Ch 7 pt 2 &8

Rank the sequence of steps involved in the role of vitamin A in the visual cycle.

1-In the dark, retinal binds to opsin to form rhodopsin 2-Light activates rhodopsin, causing it to change shape 3-Activated rhodopsin stimulates rod cell changes that result in vision 4-Retinal detaches from opsin

What roles does Vitamin A play in the body?

-cell production -formation of epithelial cells -cell growth

Cells require vitamin __to make coenzymes that participate in a variety of cellular processes, including the transfer of CH3 groups in the metabolism of folate

B-12

This B vitamin helps maintain healthy nerve cells & red blood cells and is used in making genetic material

B-12

This B vitamin is also called Pyridoxine; it helps the body release energy from csrbs, proteins, & fats; it also promotes a healthy nervous sytem

B-6

Choose the four B vitamins and one mineral that must be added by the manufacture when a product has been refined

-riboflavin -niacin -thiamin -iron -folic acid

What are some ways to improve the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins in low-fatt foods like vegetables

-use salad dressing -cook the vegetables in oil

Ways you can save money while grocery shopping include

-use unit pricing -use coupons -notice "sell by" dates

Keeping foods in high humidity and away from air are storage methods that __vitamin content

Retain

Children with leg bones that bow under the weight of carrying the upper part of the body is a sign of __, a disease resulting from Vitamin D deficiency.

Rickets

The branch of science that studies the interactions between gene functioning, dietary choices & the environment is called

Nutritional genomics

What is highly reactive and removes electrons from more stable molecules such as proteins, fatty acids, and DNA?

Radical

Treatment of pernicious anemia usually consists of

Regular B-12 injections

__is a deficiency disease characterized by inadequate vitamin D levels. Children with this disease have bones that are soft and misshapen.

Rickets

Which of the following are common signs & symptoms of food allergies?

Scaly skin rash, difficulty swallowing, swollen/ itchy lips

yellow & green fruits/vegetables, liver, eg yolk, & whole milk

vitamin A

Which of the following are considered roles of vitamins?

-involved in the growth & development of tissues -regulates a variety of body processes

Which of the following foods are good sources of thiamin?

-legumes -orange juice -pork

Leafy green vegetables and cauliflower

Vitamin K

WHen an atom or molecule __one or more electrons it has been oxidized

loses

A __cell does not perform the specialized functions of the cells from which it was derived.

malignant

A disease has __ when cancer spreads to other tissues

metastasized

Spina bifida and anencephaly are both ___ __defects that can occur when a pregnant women does not receive enough folate.

neural tube

A vegan, or total vegetarian eats:

only plant foods

An allergen is a(n)

protein

Low income people and alcoholics are at risk for

protein deficiency

This B vitamin is also called riboflavin; it helps the body release energy from carbs,fats & proteins; contributes to body growth & red cell production

B-2

Helps the body produce cholesterol and promotes normal growth & development; also known as Pantothenic Acid

B-5

Match each term with the most appropriate definition: Lactovegetarian- Lactoovogetarian- Ovovegetarian-

-Eats milk & milk products but no animal flesh or eggs -Eats milk & milk products & eggs but no other animal foods -Eats eggs but no other animal foods

Which of the following are unproven diagnostic methods for allergies?

-Electrodermal testing -Hair analysis -Diagnosis performed by an alternative medical practitioner

Which of the following are ways to decrease food costs without sacrificing nutrition?

-Buy in bulk -Compare "unit" costs of packaged foods -Spend more time preparing foods

Choose the best ways to cook produce that will preserve the vitamin content in the food.

-Cook food in their skins -Cut food into larger quantities -Use quick cooking methods with little contact with water

Which foods are good sources of vitamin D

-Herring -Salmon -Milk

Which diet is high protein/low carbohydrate?

-Paleo -Atkins

With careful planning, a __can overcome the limitations of a plant-based diet & consume a nutritious diet.

vegetarian

What is a complex organic compound that regulates certain metabolic processes in the body?

vitamin

Needed for growth and healthy skin tissues

vitamin A

Which of the following would be helpful in decreasing animal food intake?

-prepare foods with less animal protein & more plant protein -Replace meat with other sources of high-quality protein -Decrease serving sizes of animal foods

What is a symptom of a riboflavin deficiency?

