Ch 6 - Bacterial Metabolism pt 1_ Microbiology

The biochemical reactions in metabolism where the simple molecules combine to generate macromolecules is known as _______.

anabolism

The component of metabolism that involves the biosynthesis of macromolecules, using ATP for energy, is called

anabolism

Energy is defined as ______.

the ability to do work

The main energy currency of cells is the molecule called

ATP

Use the following four words to correctly complete the sentence: endergonic, exergonic, anabolism, catabolism. "Cells constantly produce ATP during __________ reactions of ___________ and then use it to power __________ reactions of ___________

Blank 1: exergonic Blank 2: catabolism Blank 3: endergonic Blank 4: anabolism

Consider the effect of temperature on enzyme activity. If the temperature is too high, proteins will ___________ and no longer function.

Denature

An atom that has a lower affinity (attraction) for electrons than another is described as ______ than the other.

less electronegative

The figure depicts oxidation-reduction reactions, which are also known as __________ reactions.

redox

Enzymes function as biological catalysts, accelerating the conversion of one substance, the __________, into another, the ___________

substrate, product

Until the optimal temperature is reached, raising the temperature has what effect on the speed of enzymatic reactions? (A) It has no effect on their rate. (B) It increases their rate. (C) It decreases their rate.

(B) It increases their rate.

All of the following accurately describe enzymes EXCEPT ______. (A) enzymes provide energy to help reactions proceed more rapidly (B) enzymes are not used up in the process of catalyzing reactions (C) enzymes are very specific, usually acting on only one or a few substrates (D) the name of an enzyme typically reflects its function and ends in -ase. (E) enzymes are biological catalysts

(A) enzymes provide energy to help reactions proceed more rapidly.

The sum total of all chemical reactions in a cell is called

metabolism

The sum total of all chemical reactions in a cell is called.

metabolism

Which of the following is a true statement regarding forms of energy? (A) Energy can be changed from one form to another. (B) The total amount of energy in the universe changes continuously as some are created and some are destroyed. (C) Energy can be created when it is changed from one form to another, for example, a hydroelectric dam generating electricity. (D) When the form of energy is changed, some is lost forever.

(A) Energy can be changed from one form to another.

The statement "the substrate fits into the active site of an enzyme like a hand into a glove" refers to what important properties of enzymes? (A) Enzyme specificity (B) Enzyme stability (C) The enzyme can work on many different substrates (D) The enzyme completely surrounds the substrate ((E) The enzyme is much larger than the substrate

(A) Enzyme specificity

Which of the following is an example of activation energy? (A) The energy of a small flame used to light the natural gas of a Bunsen burner. (B) The energy present in the water stored behind a dam. (C) The energy in photons of sunlight. (D) The energy present in the carbon bonds of glucose. (E) The energy present in the battery of your cell phone.

(A) The energy of a small flame used to light the natural gas of a Bunsen burner.

The __________ energy is the energy it takes to start a reaction.

activation

One component of metabolism, called __________, involves the breakdown of compounds to release energy.

catabolism

The set of chemical reactions that degrade compounds, releasing their energy is termed ______.

catabolism

The energy released by ______ is captured by cells to make ATP; this ATP can then be used for biosynthesis, or ______.

catabolism; anabolism

Select all that apply Which of the following describes enzyme specificity? (A) The substrate must align spatially with the active site. (B) Enzymes are made from the same type of macromolecule with which they interact, e.g., lipids for fats, etc. (C) Hydrogen and ionic bonding occur to induce the correct fit between the substrate and active site. (D) A particular enzyme will only interact with a single class of molecule. For example, enzyme A might only interact with alcohol. (E) With few exceptions, a unique enzyme is required to catalyze each reaction in a cell. (F) Each enzyme is made by a different organelle.

(A) The substrate must align spatially with the active site. (C) Hydrogen and ionic bonding occur to induce the correct fit between the substrate and active site. (E) With few exceptions, a unique enzyme is required to catalyze each reaction in a cell.

Enzymes are biological ______ that are typically _______. (A) catalysts; protein (B) reducters; protein (C) catabolites; protein (D) catalysts; lipid (E) catabolites; lipid

(A) catalysts; protein

Atoms that are more electronegative than others ______. (A) have a higher affinity for electrons (B) have the capacity to create more electrons (C) have a higher ability to donate electrons

(A) have a higher affinity for electrons

Cells use ATP as the ready and immediate donor of free energy. ATP stands for

adenosine triphosphate

This figure shows one half of a redox reaction. Compound X is the electron _________ and Compound Y is the electron ___________.

donor or donator and acceptor or recipient

This figure shows one-half of a redox reaction. Compound X is the electron ___________ and Compound Y is the electron ___________

donor, acceptor

A chemical reaction that requires an input of energy in order to proceed is termed _____________, whereas one that releases energy is called ___________.

endergonic and exergonic

The capacity to do work is the definition of

energy

Proteins that function as biological catalysts are called

enzymes

True or false: Enzymes are changed by the reaction as they lower the activation energy.

false

In the figure, Compound X donates electrons to Compound Y. Which of the following correctly describes this process? (A) X is reduced by the reaction, and Y is oxidized by the reaction. (B) X is oxidized by the reaction, and Y is reduced by the reaction. (C) X is the oxidizing agent, and Y is the reducing agent.

(B) X is oxidized by the reaction, and Y is reduced by the reaction.

The mutual interaction of substrate and enzyme is best described as a(n) ______. (A) allosteric cooperation (B) induced fit (C) lock and key arrangement (D) dynamic mutualism

(B) induced fit

In the following graph, why does activity drop off so quickly after the optimal temperature is exceeded? (A) The cytoplasmic membrane breaks apart. (B) DNA is rapidly degraded. (C) Internal organelles lyse. (D) Proteins denature and no longer function.

(D) Proteins denature and no longer function.

Consider a cell converting glucose into CO2 and water with the release of energy. This is an example of what type of metabolism, and the reactions themselves are considered to be what? (A) anabolism; exergonic (B) catabolism; endergonic (C) anabolism; endergonic (D) catabolism; exergonic

(D) catabolism; exergonic

Each enzyme functions best within a narrow range of environmental conditions. Three important environmental conditions that influence enzyme activity are __________ and _____________ , and salt concentration.

Blank 1: temperature Blank 2: pH

Consider a cell extracting energy from the chemical bonds of glucose. This is an example of catabolism, and the reactions that release energy are exergonic. The cell can then use the captured energy to drive __________ (biosynthesis), synthesizing and assembling subunits of macromolecules in a series of _________ reactions, which require energy.

anabolism and endergonic

Metabolic pathways can be linear,

branched or cyclical.