ch 7
what is name for end of long bone
epiphysis
identify hormone produced by ovaries that stimulate bone growth
estrogens
what material does yellow bone marrow store
fat
give example of long bone
femur, humerus, radius, ulna, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals
identify 3 bones of leg
femur, tibia, fibula
Do the bones of the vertebrae belong to the axial or to the appendicular skeleton?
axial
Does the sacrum belong to the axial or the appendicular skeleton?
axial
do the bone of the skull belong to which group
axial
distinguish between axial and appendicular
axial= skull, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, hyoid, sternum, ribs appendicular= pectoral and pelvic girdles, arms, hands, legs feet
what happens to surface below attachment of tendon or ligament when there is increased stress
becomes thicker and rougher
where is patellar tendon
between anterior group of thigh muscles and patella
where is patellar ligament
between patella and tibial tuberosity
where are intervertebral discs located
between the "bodies" of two vertebrae
identify hormone created by anterior pituitary that stimulates bone growth
growth homron
what are 2 bones of pectoral girdle
clavicle and scapula
in bone matrix, what is flexible fibrous component
collagenous fibers
Is most of the bone tissue usually compact or spongy?
compact
what kind of tissue is more abundant in diaphysis
compact
distinguish between complete and incomplete fracture
complete=> bone is broken into two (or more) separated pieces; incomplete=> the bone is not separated completely (just a deep crack)
what is another term for red blood marrow
myeloid tissue
what does osteogenic layer create
new bone on the perimeter of the old bone
what is name of opening to the perforating canal on surface of bone
nutrient foramen
in bone marrow transplant, what must be done to original old bone marrow of recipient
old must be eliminated
distinguish between organic matrix and inorganic matrix, which one contains calcium salts
organic=> collagenous fibers; inorganic=> mineral deposits (calcium salts)
what are two types of cells found in endosteum
osteoblast and clast
what are 2 types of cells found within osteogenic
osteoblast, osteoclast
how do osteoblasts respond to increased physical stress
osteoblasts are commonly stimulated to create more bone matrix by increased stress
what cell is more mature, osteoblast or cyte
osteocyte
where is myeloid tissue in adult humerus and femur
proximal epiphysis
where is myeloid tissue located in adult body
proximal epiphysis of each humerus and femur, ribs, sternum, flat cranial bones, vertebrae, ilium (hip bones)
describe direction and pattern of canaliculi
radiating pattern from central canal outward
Where is the epiphyseal plate located?
within metaphysis
Do larger muscles cause bones to generally become thicker and rougher?
yes
are male skeletons rougher and thicker than female skeletons
yes
Are greenstick fractures more common in young or old bones?
young
what is 3 types of formed elements produced by hematopoiesis
RBC, WBC, platelets
what is total number of foot bones
26
what is total number of hand bones
27
How many epiphyses and metaphyses do a long bone have?
2 each
identify hormone produced by liver that stimulates bone growth
IGF- insulin like growth factor
identify hormone produced by thyroid that stimulates bone growth
TH- thyroid homrone... T3 and T4
what kind of cells fuse together to create osteocyte
WBC
what is name for type of dwarfism caused by epiphyseal plate cartilage converting to bone too soon
achondroplasia
what is located within canaliculus
an extension of the osteocyte in the neighboring lacuna
what is located within lacuna
an osteocyte
Do the bones of the rib cage belong to the axial or to the appendicular skeleton?
axial
At what age do female bones usually stop growing longer?