Fatigue

An immunologist is a physician who specializes in the treatment & diagnosis of __

allergies

Anaphylatic shock results from :

an allergic reaction

Carrots, sweet potatoes, broccoli, & mangoes are all good sources of __, a carotenoid that the body can convert to Vitamin A.

beta-carotene

The synthetic folic acid is absorbed __the naturally occuring forms of folate.

better than

What is the primary function of vitamin K?

blood clotting

Niacin participates in which of the following?

energy metabolism

Vitamins A,D,E, and K are considered to be __vitamins

fat soluble

DHA & EPA (omega 3 fatty acids) may be deficient in people who do not eat

fish

Vitamins A & D are often added to milk, and ready-to-eat cereals are often sprayed with additional vitamins. These are examples of

fortification

When fresh produce is not available, it is best to purchase __produce in order to receive the most vitamins

frozen

A molecule that has been reduced, has __ one or more electrons

gained

People with celiac disease must avoid products with

gluten

Per pound of body weight children have __protein & energy needs than adults

higher

A __is a modified vegetarian because they will extend theirvegetarian diet to include dairy products

lactovegetarian

When an atom gains one or more electrons, it has been:

reduced

An oxidant __ electrons from atoms or molecules

removes

At home genetic testing kits require you to send them a sample of __

saliva

Vitamin C absorption occurs in the

small intestine

Liver, legumes,broccoli, and orange juice are all good sources of

Folate

A ___diet is a modified vegetarian diet that includes dairy products & eggs

Lactoovovegetarian

Which of the following vegetarian diets allow a person to eat eggs but no other animal foods?

Ovovegetarian

Which of these foods will a vegan eat?

Tofu, watermelon, vegetable oil

Protein supplements __recommended for healthy adults

are not

Plant proteins are a heart-healthy alternative to animal proteins because they typically contain less or no__than animal sources of protein.

cholesterol & saturated fat

Because there is not a lot of Vitamin D in our food, our bodies must get __exposure in order to make vitamin D

sun

Salmon, tuna, mushrooms, and enriched breads are all good sources of __

niacin

The situation that arises when retinol is unavailable and one becomes unable to see in dim light is called__

night blindness

The study of how a persons genetic makeup influences the way their body reacts to food is called __

nutrigenetics

The adult form of rickets is called

osteomalacia

Some nutrition experts suspect that diets that supply a lot of animal protein are associated with __, due to the increased calcium losses seen with these diets

osteoporosis

The human digestive system is able to digest nutrients from:

plants & animals

Gene expression results in __

protein synthesis

Little is known about the long-term safety of amino supplements

true

Protein-energy malnutrition is an example of

undernutrition

A(n) __is a "total vegetarian" who eats only plant foods and doesn't use animal products for any other purposes

vegan

Most people are familiar with the role of Vitamin A in good vision. What are additional functions of Vitamin A that are important as well?

-Participates in the bone remodeling process -Regulates the activity of the immune system

Milk, yogurt, liver, and enriched cereals are all good sources of which vitamin?

-Riboflavin

Which of the following are water soluble vitamins?

-Riboflavin -Vitamins B-6 -Niacin

What are some food sources of riboflavin?

-Spinach -Milk -Yogurt

Which cooking methods best preserve the vitamin content of foods?

-Stir-frying -Microwaving -Steaming

The American Cancer Society recommends you do them following in order to reduce cancer risk

-avoid exposure to tobacco -become physically active -maintain a healthy weight

The results of major studies fail to show that high Vitamin E intakes can reduce the risk of

-cancer -cardiovascular disease -cognitive impairment

Rank in order the sequence of events in the digestion & absorption of vitamin B-12

1-Hydrochloric acid separates B-12 from animal products 2-The stomach secretes intrinsic factor 3-B-12 binds to intrinsic factor (IF) 4-The IF/B-12 complex enters the cells & the complex breaks apart. 5-B-12 binds to a carrier molecule for transport in the blood.

Which statement is most accurate?

A nutritionally adequate diet can supply vitamins that last for days & even years.

Vitamin C can act as a(n) ___by donating electrons to radicals. In excess, however, vitamin C may act as a(n) ___by promoting radical production.

Antioxidant; prooxidant

This B vitamin is also called thiamin; it is used to help turn carbs into energy

B-1

__is the second leading cause of death in the United States.

Cancer

What type of disease results in the poor absorption of nutrients from the small intestine?

Celiac disease

___-protein diets lead to increased urine output which, in turn, poses a risk for dehydration.

Excess

Diagnosis of celiac disease is easily accomplished with a simple throat culture test?

False

Pregnant women have an increased requirement for ___because DNA synthesis and cell division take place at a rapid pace during embryonic development

Folate

What is the synthetic form of folate that is found in supplements and added to fortify foods?

Folic acid

All of the following are good sources of protein except:

Fruit

A __eats only fruit, nuts & seeds

Fruitarian

The pigments called carotenoids are often found in

Fruits & vegetables

The protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen is called

Hemoglobin

A vitamin A deficient person's epithelial cells produce too much of the protein __, making their skin rough & bumpy

Keratin

Forms of PEM include

Marasmus & Kwashlorkor

Found in meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dry beans, whole grain breads and cereals,milk, & some fruits & vegetables

Panthothic acid

It is unlikely that there are undiscovered vitamins

True

Shellfish, Poultry, Meat, and Eggs are all good sources of which Vitamin?

