CH 5 Personal Nutrition

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The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend limiting added sugar to no more than _____ of total daily energy intake.

10%

How much energy does glucose provide per gram

4 kcal

Which best describes the Food and Nutrition Board's recommendation for the daily intake of carbohydrates?

45-65% of calories

A high-fiber diet may improve blood cholesterol measurements because

fatty acids produced during fermentation of soluble fiber in the large intestine reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver, soluble fiber binds to cholesterol in the GI tract, causing it to be excreted, reduced insulin secretion results in lower cholesterol synthesis in the liver

complex carbohydrate that has 3 to 10 simple sugars and cannot be broken down by the body's digestive enzymes

oligosaccharides

raffinose and stachyose are examples of what type of complex carbohydrate?

oligosaccharides

Choosing to eat an abundance of whole fruits, vegetables, and whole grains will increase the intake of

fiber

different from starches since the chemical links that join the individual sugar units cannot be digested by human enzymes in the GI tract

fiber is

glycemic index is influenced by which of the following

food processing, fiber content, starch structure

monosaccharide commonly found in fruit

fructose

which monosaccharide is commonly found as a component in fruit?

fructose

Which of the three contain the highest percentage of calories from carbohydrates?

fruit, table sugar, jam

glycogen is stored in the liver and can be released by the hormone

glucagon

Most digestible forms of carbohydrates are broken down to

glucose

maintaining good blood _________ control is critical to prevent the long-term, diabetes-related complications

glucose

major monosaccharide found in the body

glucose

Which fibers form the structural part of the plant cell wall in vegetables and whole grains?

hemicellulose, cellulose, lignins

irritability, restlessness, shaking, sweating, and confusion 2 to 5 hours after eating a meal high in sugar are symptoms of

hypoglycemia

glucagon

increases blood glucose levels

When a person does not consume enough dietary carbohydrates, the metabolism of fats is

inefficient

both fiber and starch are types of

polysaccharides

fiber and starch are examples of

polysaccharides

the "K" in acesulfame-K represents

potassium

__________ is a condition in which blood glucose levels are above normal but not yet diagnostic of diabetes

pre-diabetes

Most of the sugar Americans consume comes from

processed foods and beverages

it is important to eat adequate carbohydrates so that the body does not use _______ for energy

protein

foods that contain a moderate amount of carbohydrate include peas, dried beans and dairy. In these foods carbohydrate content is diluted with

protein and fat

the problem with an excess amount of _________ in the diet that it provides empty calories and promotes dental caries

sugar

excessive consumption of this type of sugar may have a laxative effect

sugar alcohol

natural sources of sucrose

sugar beets, maple tree sap

non-nutritive sweeteners

sweeten foods while providing few or no calories, include saccharin, aspartame, and sucralose

How do fibrous foods result in a sense of fullness and contribute to satiety?

they absorb water and expand the GI tract

Which type of diabetes is associated with insulin resistance and obesity?

type 2

__________ diabetes is strongly associated with physical inactivity, poor diet, and obesity

type 2

approximately 90% of diabetes cases are ____________ diabetes

type 2

diet, exercise, oral medications and insulin are typical treatments for

type 2 diabetes

the treatment for metabolic syndrome is the same as that for

type 2 diabetes

symptoms of metabolic syndrome increase the risk of

type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease

Which of the following health conditions are linked to an increased intake of added sugars?

type 2 diabetes, obesity

sugar alcohol

xylitol

is it necessary for sugar alcohols to be listed on the food ingredients label?

yes

Which organizations or recommendations suggest limiting added sugar to make no more than 10% of daily total energy intake

World Health Organization, The Dietary Guidelines for Americans

to improve blood glucose control for patients with type 2 diabetes

a Mediterranean-style eating plan is recommended

fasting hypoglycemia

a condition of low blood glucose after fasting for 8 hours or more and typically is caused by an underlying medical condition such as cancer, liver disease, or renal disease

reactive hypoglycemia

Is caused by an exaggerated insulin response after eating and develops 2 to 5 hours following a meal

Adequate fiber and water helps prevent

constipation

Which non-nutritive sweetener is not currently available as an alternative sweetener in the United States?

cyclamates

sucrose is made of

glucose and fructose

Which of the following are examples of simple sugars?

glucose, fructose, and galactose

Examples of monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

examples of simple sugars

glucose, galactose, fructose

the liver and muscles are the major storage sites for

glycogen

Which of the following areas of the body can be permanently damaged by poorly controlled diabetes?

heart, eyes, kidneys

Which sugar is generally 55% fructose, used extensively in the food industry and cheaper to produce than sucrose?

high-fructose corn syrup

glycogen is the storage form of carbohydrates in

humans

most carbohydrates are composed of

hydrogen, carbon and oxygen

what is the technical term for high blood sugar?

hyperglycemia

monk fruit can be used in

in baking, as a tabletop sweetener, in cooking

ketosis is the condition of having a high concentration of

ketone bodies

Although type 1 diabetes can appear at any age, it often begins in

late childhood

which of the following influence glycemic index?

macronutrients in a meal, a food's starch structure

maltose

malt sugar (glucose + glucose)

________ or malt sugar, has two glucose molecules bonded together

maltose

disaccharide that plays an important role in alcohol production

maltose

produced when starch is broken down to just two glucose molecules bonded together

maltose

alternative sweetener once thought to cause bladder cancer, but is now considered safe when consumed in normal amounts

saccharin

the digestion of starch begins in the mouth via the action of the enzyme

salivary amylase

which carb do we eat the most

starch

insulin

decreases blood glucose levels

glycogen

A highly branched polymer of glucose; allows multiple enzymes to attach to its structure so it can be broken down quickly

approximately ______ of the world's population are lactose intolerant

75%

the ADI of aspartame is 50mg/kg of body weight/day. This is equivalent to

80 packets of equal, 18 diet soft drinks

Why can't fiber be absorbed in the small intestine?