approx 17
how many organs are found in the skeleton system
approx 206
what age doe male bones stop growing longer
approx 21
approx when does ossification begin in embryo
approx 8th week of embryological development
how many lamellae are common in one osteon, why
approx. 5-6; diffusion may dictate how far the last ring of cells can be and survive
what is found within central canal
artery, vein, nerve
what structures are located within perforating canal
artery, vein, nerve
where is meniscus of knee
articular surface of proximal end of tibia (in knee joint)
where does bone grow thicker
at osteogenic layer around older bone
what is name for ring of compact bone that forms wall around primary ossification center
bony collar
what organ does cranial bones provide support and protection
brain
what is proper chemical term for activated vitamin D
calcitriol
what mineral does bone remodeling release in bloodstream
calcium
in bone matrix, what is rigid solid component
calcium salts
2 minerals that osseous tissue stores
calcium, phosphate
what are 2 other terms for spongy bone in medullary cavity
cancellous, trabeculae
ex of short bone
carpals and tarsals
what are 3 groups of hand bones
carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
what is general function or location of tendon
connection between muscle and bone
what is general function or location of ligament
connection between two bones
Where is costal cartilage found?
connects ribs to sternum
why is the skeleton considered a system
contains organs (bones) that function together
what are 2 other terms for compact osseous tissue
cortical, dense
identify hormone produced by adrenal cortex that inhibits bone growth
cortisone, cortisol
what is main function of osteoblast
create new bone matrix
what does calcitonin activity do to blood calcium levels
decreases blood calcium level
what tissue is outer layer of periosteum composes
dense irregular CT
which type of fibrous CT is ligament composed
dense regular
which type of fibrous CT is tendon composed
dense regular
what is name for hyaline cartilage located within metaphysis
epiphyseal plate
what is name for shaft of long bone
diaphysis
what is name for sandwich like arrangement of compact-spongy-compact bone in flat bone
diploe
how are collagenous fibers arranged in concentric lamellae of osteon
each layer spirals; the spirally pattern alternates between the lamellae (clockwise-counterclockwise- clockwise-etc)
what is stimulus for release of calcitonin
elevated blood calcium levels
what does PTH do to blood calcium levels
elevates blood calcium levels
what kind of ossification creates long or short bones
endochondral
what is name of membrane that lines medullary cavity
endosteum
Where is articular cartilage found?
ends of epiphysis at joint (articulation)
what is name for area in metaphysis where bone stopped growing
epiphyseal line
incomplete vs greenstick fracture
greenstick=> due to high collagen content one side of the bone is splintered rather than having a crevasse/deep crack
what another term for epiphyseal plate
growth plate
what does rib cage provide support and protection
heart, lungs
what are 3 stages of bone repair
hematoma, fibrocartilagenous callus, bony callus
what is term that forms any type of blood cell
hematopoiesis
identify 3 long bones in arm
humerus, radius, ulna
what are 2 most common types of cartilages associated with skeletal system
hyaline, fibrocartilage
distinguish between appearance of gel matrix in hyaline and fibrocartilage
hyaline- clear matrix fibro- distinctive fibers sometimes in bundles in matrix
distinguish between appearance of lacuna in hyaline and fibrocartilage
hyaline- round fibro- oval to slender
what is name for calcium salt created by osteoblasts from calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide
hydroxyapatite
what is term for death of chondrocytes located near primary ossification center
hypertrophy
identify 3 bones of pelvic girdle
ilium, ischium, pubis
impacted vs comminuted fracture
impacted=> opposite ends of bone were rammed inward toward each other; comminuted=> bone was broken into several sections
where are secondary ossification enters located in developing bone
in epiphyses
where within bone does yellow bone marrow first begin to replace red blood marrow
in middle of diaphysis
where is central canal located in osteon
in the center of the concentric lamellae, in the axis of the structure
where do sesamoid bones form
inside tendons that experience high levels of physical stress
what organs does pelvic bowl provide support and protection
internal reproductive organs, end of digestive and urinary system (sections of intestines, urinary bladder)
distinguish between interstitial lamellae, concentric lamellae, and circumferential lamellae
interstitial=> matrix layers found between neighboring osteons; concentric=> matrix layers within one osteon; circumferential=> matrix layers that completely wrap around the bone (diaphysis) like tree rings
what is osteoprogenitor cell capable of developing
into osteoblast
what kind of ossification creates flat bones
intramembranous
what are 2 kinds of ossification
intramembranous and endochondral
when do secondary ossification centers form
just before birth
What do canaliculi connect?
