CH 5 Personal Nutrition
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend limiting added sugar to no more than _____ of total daily energy intake.
10%
How much energy does glucose provide per gram
4 kcal
Which best describes the Food and Nutrition Board's recommendation for the daily intake of carbohydrates?
45-65% of calories
A high-fiber diet may improve blood cholesterol measurements because
fatty acids produced during fermentation of soluble fiber in the large intestine reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver, soluble fiber binds to cholesterol in the GI tract, causing it to be excreted, reduced insulin secretion results in lower cholesterol synthesis in the liver
complex carbohydrate that has 3 to 10 simple sugars and cannot be broken down by the body's digestive enzymes
oligosaccharides
raffinose and stachyose are examples of what type of complex carbohydrate?
oligosaccharides
Choosing to eat an abundance of whole fruits, vegetables, and whole grains will increase the intake of
fiber
different from starches since the chemical links that join the individual sugar units cannot be digested by human enzymes in the GI tract
fiber is
glycemic index is influenced by which of the following
food processing, fiber content, starch structure
monosaccharide commonly found in fruit
fructose
which monosaccharide is commonly found as a component in fruit?
fructose
Which of the three contain the highest percentage of calories from carbohydrates?
fruit, table sugar, jam
glycogen is stored in the liver and can be released by the hormone
glucagon
Most digestible forms of carbohydrates are broken down to
glucose
maintaining good blood _________ control is critical to prevent the long-term, diabetes-related complications
glucose
major monosaccharide found in the body
glucose
Which fibers form the structural part of the plant cell wall in vegetables and whole grains?
hemicellulose, cellulose, lignins
irritability, restlessness, shaking, sweating, and confusion 2 to 5 hours after eating a meal high in sugar are symptoms of
hypoglycemia
glucagon
increases blood glucose levels
When a person does not consume enough dietary carbohydrates, the metabolism of fats is
inefficient
both fiber and starch are types of
polysaccharides
fiber and starch are examples of
polysaccharides
the "K" in acesulfame-K represents
potassium
__________ is a condition in which blood glucose levels are above normal but not yet diagnostic of diabetes
pre-diabetes
Most of the sugar Americans consume comes from
processed foods and beverages
it is important to eat adequate carbohydrates so that the body does not use _______ for energy
protein
foods that contain a moderate amount of carbohydrate include peas, dried beans and dairy. In these foods carbohydrate content is diluted with
protein and fat
the problem with an excess amount of _________ in the diet that it provides empty calories and promotes dental caries
sugar
excessive consumption of this type of sugar may have a laxative effect
sugar alcohol
natural sources of sucrose
sugar beets, maple tree sap
non-nutritive sweeteners
sweeten foods while providing few or no calories, include saccharin, aspartame, and sucralose
How do fibrous foods result in a sense of fullness and contribute to satiety?
they absorb water and expand the GI tract
Which type of diabetes is associated with insulin resistance and obesity?
type 2
__________ diabetes is strongly associated with physical inactivity, poor diet, and obesity
type 2
approximately 90% of diabetes cases are ____________ diabetes
type 2
diet, exercise, oral medications and insulin are typical treatments for
type 2 diabetes
the treatment for metabolic syndrome is the same as that for
type 2 diabetes
symptoms of metabolic syndrome increase the risk of
type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease
Which of the following health conditions are linked to an increased intake of added sugars?
type 2 diabetes, obesity
sugar alcohol
xylitol
is it necessary for sugar alcohols to be listed on the food ingredients label?
yes
Which organizations or recommendations suggest limiting added sugar to make no more than 10% of daily total energy intake
World Health Organization, The Dietary Guidelines for Americans
to improve blood glucose control for patients with type 2 diabetes
a Mediterranean-style eating plan is recommended
fasting hypoglycemia
a condition of low blood glucose after fasting for 8 hours or more and typically is caused by an underlying medical condition such as cancer, liver disease, or renal disease
reactive hypoglycemia
Is caused by an exaggerated insulin response after eating and develops 2 to 5 hours following a meal
Adequate fiber and water helps prevent
constipation
Which non-nutritive sweetener is not currently available as an alternative sweetener in the United States?
cyclamates
sucrose is made of
glucose and fructose
Which of the following are examples of simple sugars?
glucose, fructose, and galactose
Examples of monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
examples of simple sugars
glucose, galactose, fructose
the liver and muscles are the major storage sites for
glycogen
Which of the following areas of the body can be permanently damaged by poorly controlled diabetes?
heart, eyes, kidneys
Which sugar is generally 55% fructose, used extensively in the food industry and cheaper to produce than sucrose?
high-fructose corn syrup
glycogen is the storage form of carbohydrates in
humans
most carbohydrates are composed of
hydrogen, carbon and oxygen
what is the technical term for high blood sugar?
hyperglycemia
monk fruit can be used in
in baking, as a tabletop sweetener, in cooking
ketosis is the condition of having a high concentration of
ketone bodies
Although type 1 diabetes can appear at any age, it often begins in
late childhood
which of the following influence glycemic index?
macronutrients in a meal, a food's starch structure
maltose
malt sugar (glucose + glucose)
________ or malt sugar, has two glucose molecules bonded together
maltose
disaccharide that plays an important role in alcohol production
maltose
produced when starch is broken down to just two glucose molecules bonded together
maltose
alternative sweetener once thought to cause bladder cancer, but is now considered safe when consumed in normal amounts
saccharin
the digestion of starch begins in the mouth via the action of the enzyme
salivary amylase
which carb do we eat the most
starch
insulin
decreases blood glucose levels
glycogen
A highly branched polymer of glucose; allows multiple enzymes to attach to its structure so it can be broken down quickly
approximately ______ of the world's population are lactose intolerant
75%
the ADI of aspartame is 50mg/kg of body weight/day. This is equivalent to
80 packets of equal, 18 diet soft drinks
Why can't fiber be absorbed in the small intestine?
