprinted parent to a flock of goslings. c. conducted a worldwide study on how infants recognize their parents' voices. d. conditioned few puppies to salivate to the sound of a bell.

b. became an imprinted parent to a flock of goslings.

A gaggle of baby geese instinctually form a bond with their mother. This is an example of ___________. a. shaping b. imprinting c. association d. habituation

b. imprinting

The learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement and is not demonstrated until later when reinforcement occurs, is called ____________. a. conditioned learning b. latent learning c. implicit learning d. operant learning

b. latent learning

Association, which is a form of learning, can be defined as the ______. a. organized response to a repeated stimulus b. link between two events in the environment c. voluntary response that diminishes over time d. ever-changing model of behavior based on repetition

b. link between two events in the environment

Juan hears his older brother singing loudly while in the shower, and now Juan also imitates it. According to Bandura's social learning theory, this is an example of ___________. a. conditioning b. modeling c. imprinting d. habituation

b. modeling

Some people continue smoking cigarettes because it reduces stress, social isolation, and appetite. From a learning perspective, these reductions can be considered as ___________. a. conditioned stimuli b. negative reinforcers c. conditioned responses d. instinctive drifts

b. negative reinforcers

Albert Bandura called learning by watching the behavior of others ____________. a. latent learning b. observational learning c. integrative learning d. enactive learning

b. observational learning

Whenever Julia gets ready for school on time, she gets a chocolate from her mother. Hence, Julia always tries to get ready on time. This is an example of ______ type of learning. a. explicit conditioning b. operant conditioning c. observational conditioning d. backward conditioning

b. operant conditioning

A(n) ____________ is defined as any internal or external event that increases the frequency of a behavior. a. catalyst b. reinforcer c. converter d. unconditioned stimulus

b. reinforcer

After a response has been extinguished, it is quite common for the response to reappear spontaneously if a person ___________. a. is continuously exposed to the original stimulus b. returns to the original setting where the conditioning took place c. experiences the same unconditioned stimulus repeatedly d. is made to think about the situation and the stimulus

b. returns to the original setting where the conditioning took place

Rats that live in enriched laboratory environments show growth in which of the following brain regions? a. Cerebellum b. Amygdala c. Hippocampus d. Corpus callosum

c. Hippocampus

Habituation refers to a: a. cognitive process that results in increased response to a stimulus. b. sensory process in which the change is a fairly short-lived one. c. sensory process in which organisms adapt to intermittent stimulation. d. cognitive process that results in decreased response to a stimulus.

b. sensory process in which the change is a fairly short-lived one.

Matthew has been playing the clarinet for many years, and he can play musical scales without giving much thought to the finger positions involved in the process. Matthew's mastery of the clarinet is most likely a result of ___________. a. the associative potential of mirror neuron systems (MNS) in his brain b. strong synaptic connections that have been built during years of practice and playing the instrument c. years of classical conditioning leading to a permanent increase in GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) activity d. the consolidation of episodic memories by the limbic system

b. strong synaptic connections that have been built during years of practice and playing the instrument

In operant conditioning, the word "positive" (preceding the term "reinforcement" or "punishment") indicates: a. the desirability of a stimulus. b. the addition of a stimulus. c. the ineffectiveness of a stimulus. d. the effectiveness of a stimulus.

b. the addition of a stimulus.

In a ____________, the first response is reinforced after time periods of different duration have passed. a. fixed-interval schedule b. variable-interval schedule c. fixed-ratio schedule d. variable-ratio schedule

b. variable-interval schedule

Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?

baby seeking food by rooting and suckling

Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization?

being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats

which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization?

being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats

Unanswered Question 42 0 / 1 pts 11.________ disparity refers to the slightly different view of the world that each eye receives.

binocular

Unanswered Question 38 0 / 1 pts Akeelah extended her arm in front of her and then extended one of her fingers. She focused on that finger. Next, she closed her left eye without moving her head; then she opened her left eye and closed her right eye without moving her head. She noticed that her finger seemed to shift as she alternated between the two eyes because of the slightly different view each eye had of her finger. What is illustrated by this example?

binocular disparity

Regular feelings of hunger are an example of a(n) ________ rhythm

biological

Regular feelings of hunger are an example of a(n) ________ rhythm.

