Ch. 6 Homework ***

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_______ disease results in a gradual decline in cognitive abilities and typically begins as simple forgetfulness but progresses to profound memory loss. Multiple choice question.

Alzheimer's

What is the term used to describe the fact that Laura could only recall the first items listed on her grocery listed?

Primacy effect

A person's ____memories are the person recollections of life experiences and incorporate his or her episodic memories

autobiographical

If information is not ____, it cannot be recalled

encoded or stored

When we recall doing our last psychology assignment, we are using ____ memory.

episodic

Recognition is much more difficult than recall.

false

With a combination of a drug called HDAC inhibitor and training, specialists are helping people to

forget information.

Which of the following refers to the recollections of life experiences that include the episodic memories we hold about ourselves?

Autobiographical memory

When people embrace "fake news" despite forgetting that the source of the erroneous information was unreliable,____memories are implicated.

repressed

Mental representations of clusters of interconnected information is ______ networks.

semantic

____ memory is a subdivision of declarative memory that is concerned with general knowledge and facts

semantic

Incoming information from the environment is initially processed in

sensory memory.

____ amnesia occurs when individuals have memories for some material but cannot recall where it was encountered.

source

____happens when you run into somebody you know but don't remember where you first met them

source amnesia

In the computer model of memory, a computer's hard drive represents

storage

Saving information for future use is called

storage

Whether the transfer is made from short- to long-term memory depends on

the kind of rehearsal that is carried out.

Levels-of-processing theory suggests that one way to remember something is to

thin about it

Episodic memories relate to particular contexts.

true

____ store is part of working memory that handles information relating to speech.

verbal

effect is when first part of information on a list is remembered.

primacy

Short-term memory can retain about ______ pieces of information.

5 to 9

____memories develop when an individual are unable to recall the source of the memory and it becomes unclear if it really happened.

False

______ memory reflects information from the visual system, while ______ memory stores auditory information from the the ears.

Iconic; echoic

Which of the following are stages in the three-system approach to memory?

Long-term memory Sensory memory Short-term memory

____ is often used to describe a formal technique for organizing information and increasing the likelihood that the information will be remembered.

Mnemonics

Each memory module within long-term memory represents a separate memory system in the brain.

True

Knowledge is stored in ____ networks in mental representations of clusters of interconnected information.

Semantic

_____ memory is the first stage of memory where information from a stimulus is stored briefly.

Sensory

About how long does the consolidation of long-term memories take?

Several days and up to several years

____ plays an important role in the storage of memories involving emotion.

amygdala

Eyewitness accounts

can be inaccurate because of the wording of questions

Ebbinghaus found that most of the information stored in a memory

cannot be recalled after a few hours

The reliability of ____memories is highly vulnerable to influence of others during recollection of eyewitness account

children's

The first process in recording information in a form usable to memory is referred to as

encoding

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a brain implant that

helps to improve memory.

The ____ is located below the cortex and is important for consolidation of memory

hippocampus

which of the following are the positive aspects of memory failure

it provides a practical educational benefit

False memories are beneficial in that they

keep us from having relationships with other unless we have overly positive views of them

Engrams are

not yet determined

When people reach late adulthood, they are more likely to remember which of the following?

periods of major life transition

Information stored in long-term memory is ______ and ______.

permanent retrievable

The smell of pumpkin pie reminds Harry of Thanksgiving dinners with his family. This is an example of

retrieval cue

The last stage in the memory process is

retrieval.

When we reconstruct memories from our past , we tend to remember information in terms of

schemas.

The memories of children are highly susceptible to influence when the situation is very

stressful. emotional.

Many contemporary researchers regard long-term memory as having several components, known as

memory modules.

Creating a rhyme to remember the states and capitals is an organizational strategy called

mnemonics.

Memory that typically is forgotten in less than 25 seconds is

short-term memory

Which of the following would be the best characterization of sensory memory?

A snapshot

Which part of the working memory integrates information from the three subsystems and determines what we pay attention to and what we ignore?

Central executive

What is the name of the specific process in which long-term memories become represented by complex neural pathways?

Consolidation

In one experiment, baseball fans recalled details of the game their team won significantly more accurately than the game their team lost. This best reflects the effect of which of the following on memory?

Emotional meaning

What are the three processes of memory?

Encoding Retrieval Storage

Declarative memory is subdivided into which two parts?

Episodic memory Semantic memory

Which of the following is an accurate statement about sensory memory?

If the information that it takes in is not transferred to another type of memory, it is lost.

Which answer or answers are examples of procedural memory?

Knowing how to parallel park The ability to tie your shoes

Rehearsal does which of the following?

Lengthens the time information can be held in short-term memory Aids in the transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory

______ is used when determining a correct answer in a multiple choice question.

Recognition

______ memories involve general knowledge and facts.

Semantic

When you stand outside on a spring day, you smell flowers, see the sun, and feel the breeze. What type of memory is initially collecting all this information?