lacuna of the concentric lamellae
what change in bone size is possible at epiphyseal plate
length, bone can grow longer
linear, spiral and transverse fracture
linear=> crack runs along the length of the bone; spiral=> crack "rotates" around length of bone; transverse; transverse=> crack is perpendicular to long axis of bone
what is stimulus for release of hormone PTH
low blood calcium levels
Where is the pubic symphysis?
medial ends of pubic bones
7 types of cells and sequence associated with endochondral ossification
mesenchymal-> fibroblast-> fibrocyte; chondroblast-> chondrocyte; osteoblast-> osteocyte
5 types of cells and sequence associated with intramembraneous ossification
mesenchymal-> fibroblast-> fibrocyte; osteoblast-> osteocyte
what is name of neck region of long bone
metaphysis
identify 3 groups of bones located in each food
metatarsals, tarsals, phalanges
where is primary ossification center located in developing bone
middle of diaphysis
what two terms refer to process of solidifying bone structures
osteogenesis, ossification
what is another term for organic bone matrix
osteoid
what is adult term for rickets
osteomalacia
what is name for microscopic units of bone tissue that create dense bone
osteons (haversian system)
Identify a bone disorder that results in brittle bones due to a lack of calcium.
osteoporosis
what are 2 layers of periosteum
outer fibrous layer, inner osteogenic layer
what is name for capsule of dense irregular CT that covers surface of bone tissue
outer layer of periosteum
what is source of hormone PTH
parathyroid glands
is it possible to convert yellow bone marrow space back into red bone marrow
partially under anemic stress
give ex of sesamoid bone
patella
identify sesamoid bone of knee
patella
what is name for tube like passageway that connects medullary cavity to surface of bone
perforating canal (volkman's canal)
what is name of collagenous fibers that anchor periosteum to compact bone
perforating fibers (sharpey's fibers)
what is name for capsule of dense irregular CT that covers surface of articular cartilage
perichondrium
Where does hematopoiesis occur?
red bone marrow
what type of bone marrow is located in medullary cavity of young bone
red bone marrow
give example of flat bone
rib, sternum, parietal
in bone remodeling associated with growth, what happens to shape of bone
shape remains consistent
identify hormone by testes that stimulate bone growth
testosterone
distinguish between simple and compound fracture
simple=> break is inside the body; compound=> break protrudes through the skin
in bone remodeling associated with growth, what happens with size of bone
size becomes larger; maturing bone looks like magnified version of OG bone)
identify 3 organs of body that are involved in production and activation of calcitriol
skin, liver, kidney
what organs do vertebrae provide support and protection
spinal cord
what kind of tissue is more abundant in epiphysis
spongy
why is ratio of medullary cavity diameter and outer bone diameter important
the "natural" ratio is the most efficient balance between strength of the tubular structure and weight of the structural material
how does PTH affect osteoclasts
stimulates osteoclast activity
how does calcitonin affect osteoclasts and osteoblasts
tends to stimulate osteoblast activity and inhibit osteoclast activity
How do circumferential lamellae illustrate apposition growth?
the bone grows wider by adding lamellae to the outer region of the entire bone, "expanding/growing" from the outside outward
To what event do the terms calcification and mineralization refer?
the coating of collagenous fibers with calcium salt crystals
how does spongy bone respond to changing physical activity
the pattern of the trabeculae may change to better support the new physical demands on the bone
what is unusual about appearance of femurs of adult with osteomalacia
the proximal and distal ends are in their proper position but the diaphysis bows outward like parentheses
give ex of how skeletal system can change pull to push in muscle
the triceps can pull the ulna in an extension direction and this can be translated into the push of the hand (as in a pushup)
what is source of hormone calcitonin
thyroid gland
what is main function of osteoclast
to destroy old bone matrix
which term refers to pattern within spongy bone
trabecular
Is dense bone vascular or avascular?
vascular
ex of irregular bone
vertebrae