biological

Regular feelings of hunger are an example of a(n) ________ rhythm. axon biological heterostatic suprachiasmatic

biological edit: no?

internal rhythms of biological activity

biological rhythm

Unanswered Question 58 0 / 1 pts Inattentional ________ refers to the failure to notice something that is completely visible due to a lack of attention.

blindness

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when an individual's airway becomes ________ during sleep.

blocked

which of the following was not listed as one of the factors involved in the ability to go to sleep

body mass does not effect it; body temperature,serotonin levels, melatonin levels all effect it

Unanswered Question 32 0 / 1 pts What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Esther's mother offers her a new dish she's been working on―a raisin-jalapeno quiche. Esther's body responds first: Esther eyes the content of the skillet, and smells the mix of raisins, jalapenos, and eggs. Her stomach churns and she looks away. Feeling disgust and disappointment, she says "I'm not hungry."

bottom-up

Bandura's famous studies incorporating a Bobo doll were powerful in that they demonstrated which of the following? a. Adults can learn aggression through both reinforcement and punishment. b. Adults can teach aggression to children by reinforcing children's aggressive behavior. c. Children can learn aggression through exposure to aggressive adult models. d. Children's aggressive behavior can be suppressed through punishment.

c. Children can learn aggression through exposure to aggressive adult models.

Which of the following statements is true regarding continuous reinforcement? a. Compared to intermittent reinforcement, continuous reinforcement produces a stronger response in terms of the rate of responding. b. In continuous reinforcement, reinforcement follows a set number of responses. c. Continuous reinforcement means rewarding a behavior every time it occurs. d. Compared to intermittent reinforcement, continuous reinforcement produces responses that are more resistant to extinction.

c. Continuous reinforcement means rewarding a behavior every time it occurs.

____________ is the scientific study of animal behavior. a. Etiology b. Enology c. Ethology d. Entomology

c. Ethology

People displaying which of the following personality traits are more likely to start smoking and less likely to quit successfully? a. Conscientiousness b. Agreeableness c. Extraversion d. Intuitiveness

c. Extraversion

Which of the following statements is true regarding primary reinforcers? a. Primary reinforcers are learned by association. b. Primary reinforcers often satisfy psychological needs. c. Food, water, and sex are primary reinforcers. d. Money, grades, and peer approval are primary reinforcers.

c. Food, water, and sex are primary reinforcers.

According to the research of van Praag, Kempermann, and Gage (1999), which of the following people will most likely experience neurogenesis? a. Hank, who loves interacting with his classmates b. Velma, who is learning how to play the piano c. Jack, who takes part in running races d. Celeste, who reads books

c. Jack, who takes part in running races

Which of the following terms, coined by Albert Bandura, refers to the process of observing and imitating behaviors performed by others? a. Conditioning b. Shaping c. Modeling d. Reinforcement

c. Modeling

Imprinting and sensitivity periods in learning remind us that: a. punishment is more effective in changing behavior than negative reinforcement. b. the mind is a blank slate, able to learn anything at any time, given the right reinforcement. c. certain kinds of experiences are more or less easily learned at different periods in life. d. all forms of learning depend on rewards and reinforcement, at least to some degree.

c. certain kinds of experiences are more or less easily learned at different periods in life.

In order to discourage smoking, some public health campaigns show pictures of diseased lungs or smokers who look older than they are. This is an example of ___________. a. continuous reinforcement b. imprinting c. classical conditioning d. latent learning

c. classical conditioning

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. In this study, the sound of the bell acted as a(n) _____. a. unconditioned stimulus (UCS) b. unconditioned response (UCR) c. conditioned stimulus (CS) d. conditioned response (CR)

c. conditioned stimulus (CS)