Sensory

In which memory store does information first have meaning?

Short-term memory

Which of the following dominated memory research for decades and posits that there are different memory stages through which information must travel if it is to be remembered?

The three-system approach to memory

For questioning an eyewitness of a crime, which of the following would avoid leading the witness to give an inaccurate account?

What was the person wearing?

Eyewitness accuracy improves when which of the following factors are present in a lineup?

When the witness sees only one suspect at a time' When the witness is told that the suspect is not necessarily in the lineup When suspects are not conspicuous in the lineup

Which memory holds information temporarily while actively rehearsing that information?

Working

A group of separate pieces of information stored as single unit in short-term memory is referred to as

a chunk.

Information is stored in sensory memory

a very short time.

A physical memory trace within the brain that is related to a particular memory is

an engram

Gill remembered many details about his life prior to a head wound he sustained in the Gulf War. However, he was unable to remember from day to day the new friends he made in the convalescent home or the explanation of his situation by the doctors. This is an example of

anterograde amnesia.

One way to increase the amount of information that can be retained in short-term memory is to

break the information into chunks.

Long-term potentiation demonstrates that

certain neural pathways become easily excited when a new response is being learned.

____ is a memory strategy used to group information whereas, ____ is repeating information over and over.

chunking; rehearsal

As working memory processes information, it uses a large amount of

cognitive resources.

Our memories reflect ____, in which memories are influenced by the meaning we give to events.

constructive processes

When we retrieve information, the memory that is produced is affected not just by the direct prior experience we have had with the stimulus but also by our guesses and inferences about its meaning. Accordingly, our memories reflect

constructive processes.

______ theory is the loss of information through non-use

decay

The two parts of ______ memory, a type of explicit memory, are episodic and semantic.

declarative

In levels-of-processing theory, we would expect writing a comment about an example of a concept in psychology will help us remember it better than sitting in class and listening to the lecture. This is because further thinking leads to

deeper information processing.

One way to increase the retention of information into long-term memory is through the use of

elaborate rehearsal.

If you have been exposed to a piece of information but it did not register with you, it would be said that the information was not properly

encoded

Recency effect is when items presented at the _____ of a list is remembered.

end

Intentionally remembering somethings involves

explicit memory

Declarative memory is sometimes referred to as ______ memory, whereas procedural memory is referred to as ______ memory.

explicit; implicit

Linda recalls the car accident that occurred in front of her as she stood waiting for the bus. Linda could say that the details were recalled using ____ memory processing

flashbulb

The details recalled in _____ memories are often inaccurate, particularly when the involve highly emotional events.

flashbulb

You have a very vivid memory of the events of September 11, 2001.This is probably a

flashbulb

Bernadette recalled exactly where she was sitting and what she was wearing when Stefan proposed to her. This is an example of a(n)

flashbulb memory

automatically completing the steps of doing laundry involves

implicit memory

The memories held in short-term memory are

incomplete representations.

When using the working memory other cognitive functions become ______ aware.

less

If information is simply repeated over and over again, then it is _____ to be transferred to long-term memory than information that is considered and organized in some fashion.

less likely

The relatively permanent type of memory that holds huge amounts of information for a sustained period of time is called ____-____ memory.

long, term

When we cannot quite recall some information, but we once knew it, we are having a failure of

long-term memory retrieval.

Spreading activation refers to the fact that

one memory may trigger related memories.

Because it is already stored in memory____allows us to remember new information faster and better

priming

____ occurs when exposure to a concept makes it easier to later recall things that are related to that concept.

priming

In which stage of the memory process is information located and brought into awareness to be useful?

retrieval

The tip-of-the tongue phenomenon is a failure of

retrieval

A stimulus that allows us to recall more easily information that is in long-term memory is referred to as a

retrieval cue

Rote memorization of a list of items is not likely to produce long-term recollection of the information because processing occurs at a ______ level.

shallow

Information is stored in _____-term memory by using memory strategies such as chunking

short

Around 7 items can be stored in ______ memory.

short-term

You've just met John at a party and he gives you his phone number so you can get together later. You didn't write it down right away, and a few minutes later, you have forgotten it. This is because you failed to move the number from -term memory to -term memory.

short; long

Information must be encoded and _____ in order to be retrieved later.

strong

According to levels-of-processing theory, we are most likely to remember things if we consider

what they mean

The visual store, the verbal store, and the episodic buffer are elements of ______ memory.

working

____ memory is the memory system that holds information while actively manipulating the information.

working

_____ is the process of encoding, storing and retrieving information.

Memory

In a model of memory using a computer, the computer's keyboard would be similar to the ______ process of memory.

encoding


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