Ch. 6 Homework ***
_______ disease results in a gradual decline in cognitive abilities and typically begins as simple forgetfulness but progresses to profound memory loss. Multiple choice question.
Alzheimer's
What is the term used to describe the fact that Laura could only recall the first items listed on her grocery listed?
Primacy effect
______ is used when determining a correct answer in a multiple choice question.
Recognition
______ memories involve general knowledge and facts.
Semantic
A person's ____memories are the person recollections of life experiences and incorporate his or her episodic memories
autobiographical
One way to increase the amount of information that can be retained in short-term memory is to
break the information into chunks.
When we retrieve information, the memory that is produced is affected not just by the direct prior experience we have had with the stimulus but also by our guesses and inferences about its meaning. Accordingly, our memories reflect
constructive processes.
______ theory is the loss of information through non-use
decay
The two parts of ______ memory, a type of explicit memory, are episodic and semantic.
declarative
In levels-of-processing theory, we would expect writing a comment about an example of a concept in psychology will help us remember it better than sitting in class and listening to the lecture. This is because further thinking leads to
deeper information processing.
One way to increase the retention of information into long-term memory is through the use of
elaborate rehearsal.
If you have been exposed to a piece of information but it did not register with you, it would be said that the information was not properly
encoded
If information is not ____, it cannot be recalled
encoded or stored
In a model of memory using a computer, the computer's keyboard would be similar to the ______ process of memory.
encoding
Recency effect is when items presented at the _____ of a list is remembered.
end
When we recall doing our last psychology assignment, we are using ____ memory.
episodic
Intentionally remembering somethings involves
explicit memory
Declarative memory is sometimes referred to as ______ memory, whereas procedural memory is referred to as ______ memory.
explicit; implicit
Recognition is much more difficult than recall.
false
Linda recalls the car accident that occurred in front of her as she stood waiting for the bus. Linda could say that the details were recalled using ____ memory processing
flashbulb
The details recalled in _____ memories are often inaccurate, particularly when the involve highly emotional events.
flashbulb
You have a very vivid memory of the events of September 11, 2001.This is probably a
flashbulb
Bernadette recalled exactly where she was sitting and what she was wearing when Stefan proposed to her. This is an example of a(n)
flashbulb memory
With a combination of a drug called HDAC inhibitor and training, specialists are helping people to
forget information.
Because it is already stored in memory____allows us to remember new information faster and better
priming
____ occurs when exposure to a concept makes it easier to later recall things that are related to that concept.
priming
Which of the following refers to the recollections of life experiences that include the episodic memories we hold about ourselves?
Autobiographical memory
Which part of the working memory integrates information from the three subsystems and determines what we pay attention to and what we ignore?
Central executive
What is the name of the specific process in which long-term memories become represented by complex neural pathways?
Consolidation
When people embrace "fake news" despite forgetting that the source of the erroneous information was unreliable,____memories are implicated.
repressed
In which stage of the memory process is information located and brought into awareness to be useful?
retrieval
The tip-of-the tongue phenomenon is a failure of
retrieval
A stimulus that allows us to recall more easily information that is in long-term memory is referred to as a
retrieval cue
Mental representations of clusters of interconnected information is ______ networks.
semantic
____ memory is a subdivision of declarative memory that is concerned with general knowledge and facts
semantic
Incoming information from the environment is initially processed in
sensory memory.
Rote memorization of a list of items is not likely to produce long-term recollection of the information because processing occurs at a ______ level.
shallow
Information is stored in _____-term memory by using memory strategies such as chunking
short
Around 7 items can be stored in ______ memory.
short-term
Memory that typically is forgotten in less than 25 seconds is
short-term memory
You've just met John at a party and he gives you his phone number so you can get together later. You didn't write it down right away, and a few minutes later, you have forgotten it. This is because you failed to move the number from -term memory to -term memory.
short; long
____ amnesia occurs when individuals have memories for some material but cannot recall where it was encountered.
source
____happens when you run into somebody you know but don't remember where you first met them
source amnesia
In the computer model of memory, a computer's hard drive represents
storage
Saving information for future use is called
storage
Whether the transfer is made from short- to long-term memory depends on
the kind of rehearsal that is carried out.
Levels-of-processing theory suggests that one way to remember something is to
thin about it
Episodic memories relate to particular contexts.
true
____ store is part of working memory that handles information relating to speech.
verbal
According to levels-of-processing theory, we are most likely to remember things if we consider
what they mean
The visual store, the verbal store, and the episodic buffer are elements of ______ memory.
working
____ memory is the memory system that holds information while actively manipulating the information.
working
effect is when first part of information on a list is remembered.
primacy
Short-term memory can retain about ______ pieces of information.
5 to 9
Which of the following would be the best characterization of sensory memory?