Dominique had a car accident while driving over a bridge and thereafter developed an intense phobia of driving over bridges. In an effort to cure Dominique's phobia, a psychologist gradually motivated him to drive over bridges. After many sessions of having nonthreatening experiences while driving over bridges, Dominique's phobia was cured. This is an example of ______. a. habituation b. stimulus generalization c. extinction d. backward conditioning

c. extinction

In a ____________, reinforcement always follows the first response after a set amount of time. a. variable-interval schedule b. variable-ratio schedule c. fixed-interval schedule d. fixed-ratio schedule

c. fixed-interval schedule

Billy, a five-year-old boy, sees his father applying shaving cream on his face while shaving his beard in front of a mirror. Billy copies his father's facial and hand movements and later that day Billy stands in front of the mirror and pretends to shave. Billy's behavior is an example of ___________. a. dark adaption b. learning by association c. mimicry d. habituation

c. mimicry

Jiao, who is 13 years old, watches videos of several teen music idols smoking cigarettes and thinks that all 'cool' people smoke. Therefore, she begins to smoke. This is an example of ___________. a. reinforcement b. habituation c. modeling d. enactive learning

c. modeling

Five-year old Hannah learns how to operate the TV remote by watching her mother use it. This is an example of ___________. a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. observational learning d. latent learning

c. observational learning

Teenagers might view "being seen as cool"—a form of peer acceptance—as desirable, and so being seen as cool becomes a(n) ____________ for their smoking behavior. a. unconditioned stimulus b. discriminating stimulus c. reinforcer d. converter

c. reinforcer

The ____________ refers to a period in learning when a particular type of learning occurs very readily if an animal is exposed to a particular stimulus or situation. a. habituation period b. spontaneous recovery period c. sensitivity period d. synaptic change period

c. sensitivity period

The reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior is called ___________. a. stimulus generalization b. habituation c. shaping d. backward conditioning

c. shaping

When we stop using learned information, the ______ that support our knowledge weaken and ultimately degrade--and we forget what we once knew. a. glial cells b. lobes c. synapses d. cortexes

c. synapses

Xi needs to stay awake another hour to study for his English final, so he drinks several cups of cola. When he's done studying, he finds that he can't sleep even though he wants to, he feels agitated, his muscles twitch, his heartbeat is irregular, and he feels nauseated. What is causing Xi to feel this way?

caffeine

Unanswered Question 18 0 / 1 pts The visible spectrum refers to the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we ________.

can see

Optic Nerve

carries visual information form the retina to the brain

Which disorder is.... • Opposite of REM sleep behavior • You get paralysis when you are awake • Occurs usually with another sleep disorder

cataplexy

________ is loss of muscle tone or control that is often associated with narcolepsy.

cataplexy

___________ is loss of muscle tone or control that is often associated with narcolepsy

cataplexy

lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness

cataplexy

An individual may suffer from ________ if there is a disruption in the brain signals that are sent to the muscles that regulate breathing.

central sleep apnea

disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods of interrupted breathing

central sleep apnea

Which of the following is true with respect to Albert Bandura's social learning theory? a. It shows that most animals learn through classical and not operant conditioning. b. It claims that animals are primed from birth to readily learn some things but not others. c. It describes how a previously neutral stimulus can suddenly stimulate a response. d. It noted that observation and modeling are major components of learning.

d. It noted that observation and modeling are major components of learning.

Which of the following is most likely to be useful to help people kick the smoking habit? a. Imprinting b. Habituation c. Stimulus generalization d. Operant conditioning

d. Operant conditioning

Which of the following facts regarding reinforcement was noted by Albert Bandura? a. Negative reinforcement is more effective in shaping behavior than positive reinforcement. b. Positive reinforcement can be effective only after an unconditioned stimulus is associated with a conditioned stimulus. c. Punishment is more effective in shaping behavior than negative reinforcement. d. Reinforcement matters not only for the person carrying out the behavior, but also for those who watch.

d. Reinforcement matters not only for the person carrying out the behavior, but also for those who watch.

Which of the following statements is true regarding synaptic connections? a. Synaptic connections, once formed, are permanent. b. Synaptic connections between neurons are stronger but lesser in number during long-term associative learning. c. Synaptic connections lessen during long-term associative learning. d. Synaptic connections weaken if they are not used regularly.

d. Synaptic connections weaken if they are not used regularly.