The human GI tract lacks the enzymes necessary to break down fiber
Patients with hypoglycemia may need to regulate
carbohydrates
what are some characteristics of sugar alcohols
absorbed and metabolized more slowly than sugars, contribute fewer calories than sugar, do not promote dental decay
the monosaccharides glucose and galactose are absorbed by an ________ process
active
Which foods contain virtually no carbohydrates?
beef, butter
The chemical bonds between individual sugar units in fiber _________ digested by human enzymes in the GI tract
cannot be
(Glycemic index x grams of carbohydrate) / 100= glycemic load
carbohydrate
providing energy is the primary function of
carbohydrate
an individual who experiences an episode of diverticulitis should
avoid fiber
in the absence of carbohydrate, _________ does not break down completely
fat
in what form is glucose stored in plants?
starch
What are other names for complex carbohydrates?
starch, polysaccharides
enzymes in the small intestine that break down disaccharides into monosaccharides include
sucrase, maltase, lactase
All sweeteners are compared to the sweetness found in
sucrose
stevia is a sweetener derived from a
a south american shrub
which of the following is true about the carbohydrate intake of Americans?
added sugars in the diet account for over 14.5% of total energy intake, intake of high-fructose corn syrup and sucrose adds about 270 calories daily to the diets of Americans
epinephrine is released from the
adrenal glands
Which polysaccharide is a digestible, highly branched-chain type of starch composed of glucose units?
amylopectin
digestible highly branched-chain type of starch composed of glucose units
amylopectin
of the following polysaccharides, which is digested more rapidly?
amylopectin
two forms of starch digestible by humans are called amylose and
amylopectin
Name the long, straight-chain type of starch that makes up about 20% of digestible starch
amylose
a digestible straight-chain type of starch composed of glucose units
amylose
long, straight chain of starch that makes up about 20% of digestible starch found in plants
amylose
two forms of starch digestible by humans
amylose and amylopectin
amylase is
an enzyme
which artificial sweetener is known as "Equal"?
aspartame
the loss of pancreatic cells is responsible for producing insulin type 1 diabetes is thought to originate as an
autoimmune disorder
carbohydrates are composed of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
sucralose is made by substituting 3 ________ for 3 hydroxyl groups to sucrose
chlorine
Which of the following are easy ways to increase your dietary fiber intakes to meet Adequate Intakes (AIs)
choose fiber-rich food, choose vegetables, choose whole grains
hemorrhoids and diverticula may sometimes result from excessive straining during defecation due to
constipation
Which of the following are health conditions associated with a very high fiber intake, especially when combined with inadequate fluid intake?
constipation, intestinal blockage
Soluble fiber ____ the absorption of cholesterol & cholesterol-rich bile acids into the blood.
decreases
When a person's blood glucose levels are equal to or rise about 126mg/dl, they are classified as having
diabetes
Because of its chemical structure cellulose
does not dissolve in water
cellulose
does not dissolve in water
discaccharides are
double sugars
in addition to traditional symptoms of diabetes, which of the following are also symptoms of diabetes?
drowsiness, lethargy, sudden weight loss, sudden vision changes
in metabolic syndrome, which of the following may be elevated?
fasting glucose, blood pressure, triglycerides
Which of the following foods contains the greatest percentage of simple carbohydrates?
jelly
milk and other dairy products are a major source of
lactose
hypoglycemia is a ______ blood glucose level
low
type 2 diabetic patients ________ require insulin
may
Where does the enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates begin?
mouth
The major storage sites for glycogen are
muscles and liver
this alternative sweetener is heat stable and can be used as a tabletop sweetener, or in cooking applications. 7000 to 13000 sweeter than table sugar
neotame
Is milk a natural source of sucrose?
no
Which cells in the body or body tissue derive almost all of their energy from glucose
red blood cells, central nervous system
benefits of imposing a tax on sugar sweetened beverages include
reducing intake, reducing calorie intake, raising funds to support nutrition programs
monosaccharides are composed of
single sugars
Soluble fibers help to regulate blood glucose by
slowing absorption of glucose from the small intestine
which of the following processed foods or beverage are high in added sugars
soda, cakes, ice cream
The cooking process is often viewed as the starting point of carbohydrate digestion because cooking helps
soften fibrous tissue, starch granules swell with water
Apples, bananas and beans are good sources of
soluble fiber
polysaccharides
sometimes called complex carbohydrates, made of single sugar units to form a chain, found chiefly in grains, vegetables, and fruit, sometimes called starches