The human GI tract lacks the enzymes necessary to break down fiber

Patients with hypoglycemia may need to regulate

carbohydrates

what are some characteristics of sugar alcohols

absorbed and metabolized more slowly than sugars, contribute fewer calories than sugar, do not promote dental decay

the monosaccharides glucose and galactose are absorbed by an ________ process

active

Which foods contain virtually no carbohydrates?

beef, butter

The chemical bonds between individual sugar units in fiber _________ digested by human enzymes in the GI tract

cannot be

(Glycemic index x grams of carbohydrate) / 100= glycemic load

carbohydrate

providing energy is the primary function of

carbohydrate

an individual who experiences an episode of diverticulitis should

avoid fiber

in the absence of carbohydrate, _________ does not break down completely

fat

in what form is glucose stored in plants?

starch

What are other names for complex carbohydrates?

starch, polysaccharides

enzymes in the small intestine that break down disaccharides into monosaccharides include

sucrase, maltase, lactase

All sweeteners are compared to the sweetness found in

sucrose

stevia is a sweetener derived from a

a south american shrub

which of the following is true about the carbohydrate intake of Americans?

added sugars in the diet account for over 14.5% of total energy intake, intake of high-fructose corn syrup and sucrose adds about 270 calories daily to the diets of Americans

epinephrine is released from the

adrenal glands

Which polysaccharide is a digestible, highly branched-chain type of starch composed of glucose units?

amylopectin

digestible highly branched-chain type of starch composed of glucose units

amylopectin

of the following polysaccharides, which is digested more rapidly?

amylopectin

two forms of starch digestible by humans are called amylose and

amylopectin

Name the long, straight-chain type of starch that makes up about 20% of digestible starch

amylose

a digestible straight-chain type of starch composed of glucose units

amylose

long, straight chain of starch that makes up about 20% of digestible starch found in plants

amylose

two forms of starch digestible by humans

amylose and amylopectin

amylase is

an enzyme

which artificial sweetener is known as "Equal"?

aspartame

the loss of pancreatic cells is responsible for producing insulin type 1 diabetes is thought to originate as an

autoimmune disorder

carbohydrates are composed of

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

sucralose is made by substituting 3 ________ for 3 hydroxyl groups to sucrose

chlorine

Which of the following are easy ways to increase your dietary fiber intakes to meet Adequate Intakes (AIs)

choose fiber-rich food, choose vegetables, choose whole grains

hemorrhoids and diverticula may sometimes result from excessive straining during defecation due to

constipation

Which of the following are health conditions associated with a very high fiber intake, especially when combined with inadequate fluid intake?

constipation, intestinal blockage

Soluble fiber ____ the absorption of cholesterol & cholesterol-rich bile acids into the blood.

decreases

When a person's blood glucose levels are equal to or rise about 126mg/dl, they are classified as having

diabetes

Because of its chemical structure cellulose

does not dissolve in water

cellulose

does not dissolve in water

discaccharides are

double sugars

in addition to traditional symptoms of diabetes, which of the following are also symptoms of diabetes?

drowsiness, lethargy, sudden weight loss, sudden vision changes

in metabolic syndrome, which of the following may be elevated?

fasting glucose, blood pressure, triglycerides

Which of the following foods contains the greatest percentage of simple carbohydrates?

jelly

milk and other dairy products are a major source of

lactose

hypoglycemia is a ______ blood glucose level

low

type 2 diabetic patients ________ require insulin

may

Where does the enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates begin?

mouth

The major storage sites for glycogen are

muscles and liver

this alternative sweetener is heat stable and can be used as a tabletop sweetener, or in cooking applications. 7000 to 13000 sweeter than table sugar

neotame

Is milk a natural source of sucrose?

no

Which cells in the body or body tissue derive almost all of their energy from glucose

red blood cells, central nervous system

benefits of imposing a tax on sugar sweetened beverages include

reducing intake, reducing calorie intake, raising funds to support nutrition programs

monosaccharides are composed of

single sugars

Soluble fibers help to regulate blood glucose by

slowing absorption of glucose from the small intestine

which of the following processed foods or beverage are high in added sugars

soda, cakes, ice cream

The cooking process is often viewed as the starting point of carbohydrate digestion because cooking helps

soften fibrous tissue, starch granules swell with water

Apples, bananas and beans are good sources of

soluble fiber

polysaccharides

sometimes called complex carbohydrates, made of single sugar units to form a chain, found chiefly in grains, vegetables, and fruit, sometimes called starches


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