Thelma is trying to quit smoking. Her therapist tells her to reward herself with a dollar every time she successfully fights off the craving for a cigarette. The therapist is using a ______ technique in helping Thelma to quit smoking. a. conditioned taste aversion b. modeling c. classical conditioning d. behavior modification

d. behavior modification

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. When the dogs salivated only at the sound of the bell and in the absence of meat powder, salivation acted as a(n) _____. a. unconditioned stimulus (UCS) b. unconditioned response (UCR) c. conditioned stimulus (CS) d. conditioned response (CR)

d. conditioned response (CR)

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he called the kind of learning he observed the ___________. a. conditioning of behaviors b. conditioning of habits c. conditioning of stimuli d. conditioning of reflexes

d. conditioning of reflexes

There is always a distinct scent of olive oil and serrano chilies whenever Salma enters her aunt's home. She no longer notices the smells after staying a little while inside the house. This scenario is an example of ______. a. dark adaptation b. learning by association c. mimicry d. habituation

d. habituation

Classical and operant conditioning do NOT take into account the powerful role of ____________ in the learning process. a. association b. reinforcement c. extinction d. imitation

d. imitation

Revoking a child's TV-watching privileges for repeatedly hitting a sibling is a form of ___________ if it stops the hitting. a. positive reinforcement b. positive punishment c. negative reinforcement d. negative punishment

d. negative punishment

Pavlov defined ______ as fixed stimulus-response patterns. a. behaviors b. habits c. stimuli d. reflexes

d. reflexes

Jenny sees that her mom smokes a cigarette to relax whenever she gets stressed, so she thinks that it will work for her too. This is an example of ___________. a. habituation b. intermittent reinforcement c. imprinting d. social learning

d. social learning

Amphetamines can be used to treat ADHD in children because they ______________________ within certain areas of the brain associated with hyperactivity.

decrease neurotransmitter activity

The consequences of sleep debt include ____________ levels of alertness and mental efficiency."

decreased

waves low in frequency and high in amplitude

delta waves

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

depressant

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity. antipsychotic depressant hallucinogen stimulant

depressant

drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity

depressant

Symptoms of ________ may be improved by REM deprivation.

depression

Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory?

determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting

Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory?

determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch Youtube videos of people knitting

Unanswered Question 26 0 / 1 pts When light levels are low, the pupil will become ________, to allow more light to enter the eye.

dilated

________theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist.

dissociative

________theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist. cognitive behavioral dissociative Jungian social-cognitive

dissociative

in the BLANK theory of hypnosis, the person has a part of the mind that is not hypnotized and that is fully aware of the proceedings

dissociative

According to the dissociation view of hypnosis, hypnosis is ________. dissociated from other forms of altered consciousness because it does not involve drugs effectively a dissociated state of consciousness people acting as they do because of social expectations for how a hypnotized person should behave practiced only by people who are already dissociated from reality

effectively a dissociated state of consciousness

EOG

electro-oculograph Recording movement of eye Tells when you're dreaming

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

emotion can be a conditioned response

What did John b Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of little Albert?

emotion can be a conditioned response

episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops

Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness?

evolutionary

discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection

evolutionary psychology

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. This active remembering and recall is called

explicit memory

Seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend are all examples of ________ stimuli.

external

ex. seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend

external stimuli

A decrease in response when unconditioned stimulus is no longer present

extinction

Which of the following would be experienced during a euphoric high? feelings of despair feelings of intense elation and pleasure intense tactile sensation time distortion

feelings of intense elation and pleasure

When Brady is hot he sweats. When Brady is cold, he gets goose bumps on his skin so he will warm up more quickly. This is an example of how the body tries to achieve ________.

homeostasis

When Brady is hot he sweats. When Brady is cold, he gets goose bumps on his skin so he will warm up more quickly. This is an example of how the body tries to achieve ________. circadian rhythms heterostasis homeostasis internal-external stimulus

homeostasis

Unanswered Question 37 0 / 1 pts What is described by the concept of perception?

how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

remembering __________ is a good example of procedural memory

how to use the phone

________ is most effective in individuals that are very open to the power of suggestion.

hypnosis

state of extermem self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli

hypnosis

While ________ is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform ________ alone.

hypnosis; meditation

The body's biological clock is located in the ________. But it is the ________________.

hypothalamus; SCN

when light begins to fade at the end of the day, the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the BLANK signlas the pineal gland to release BLANK

hypothalamus;melatonin

Unanswered Question 65 0 / 1 pts What was the original focus of Swets' (1964) signal detection theory?

improving the sensitivity of air traffic controllers to plane blips

Unanswered Question 8 0 / 1 pts What concept is illustrated by the following study? Participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color. When a red cross passed across the screen, about one third of the subjects did not notice it.