Vitamin B-12

Muscle meats, liver, vegetables, and whole grain cereals

Vitamin B-6

A lack of may cause bleeding gums, bruising, loss of teeth, & anemia

Vitamin C

Regular health checkups and various screening methods such as self exams can detect __in its early stages.

cancer

The condition that arises when one over consumed food and/or supplements containing beta-carotene is called __

carotenemia

A person who eats all foods except red meats would be considered a __

semivegetarian

An agent that causes birth defects is called a __

teratogen

Which of the following are reasons a person chooses to become a vegetarian?

-Environmental concerns -Religious beliefs -Ethical beliefs

Choose the true statements about commercially prepared vegetarian foods:

-Generally these foods do not contain cholesterol -Lower in saturated fat compared to non-vegetarian food -many are made with soy-based products

Which of the following are potential disadvantages from following a vegetarian diet?

-Low iron & calcium -Low vitamin D & riboflavin

Which of the following are signs of pellagra?

-diarrhea -dermatitis -dementia

Biotin's roles in the body include

-fatty acid synthesis -amino acid breakdown -glucose synthesis

Megaloblastic anemia can result from a deficiency of which vitamins?

-folate -B-12

The consumption of which foods has been associated with a decrease in the risk of developing age-related mascular degeneration?

-fruits -vegetables

What makes cancer causation a complex process?

-genetic makeup -nutritional states -lifestyle practices

Match the vitamin in the left column with its function in the right column: -Vitamin A -Thiamin -Folate

-immune function -energy metabolism -blood formation

What would be an appropriate treatment fro scurvy?

-lemons -Oranges

Choose the true statements about commercially prepared vegetarian foods

-less cholesterol, less saturated fat

Symptoms of a vitamin A toxicity include

-nausea -vomiting -headache

Although food insecurity exists in the United States, protein deficiency is:

-present in specific population groups -uncommon

Which of the following are true about coenzymes

-regulates a chemical reaction -cofactor

The thiamin deficiency disease __is characterized by weakness, poor muscular coordination & decreased functioning of the cardiovascular and nervous systems.

Beriberi

What describes the degree of potency of a vitamin?

Biological activity

Found in green leafy vegetables, whole-grain breads & cereals, liver, & egg yolks

Biotin

In order to make phospholipids and acetylcholine, the body needs the vitamin called __

Choline

Which of the following are symptoms of celiac disease?

Chronic diarrhea, weight loss, & abdominal bleeding

Vitamin C is different than the rest of the B vitamins in that it does not function as a part of a __

Coenzyme

A(n) __protein related to food proteins that combine to make up for each other's inadequate supply of individual essential amino acids. When put together, the collectice proteins supply a sufficient amount of all 9 essential amino acids.

Complementary

Many Americans consume less than the recommended amounts of vitamins

D,E, and choline

Which of the following best describes how an antioxidant works?

Gives up electrons to radicals

A __is a modified vegetarian because they'll extend their vegetarian diet to include dairy products

Lactovegetarian

Which statement about vitamins is most true?

More is not always better

Which of the following are likely to increase the costs of food?

Shopping at conveniance stores & shopping without a shopping list

Steps to follow when determining if a person has allergies includes?

Skin testing & testing performed by an immunologist

What is the primary site of vitamin absorption?

Small intestine

What foods are good sources of vitamin E?

Sunflower seeds & plant oils

Citrus fruits, strawberries, & cantaloupe

Vitamin C

Collagen synthesis, antioxidant activity, and assistance in immune system functioning are all functions of which vitamin?

Vitamin C

This water soluble vitamin is found in citrus fruits, strawberries, broccoli, & cabbage

Vitamin C

Reduces the amount of oxygen available to react with other substances that could be harmed by oxygen

Vitamin E

The use of which vitamin supplement has been associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer & hemorrhagic stroke?

Vitamin E

Lack of this may cause hemorrhaging

Vitamin K

Abnormal eye movements, staggering gait, and distorted thought process are all signs of __-___ syndrome.

Wernicke-korsakoff

helps the nervous system tissues function normally & plays a role in the regeneration of red blood cells

vitamin B

Since this vitamin is only found in animal products, people who eat little/no meat should take a ___supplement.

vitamin B-12

Liver, meat, fish, & sweet red peppers are all good sources of :

vitamin B-6

Helps hold body cells together & makes the walls of blood vessels firm

vitamin C

A lack of may cause bone abnormalities, nausea, & diarrhea

vitamin D

Fats/oil, whole grain breads/cereals, liver eggs, whole milk

vitamin E

Vegan women who breastfeed their infants may produce milk that is deficient in

vitamin b-12

Vitamin supplements are effective for treating people with

vitamin deficiences

What are some common deficiencies in a poorly planned plant-based diet?

vitamin-D, vitamin B-12, iron

Folate, vitamin B-12, and vitamin C are all examples of __-soluble vitamins.

water