A snapshot
In one experiment, baseball fans recalled details of the game their team won significantly more accurately than the game their team lost. This best reflects the effect of which of the following on memory?
Emotional meaning
What are the three processes of memory?
Encoding Retrieval Storage
Declarative memory is subdivided into which two parts?
Episodic memory Semantic memory
____memories develop when an individual are unable to recall the source of the memory and it becomes unclear if it really happened.
False
______ memory reflects information from the visual system, while ______ memory stores auditory information from the the ears.
Iconic; echoic
Which of the following is an accurate statement about sensory memory?
If the information that it takes in is not transferred to another type of memory, it is lost.
Which answer or answers are examples of procedural memory?
Knowing how to parallel park The ability to tie your shoes
Rehearsal does which of the following?
Lengthens the time information can be held in short-term memory Aids in the transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory
Which of the following are stages in the three-system approach to memory?
Long-term memory Sensory memory Short-term memory
_____ is the process of encoding, storing and retrieving information.
Memory
____ is often used to describe a formal technique for organizing information and increasing the likelihood that the information will be remembered.
Mnemonics
When you stand outside on a spring day, you smell flowers, see the sun, and feel the breeze. What type of memory is initially collecting all this information?
Sensory
Which of the following dominated memory research for decades and posits that there are different memory stages through which information must travel if it is to be remembered?
The three-system approach to memory
Spreading activation refers to the fact that
one memory may trigger related memories.
Each memory module within long-term memory represents a separate memory system in the brain.
True
For questioning an eyewitness of a crime, which of the following would avoid leading the witness to give an inaccurate account?
What was the person wearing?
Knowledge is stored in ____ networks in mental representations of clusters of interconnected information.
Semantic
_____ memory is the first stage of memory where information from a stimulus is stored briefly.
Sensory
About how long does the consolidation of long-term memories take?
Several days and up to several years
In which memory store does information first have meaning?
Short-term memory
Eyewitness accuracy improves when which of the following factors are present in a lineup?
When the witness sees only one suspect at a time' When the witness is told that the suspect is not necessarily in the lineup When suspects are not conspicuous in the lineup
Which memory holds information temporarily while actively rehearsing that information?
Working
A group of separate pieces of information stored as single unit in short-term memory is referred to as
a chunk.
Information is stored in sensory memory
a very short time.
____ plays an important role in the storage of memories involving emotion.
amygdala
A physical memory trace within the brain that is related to a particular memory is
an engram
Gill remembered many details about his life prior to a head wound he sustained in the Gulf War. However, he was unable to remember from day to day the new friends he made in the convalescent home or the explanation of his situation by the doctors. This is an example of
anterograde amnesia.
Eyewitness accounts
can be inaccurate because of the wording of questions
Ebbinghaus found that most of the information stored in a memory
cannot be recalled after a few hours
Long-term potentiation demonstrates that
certain neural pathways become easily excited when a new response is being learned.
The reliability of ____memories is highly vulnerable to influence of others during recollection of eyewitness account
children's
____ is a memory strategy used to group information whereas, ____ is repeating information over and over.
chunking; rehearsal
As working memory processes information, it uses a large amount of
cognitive resources.
Our memories reflect ____, in which memories are influenced by the meaning we give to events.
constructive processes
The first process in recording information in a form usable to memory is referred to as
encoding
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a brain implant that
helps to improve memory.
The ____ is located below the cortex and is important for consolidation of memory
hippocampus
automatically completing the steps of doing laundry involves
implicit memory
The memories held in short-term memory are
incomplete representations.
which of the following are the positive aspects of memory failure
it provides a practical educational benefit
False memories are beneficial in that they
keep us from having relationships with other unless we have overly positive views of them
When using the working memory other cognitive functions become ______ aware.
less
If information is simply repeated over and over again, then it is _____ to be transferred to long-term memory than information that is considered and organized in some fashion.
less likely
The relatively permanent type of memory that holds huge amounts of information for a sustained period of time is called ____-____ memory.
long, term
When we cannot quite recall some information, but we once knew it, we are having a failure of
long-term memory retrieval.
Many contemporary researchers regard long-term memory as having several components, known as
memory modules.
Creating a rhyme to remember the states and capitals is an organizational strategy called
mnemonics.
Engrams are
not yet determined
When people reach late adulthood, they are more likely to remember which of the following?
periods of major life transition
Information stored in long-term memory is ______ and ______.
permanent retrievable
The smell of pumpkin pie reminds Harry of Thanksgiving dinners with his family. This is an example of
retrieval cue
The last stage in the memory process is
retrieval.
When we reconstruct memories from our past , we tend to remember information in terms of
schemas.
The memories of children are highly susceptible to influence when the situation is very
stressful. emotional.
Information must be encoded and _____ in order to be retrieved later.
strong