inattentional blindness

consistency difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time

insomnia

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.

instincts

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons

instincts

The sleep debt is the result of ________. high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior insufficient sleep on a chronic basis the circadian rhythm travel from one time zone to another

insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

Feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions are all examples of ________ stimuli

internal

Feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions are all examples of ________ stimuli.

internal

Feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions are all examples of ________ stimuli. external hypnotic internal psychoactive

internal

consciousness describes our awareness of: internal and external stimuli internal stimuli only external stimuli only none of the above

internal and external stimuli

Mona lives in North Carolina. She takes an overnight flight to California to visit with family for a month; when she arrives she is fatigued, sluggish, and irritable. For the next week or so she has trouble sleeping. Mona is probably suffering from ________.

jet lag

Unanswered Question 71 0 / 1 pts Which of the following describes the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli?

just noticeable

Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)? crying while asleep kicking and punching while asleep snoring while asleep talking while asleep

kicking and punching while asleep

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called _____ learning

latent

learning

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

A theta wave is a type of _______ frequency, ________ amplitude brain wave.

low; low

Unanswered Question 29 0 / 1 pts Longer wavelengths will have ________ frequencies, and shorter wavelengths will have ________ frequencies.

lower; higher

In a ____ dream, people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dreams content

lucid

In a ________ dream, people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content

lucid

In a _________ dream, people become aware that they are dreaming and control the dream.

lucid

In a ____________ dream, a person becomes aware of the fact that they are dreaming, and as such, they can control the dream's content.

lucid

Nancy is aware that she is dreaming when she has a nightmare, so she concentrates and changes her dream from bad to good. This is a good example of ________ dreaming. external internal lucid stage 1

lucid

Nancy is aware that she is dreaming when she has a nightmare, so she concentrates and changes her dream from bad to good. This is a good example of ________ dreaming. external internal lucid stage 1

lucid

Unanswered Question 12 0 / 1 pts Our vestibular sense contributes to our ability to ________.

maintain balance and body posture

The description of the story line of a dream is the _________ content.

manifest

Isla is describing her dream to a friend. She explains that in her dream she being chased by zombies and she escaped them by hiding in a refrigerator. Her description of her dream is focused on ________ content. Freudian Jungian latent manifest

manifest edit: no?

Morphine is considered a(n) ________ drug because it decreases pain. antipsychotic hallucinogen opioid stimulant

opioid

Unanswered Question 33 0 / 1 pts Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?

optic

Unanswered Question 75 0 / 1 pts What is the X-shaped structure that sits just below the brain's ventral surface and represents the merging of the optic nerves from the two eyes?

optic chiasm

What is one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/ or experiences during sleep play a role? Sleep walking, restless leg syndrome, and night terrors are all examples of this.

parasomnia

________ is one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role. insomnia NREM phase parasomnia REM phase

parasomnia

one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role

parasomnia

Sleepwalking, night terrors, and REM Behavior Disorder are all examples of _______________.

parasomnias

Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of________.

parasomnias

Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of________. lucid dreaming parasomnias protoconsciousness somnambulism

parasomnias

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.

partial

Unanswered Question 68 0 / 1 pts ________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.

perception; sensation

changes in normal bodily functions- user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use

physical dependence

endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin

pineal gland

Growth hormone is secreted by the ________ while we sleep.

pituitary gland

according to hobson and mcCarley, the BLANK area of the brian sends signals to the BLANK, creating what we interpret as dreams

pons;cortex

Unanswered Question 3 0 / 1 pts What allows Nancy to run without watching her feet and hit a baseball without focusing on the bat?

proprioception

_______ involves a virtual reality model of the world. lucid dreaming manifest content protoconsciousness stage 1 sleep

protoconsciousness

________ involves a virtual reality model of the world.

protoconsciousness

__________ involves a virtual reality model of the world.

protoconsciousness

Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify?

psychological dependence

Unanswered Question 22 0 / 1 pts Catherine is at a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from the all the other voices. This illustrates ________ theory.

signal detection

state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness

sleep

Which disorder is.... • Biological restriction in the airways, windpipe collapses slightly when you lay down • C-PAP (continuous positive airway pressure) machines, to a mouthpiece that changes the shape of the airway

sleep apnea

___________ is a disorder in which breathing briefly stops during sleep, causing the person to choke, gasp, and momentarily awaken.

