Ch 7: Intro to Sedimentary Rock

_____ _______ seperate strata _____-_____occurs when the layers in the sed. rocks are inclinded -characterisitc of sand dunes, deltas, and some stream deposits

-bedding planes -cross-bedding

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Dolostone -similar to limestone, but contains ______ -origin of dolostone is unclear -significant qualities of dolostone are created when ______-rich waters circulate through _____

-magnesium -calcium-rich/ limestone

The Importance of Sedimentary Rocks: 1. Sediments and sedimentary rocks cover approx _____% of land and virtually _____ of the ocean basins 2. However, those only comprise about 5 percent (by _______) of Earth's outer 10 miles • Those contain evidence of past environments • Those contain important economic resources such as..... - Coal, oil, and other fossil fuels - Uranium, iron, aluminum, manganese, phosphate - Groundwater resources

1. 75%/ ALL 2. volume/

The chief constituents of Detrital rocks include...... (4) _____ ______is used to distinguish among the various rock types

1. Clay Minerals 2 Quartz 3. Feldspar 4. Micas -particle size

List 3 categories of Sedimentary Environment

1. Continental 2. Marine 3. Transitional

Sediments originates from mechanical and/or chemical weathering Rock types are based on the source of the material... List the types of Sedimentary Rocks(3)

1. Detrital Rocks 2. Chemical Rocks 3. Organic Rocks

SANDSTONE: 1. _____-sized particles 2. Forms in many ______ 3. ______- most abundant sedimentary rock 4. _____ is the most abundant MINERAL 5. Quartz sandstone is mostly composed of _____ 6. Arkose sandstone contains ____ 7. Graywacke contains rock fragments and ______, in addition to quarts and sandstone 8. Clues about their origin include, _____, ____ shape, and _____.

1. Sand 2. environments 3. Second 4. Quartz 5. Quartz 6. feldspar 7. matrix 8. Sorting, particle shape, and composition.

Grain shape and sorting: 1. Sediments are very poorly sorted when there is a wide range of ______ sized 2. If sandstones are the same size, the sand is considered _______ sorted 3. If rocks contain mixed large and small particles, the sad is considered ____ sorted Basically, the more different they're in sizes, the more POOR sorted it is. The more same they're in sizes, the more WELL sorted it is. pg. 217 for picture

1. different 2. well sorted 3. poorly sorted

Chert: 1. composed of _______ quartz 2. forms when _____ silica precipitates 3. _____, _____ and ____ are varieties of chert

1. microcrystalline 2. dissolved 3. fint, jasper, and agate

Organic Sedimentary Rocks: 1. COAL- different from other rocks bc it is composed of ____ material 2. LIST THE STAGES OF COAL FORMATION in ORDER

1. organic 2. 1. Plant material 2. Peat 3. Lignite 4. Bituminous

CHEMICAL Sedimentary Rocks 1. consists of ________ material that was once in solution 2. Precipitation of material occurs in 2 ways 1. _____ ____ 2. ____ ______ 3. Limstone: -Most _______ chemical sedimentary rock -mainly composed of the _____ calcite -can for from inorganic and _______

1. precipitated 2. inorganic and organic processes 3. abundant -mineral -inorganic and biochemical

Detrital Sedimentary Rocks: Conglomerate and Breccia 1. Conglomerate consists largely of _______ gravels 2. Breccia is composed mainly of large _____ particles

1. round 2. angular

Which environment is described? dominated by stream erosion and deposition -streams are the dominate agent of landscape alteration -glacial -deposists are typically unsorted mixtures of sediments that range from clat to boulder-sized -wind (eolian) -well sorted, fine sediments

Continental Environment

Which type of Sedimentary rock is described? -transported sediment as solid particles

Detrital rocks

_________ form when restricted seawyas become over-saturated and salt deposition starts -ROCK SALT and ROCK GYPSUM are two common types of this

Evaporites

which structure? are the remains of prehistoric life

fossils

which structure? indicate sediments form in an alternative wet and dry environment

mud cracks

which structure is described? small waves that are lithified in the sedimentary rocks

ripple marks

Occassionally, evaporites form on ____ _____ when dissolved materials are precipitated as a white crust on the ground

salt flats

the layers of the sedimentary rocks are called ____ or ____ -the single most common and characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks

strata or beds

Which relative dating principle is described? -the shorline is the transition zone between marine and continental environments -ex includes.... 1. beaches 2. tidal flats 3. spits, bars, and barrier islands 4. lagoons 4. deltas

transitional environments

Detrital Sedimentary Rocks: SHALE 1. consists of ______ and _____ sized particles 2. form the gradual settling of sediments in quiet, ____-_____ environments 3. Sediments form in THIN layers that are called ______ 4. Has _______-meaning the rock can be split into thin layers 5. Crumbles easily and tends to form _____ slops 6. Most ______ sedimentary rock

1. silt and clay-sized 2. non-turbulent 3. laminae 4. fissility 5. gentle 6. abundant

Which type of Sedimentary rock is described? -sediment that was once in solution

Chemical Rocks

Which type of environment is described? -shallow marine ( to about 200 m) -borders the worlds continental -receives huge quantities of terrestrial -warm seas with minimal terrestrial muds and debris from coral reefs -deep marine (seaward of continental shelves) -primary find sediments that accumate on the ocean floor -turbidity currents-submarine landslides-are the exception

Marine Environments

Which type of Sedimentary rock is described? -sediment that was once organic matter

Organic Rocks

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Limestone: -inorganic limestone forms when chemical changes increase the ____ ____ content of the water until it precipitates -travertine is a type of limestone found in _____ -is precipitated when the water in the cave loses carbon dioxide

calcium carbonate -caves -

1. Detrital has _______ structure compsed of discrete fragments _____ together 2. Chemical/organic has _____-____ or crystalline texture the mineral patterns of interlocked crystals

clastic cemented