Ch 6 - Bacterial Metabolism pt 1_ Microbiology
The biochemical reactions in metabolism where the simple molecules combine to generate macromolecules is known as _______.
anabolism
The component of metabolism that involves the biosynthesis of macromolecules, using ATP for energy, is called
anabolism
Energy is defined as ______.
the ability to do work
The main energy currency of cells is the molecule called
ATP
Use the following four words to correctly complete the sentence: endergonic, exergonic, anabolism, catabolism. "Cells constantly produce ATP during __________ reactions of ___________ and then use it to power __________ reactions of ___________
Blank 1: exergonic Blank 2: catabolism Blank 3: endergonic Blank 4: anabolism
Consider the effect of temperature on enzyme activity. If the temperature is too high, proteins will ___________ and no longer function.
Denature
An atom that has a lower affinity (attraction) for electrons than another is described as ______ than the other.
less electronegative
The figure depicts oxidation-reduction reactions, which are also known as __________ reactions.
redox
Enzymes function as biological catalysts, accelerating the conversion of one substance, the __________, into another, the ___________
substrate, product
Until the optimal temperature is reached, raising the temperature has what effect on the speed of enzymatic reactions? (A) It has no effect on their rate. (B) It increases their rate. (C) It decreases their rate.
(B) It increases their rate.
All of the following accurately describe enzymes EXCEPT ______. (A) enzymes provide energy to help reactions proceed more rapidly (B) enzymes are not used up in the process of catalyzing reactions (C) enzymes are very specific, usually acting on only one or a few substrates (D) the name of an enzyme typically reflects its function and ends in -ase. (E) enzymes are biological catalysts
(A) enzymes provide energy to help reactions proceed more rapidly.
The sum total of all chemical reactions in a cell is called
metabolism
The sum total of all chemical reactions in a cell is called.
metabolism
Which of the following is a true statement regarding forms of energy? (A) Energy can be changed from one form to another. (B) The total amount of energy in the universe changes continuously as some are created and some are destroyed. (C) Energy can be created when it is changed from one form to another, for example, a hydroelectric dam generating electricity. (D) When the form of energy is changed, some is lost forever.
(A) Energy can be changed from one form to another.
The statement "the substrate fits into the active site of an enzyme like a hand into a glove" refers to what important properties of enzymes? (A) Enzyme specificity (B) Enzyme stability (C) The enzyme can work on many different substrates (D) The enzyme completely surrounds the substrate ((E) The enzyme is much larger than the substrate
(A) Enzyme specificity
Which of the following is an example of activation energy? (A) The energy of a small flame used to light the natural gas of a Bunsen burner. (B) The energy present in the water stored behind a dam. (C) The energy in photons of sunlight. (D) The energy present in the carbon bonds of glucose. (E) The energy present in the battery of your cell phone.
(A) The energy of a small flame used to light the natural gas of a Bunsen burner.
The __________ energy is the energy it takes to start a reaction.
activation
One component of metabolism, called __________, involves the breakdown of compounds to release energy.
catabolism
The set of chemical reactions that degrade compounds, releasing their energy is termed ______.
catabolism
The energy released by ______ is captured by cells to make ATP; this ATP can then be used for biosynthesis, or ______.
catabolism; anabolism
Select all that apply Which of the following describes enzyme specificity? (A) The substrate must align spatially with the active site. (B) Enzymes are made from the same type of macromolecule with which they interact, e.g., lipids for fats, etc. (C) Hydrogen and ionic bonding occur to induce the correct fit between the substrate and active site. (D) A particular enzyme will only interact with a single class of molecule. For example, enzyme A might only interact with alcohol. (E) With few exceptions, a unique enzyme is required to catalyze each reaction in a cell. (F) Each enzyme is made by a different organelle.
(A) The substrate must align spatially with the active site. (C) Hydrogen and ionic bonding occur to induce the correct fit between the substrate and active site. (E) With few exceptions, a unique enzyme is required to catalyze each reaction in a cell.
Enzymes are biological ______ that are typically _______. (A) catalysts; protein (B) reducters; protein (C) catabolites; protein (D) catalysts; lipid (E) catabolites; lipid
(A) catalysts; protein
Atoms that are more electronegative than others ______. (A) have a higher affinity for electrons (B) have the capacity to create more electrons (C) have a higher ability to donate electrons
(A) have a higher affinity for electrons
Cells use ATP as the ready and immediate donor of free energy. ATP stands for
adenosine triphosphate
This figure shows one half of a redox reaction. Compound X is the electron _________ and Compound Y is the electron ___________.
donor or donator and acceptor or recipient
This figure shows one-half of a redox reaction. Compound X is the electron ___________ and Compound Y is the electron ___________
donor, acceptor
A chemical reaction that requires an input of energy in order to proceed is termed _____________, whereas one that releases energy is called ___________.
endergonic and exergonic
The capacity to do work is the definition of
energy
Proteins that function as biological catalysts are called
enzymes
True or false: Enzymes are changed by the reaction as they lower the activation energy.
false
In the figure, Compound X donates electrons to Compound Y. Which of the following correctly describes this process? (A) X is reduced by the reaction, and Y is oxidized by the reaction. (B) X is oxidized by the reaction, and Y is reduced by the reaction. (C) X is the oxidizing agent, and Y is the reducing agent.
(B) X is oxidized by the reaction, and Y is reduced by the reaction.
The mutual interaction of substrate and enzyme is best described as a(n) ______. (A) allosteric cooperation (B) induced fit (C) lock and key arrangement (D) dynamic mutualism
(B) induced fit
In the following graph, why does activity drop off so quickly after the optimal temperature is exceeded? (A) The cytoplasmic membrane breaks apart. (B) DNA is rapidly degraded. (C) Internal organelles lyse. (D) Proteins denature and no longer function.
(D) Proteins denature and no longer function.
Consider a cell converting glucose into CO2 and water with the release of energy. This is an example of what type of metabolism, and the reactions themselves are considered to be what? (A) anabolism; exergonic (B) catabolism; endergonic (C) anabolism; endergonic (D) catabolism; exergonic
(D) catabolism; exergonic
Each enzyme functions best within a narrow range of environmental conditions. Three important environmental conditions that influence enzyme activity are __________ and _____________ , and salt concentration.
Blank 1: temperature Blank 2: pH
Consider a cell extracting energy from the chemical bonds of glucose. This is an example of catabolism, and the reactions that release energy are exergonic. The cell can then use the captured energy to drive __________ (biosynthesis), synthesizing and assembling subunits of macromolecules in a series of _________ reactions, which require energy.
anabolism and endergonic
Metabolic pathways can be linear,
branched or cyclical.