sleep apnea

What is the result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis?

sleep debt

a person with _________ does not get sufficient sleep on a chronic basis

sleep debt

Hamid is a 9-1-1 operator. When the blizzard began, he was told he would have to stay and work three extra shifts to cover for coworkers who were not able to drive to work through the storm. After 32 hours of exhausting work, he makes it home and discovers he is unable to fall asleep no matter how hard he tries. Hamid may be experiencing ________.

sleep rebound

What refers to the fact that a sleep-deprived individual will tend to take longer falling asleep during subsequent opportunities for sleep?

sleep rebound

sleep deprived individual will tend to take a shorter time to fall asleep during subsequent opportunities for sleep

sleep rebound

refers to the brain's control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world

sleep regulation

What is a rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory?

sleep spindles

rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important to learning and memory

sleep spindles

Which disorder is.... • Usually occurs during stage 4 • Some say we sleep walk more due to stress Also called somnambulism

sleep walking

sleep engages in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to drive an automobile

sleepwalking

________ appears to be especially important for enhanced performance on recently learned tasks.

slow-wave sleep

Shoresh suggests that Ted cluck like a chicken during the hypnosis not because he is experiencing an altered state of consciousness but because he is playing the role of a hypnotized person. This is a good example of the ________ theory of hypnotism. cognitive-behavioral dissociative hypnotic mediation social-cognitive

social-cognitive

Sleepwalking is also referred to as ________. hypersomnia night terror restless leg syndrome somnambulism

somnambulism

traditional phases that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, period in which we drift off to sleep, associated with both alpha and theta waves,

stage 1 sleep

body goes into a state of deep relaxation, theta waves still dominate, interrupted by sleep spindles and K-complexes appear

stage 2

sleep spindles and K-complexes are most often associated with ___________ sleep stage 1 stage 2 stage 3 and 4 REM

stage 2

what is the first staeg od sleep in which, if awakened, u will realize that you were alseep?

stage 2

____________ is(are) described as slow-wave sleep stage 1 stage 2 stage 3 and 4 REM

stage 3 and 4

deep sleep, or slow wave sleep, characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves

stage 3 and 4

stage 1

stage of sleep where both respiration and heartbeat slow down Theta waves Hypnagogic hallucinations- don't happen every night

Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity

stimulant

Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.

stimulant

Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity. antipsychotic depressant hallucinogen stimulant

stimulant

Drugs that speed up the functioning of the nervous system are called _________.

stimulants.

alcohol actually BLANK the release of GABA, a neuotransmitter that inhibits may brain functions

stimulates

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.

stimulus discrimination

Which of the following is an example of observational learning?

teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park

While the American Heart Association (AHA) suggests that meditation might be used in conjunction with more traditional treatments as a way to manage hypertension, ________. research demonstrates that hypnosis is more effective in treating hypertension research demonstrates that mediation actually increases hypertension the AHA is under the influence of the anti-pharmaceutical movement there is not adequate empirical support for its effectiveness

there is not adequate empirical support for its effectiveness

Elaborate rehearsal involves

thinking about the meaning of new info to prior knowledge

Needing more and more of a drug to achieve the same effect

tolerance

Unanswered Question 70 0 / 1 pts What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Shimon offers Mouin some salmon. Mouin thinks, "How nice. My friend is offering me fish. I wonder where he got it." This thought leads Mouin to feel happy, appreciative, and curious; he responds with a smile and an extended hand.

top-down

Unanswered Question 40 0 / 1 pts Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________.

transduction

the symptoms of sleep deprivation include all but which of the following

trembling hands,inability to concentrate, feeling of general discomfort; NOT hypnic Jerk

Unanswered Question 48 0 / 1 pts What is a binaural cue?

two-eared cue to localize sound

theta wave

type of low frequency and low amplitude of brain wave

Unanswered Question 44 0 / 1 pts Honeybees can see light in the ________ range of the electromagnetic spectrum.

ultraviolet

Unanswered Question 5 0 / 1 pts In addition to sweet, salty, sour, and bitter, what other taste groupings do we possess?

umami and fat content

In classical conditioning the, _________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus

unconditioned response

In classical conditioning, the ______ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to pollen (i.e., the stimulus).

Ch. 4-6 Test

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