ch 7

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what is name for end of long bone

epiphysis

identify hormone produced by ovaries that stimulate bone growth

estrogens

what material does yellow bone marrow store

fat

give example of long bone

femur, humerus, radius, ulna, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals

identify 3 bones of leg

femur, tibia, fibula

Do the bones of the vertebrae belong to the axial or to the appendicular skeleton?

axial

Does the sacrum belong to the axial or the appendicular skeleton?

axial

do the bone of the skull belong to which group

axial

distinguish between axial and appendicular

axial= skull, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, hyoid, sternum, ribs appendicular= pectoral and pelvic girdles, arms, hands, legs feet

what happens to surface below attachment of tendon or ligament when there is increased stress

becomes thicker and rougher

where is patellar tendon

between anterior group of thigh muscles and patella

where is patellar ligament

between patella and tibial tuberosity

where are intervertebral discs located

between the "bodies" of two vertebrae

identify hormone created by anterior pituitary that stimulates bone growth

growth homron

what are 2 bones of pectoral girdle

clavicle and scapula

in bone matrix, what is flexible fibrous component

collagenous fibers

Is most of the bone tissue usually compact or spongy?

compact

what kind of tissue is more abundant in diaphysis

compact

distinguish between complete and incomplete fracture

complete=> bone is broken into two (or more) separated pieces; incomplete=> the bone is not separated completely (just a deep crack)

what is another term for red blood marrow

myeloid tissue

what does osteogenic layer create

new bone on the perimeter of the old bone

what is name of opening to the perforating canal on surface of bone

nutrient foramen

in bone marrow transplant, what must be done to original old bone marrow of recipient

old must be eliminated

distinguish between organic matrix and inorganic matrix, which one contains calcium salts

organic=> collagenous fibers; inorganic=> mineral deposits (calcium salts)

what are two types of cells found in endosteum

osteoblast and clast

what are 2 types of cells found within osteogenic

osteoblast, osteoclast

how do osteoblasts respond to increased physical stress

osteoblasts are commonly stimulated to create more bone matrix by increased stress

what cell is more mature, osteoblast or cyte

osteocyte

where is myeloid tissue in adult humerus and femur

proximal epiphysis

where is myeloid tissue located in adult body

proximal epiphysis of each humerus and femur, ribs, sternum, flat cranial bones, vertebrae, ilium (hip bones)

describe direction and pattern of canaliculi

radiating pattern from central canal outward

Where is the epiphyseal plate located?

within metaphysis

Do larger muscles cause bones to generally become thicker and rougher?

yes

are male skeletons rougher and thicker than female skeletons

yes

Are greenstick fractures more common in young or old bones?

young

what is 3 types of formed elements produced by hematopoiesis

RBC, WBC, platelets

what is total number of foot bones

26

what is total number of hand bones

27

How many epiphyses and metaphyses do a long bone have?

2 each

identify hormone produced by liver that stimulates bone growth

IGF- insulin like growth factor

identify hormone produced by thyroid that stimulates bone growth

TH- thyroid homrone... T3 and T4

what kind of cells fuse together to create osteocyte

WBC

what is name for type of dwarfism caused by epiphyseal plate cartilage converting to bone too soon

achondroplasia

what is located within canaliculus

an extension of the osteocyte in the neighboring lacuna

what is located within lacuna

an osteocyte

Do the bones of the rib cage belong to the axial or to the appendicular skeleton?

axial

At what age do female bones usually stop growing longer?

approx 17

how many organs are found in the skeleton system

approx 206

what age doe male bones stop growing longer

approx 21

approx when does ossification begin in embryo

approx 8th week of embryological development

how many lamellae are common in one osteon, why

approx. 5-6; diffusion may dictate how far the last ring of cells can be and survive

what is found within central canal

artery, vein, nerve

what structures are located within perforating canal

artery, vein, nerve

where is meniscus of knee

articular surface of proximal end of tibia (in knee joint)

where does bone grow thicker

at osteogenic layer around older bone

what is name for ring of compact bone that forms wall around primary ossification center

bony collar

what organ does cranial bones provide support and protection

brain

what is proper chemical term for activated vitamin D

calcitriol

what mineral does bone remodeling release in bloodstream

calcium

in bone matrix, what is rigid solid component

calcium salts

2 minerals that osseous tissue stores

calcium, phosphate

what are 2 other terms for spongy bone in medullary cavity

cancellous, trabeculae

ex of short bone

carpals and tarsals

what are 3 groups of hand bones

carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

what is general function or location of tendon

connection between muscle and bone

what is general function or location of ligament

connection between two bones

Where is costal cartilage found?

connects ribs to sternum

why is the skeleton considered a system

contains organs (bones) that function together

what are 2 other terms for compact osseous tissue

cortical, dense

identify hormone produced by adrenal cortex that inhibits bone growth

cortisone, cortisol

what is main function of osteoblast

create new bone matrix

what does calcitonin activity do to blood calcium levels

decreases blood calcium level

what tissue is outer layer of periosteum composes

dense irregular CT

which type of fibrous CT is ligament composed

dense regular

which type of fibrous CT is tendon composed

dense regular

what is name for hyaline cartilage located within metaphysis

epiphyseal plate

what is name for shaft of long bone

diaphysis

what is name for sandwich like arrangement of compact-spongy-compact bone in flat bone

diploe

how are collagenous fibers arranged in concentric lamellae of osteon

each layer spirals; the spirally pattern alternates between the lamellae (clockwise-counterclockwise- clockwise-etc)

what is stimulus for release of calcitonin

elevated blood calcium levels

what does PTH do to blood calcium levels

elevates blood calcium levels

what kind of ossification creates long or short bones

endochondral

what is name of membrane that lines medullary cavity

endosteum

Where is articular cartilage found?

ends of epiphysis at joint (articulation)

what is name for area in metaphysis where bone stopped growing

epiphyseal line

incomplete vs greenstick fracture

greenstick=> due to high collagen content one side of the bone is splintered rather than having a crevasse/deep crack

what another term for epiphyseal plate

growth plate

what does rib cage provide support and protection

heart, lungs

what are 3 stages of bone repair

hematoma, fibrocartilagenous callus, bony callus

what is term that forms any type of blood cell

hematopoiesis

identify 3 long bones in arm

humerus, radius, ulna

what are 2 most common types of cartilages associated with skeletal system

hyaline, fibrocartilage

distinguish between appearance of gel matrix in hyaline and fibrocartilage

hyaline- clear matrix fibro- distinctive fibers sometimes in bundles in matrix

distinguish between appearance of lacuna in hyaline and fibrocartilage

hyaline- round fibro- oval to slender

what is name for calcium salt created by osteoblasts from calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide

hydroxyapatite

what is term for death of chondrocytes located near primary ossification center

hypertrophy

identify 3 bones of pelvic girdle

ilium, ischium, pubis

impacted vs comminuted fracture

impacted=> opposite ends of bone were rammed inward toward each other; comminuted=> bone was broken into several sections

where are secondary ossification enters located in developing bone

in epiphyses

where within bone does yellow bone marrow first begin to replace red blood marrow

in middle of diaphysis

where is central canal located in osteon

in the center of the concentric lamellae, in the axis of the structure

where do sesamoid bones form

inside tendons that experience high levels of physical stress

what organs does pelvic bowl provide support and protection

internal reproductive organs, end of digestive and urinary system (sections of intestines, urinary bladder)

distinguish between interstitial lamellae, concentric lamellae, and circumferential lamellae

interstitial=> matrix layers found between neighboring osteons; concentric=> matrix layers within one osteon; circumferential=> matrix layers that completely wrap around the bone (diaphysis) like tree rings

what is osteoprogenitor cell capable of developing

into osteoblast

what kind of ossification creates flat bones

intramembranous

what are 2 kinds of ossification

intramembranous and endochondral

when do secondary ossification centers form

just before birth

What do canaliculi connect?

lacuna of the concentric lamellae

what change in bone size is possible at epiphyseal plate

length, bone can grow longer

linear, spiral and transverse fracture

linear=> crack runs along the length of the bone; spiral=> crack "rotates" around length of bone; transverse; transverse=> crack is perpendicular to long axis of bone

what is stimulus for release of hormone PTH

low blood calcium levels

Where is the pubic symphysis?

medial ends of pubic bones

7 types of cells and sequence associated with endochondral ossification

mesenchymal-> fibroblast-> fibrocyte; chondroblast-> chondrocyte; osteoblast-> osteocyte

5 types of cells and sequence associated with intramembraneous ossification

mesenchymal-> fibroblast-> fibrocyte; osteoblast-> osteocyte

what is name of neck region of long bone

metaphysis

identify 3 groups of bones located in each food

metatarsals, tarsals, phalanges

where is primary ossification center located in developing bone

middle of diaphysis

what two terms refer to process of solidifying bone structures

osteogenesis, ossification

what is another term for organic bone matrix

osteoid

what is adult term for rickets

osteomalacia

what is name for microscopic units of bone tissue that create dense bone

osteons (haversian system)

Identify a bone disorder that results in brittle bones due to a lack of calcium.

osteoporosis

what are 2 layers of periosteum

outer fibrous layer, inner osteogenic layer

what is name for capsule of dense irregular CT that covers surface of bone tissue

outer layer of periosteum

what is source of hormone PTH

parathyroid glands

is it possible to convert yellow bone marrow space back into red bone marrow

partially under anemic stress

give ex of sesamoid bone

patella

identify sesamoid bone of knee

patella

what is name for tube like passageway that connects medullary cavity to surface of bone

perforating canal (volkman's canal)

what is name of collagenous fibers that anchor periosteum to compact bone

perforating fibers (sharpey's fibers)

what is name for capsule of dense irregular CT that covers surface of articular cartilage

perichondrium

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

red bone marrow

what type of bone marrow is located in medullary cavity of young bone

red bone marrow

give example of flat bone

rib, sternum, parietal

in bone remodeling associated with growth, what happens to shape of bone

shape remains consistent

identify hormone by testes that stimulate bone growth

testosterone

distinguish between simple and compound fracture

simple=> break is inside the body; compound=> break protrudes through the skin

in bone remodeling associated with growth, what happens with size of bone

size becomes larger; maturing bone looks like magnified version of OG bone)

identify 3 organs of body that are involved in production and activation of calcitriol

skin, liver, kidney

what organs do vertebrae provide support and protection

spinal cord

what kind of tissue is more abundant in epiphysis

spongy

why is ratio of medullary cavity diameter and outer bone diameter important

the "natural" ratio is the most efficient balance between strength of the tubular structure and weight of the structural material

how does PTH affect osteoclasts

stimulates osteoclast activity

how does calcitonin affect osteoclasts and osteoblasts

tends to stimulate osteoblast activity and inhibit osteoclast activity

How do circumferential lamellae illustrate apposition growth?

the bone grows wider by adding lamellae to the outer region of the entire bone, "expanding/growing" from the outside outward

To what event do the terms calcification and mineralization refer?

the coating of collagenous fibers with calcium salt crystals

how does spongy bone respond to changing physical activity

the pattern of the trabeculae may change to better support the new physical demands on the bone

what is unusual about appearance of femurs of adult with osteomalacia

the proximal and distal ends are in their proper position but the diaphysis bows outward like parentheses

give ex of how skeletal system can change pull to push in muscle

the triceps can pull the ulna in an extension direction and this can be translated into the push of the hand (as in a pushup)

what is source of hormone calcitonin

thyroid gland

what is main function of osteoclast

to destroy old bone matrix

which term refers to pattern within spongy bone

trabecular

Is dense bone vascular or avascular?

vascular

ex of irregular bone

vertebrae


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