ch. 7

analytical (epidemiology)

Absolute risk Relative risk Odds ratio Attributable risk

chi-square

Association between nominally scaled variables

judgmental approach

Based on the beliefs or experience of experts

divergent criterion cutoff score

Construct-Related Validity •Cutoff scores can be found using the ____ group method with two groups that are clearly different •The distribution for each group is plotted •The point in the curves where the scores overlap is used as a _____

combination approach

Involves use of multiple available sources -Experts -Prior experience -Empirical data -Norms

case series (observational, epidemiology)

Notes cases at a particular time or place

normative approach

Uses norm-referenced data to set standards with a theoretically accepted criterion

analytical epidemiology

causes and prevention of mortality and morbidity

case-control (observational, epidemiology)

compares known cases of mortality or morbidity with matched non-cases

proportionate mortality or morbidity study (observational, epidemiology)

compares results of a study group to the population

analytical (epidemiology)

convert measures of incidence and prevalence into estimates of risk

incidence (epidemiology)

The number, proportion, rate, or percentage of new cases of mortality and morbidity

prevalence (epidemiology)

The number, proportion, rate, or percentage of total cases of mortality and morbidity

cross-sectional (observational, epidemiology)

takes a snapshot of identifiable groups at one time

epidemiology

the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states and events in populations and the applications of this study to the control of health problems

criterion-referenced test (CRT)

used to make categorical decisions

kappa (K) interobserver

•Widely used technique that allows for correction for chance agreements --to assess ____ agreement --to examine the agreement between a predictor and a criterion that is nominally scaled •Theoretically ranges from −1 to +1 --Negative values of K imply that the proportions of agreement resulting from chance are greater than those from observed agreements

empirical approach

-Uses an external criterion measure -Cut off scores directly established based on the data available on this external attribute

randomized clinical trial (experimental, epidemiology)

Randomly assigns participants to treatments or exposures

community trial (experimental, epidemiology)

Randomly assigns whole communities to treatments or exposures

phi coefficient

correlation between two dichotomous variables

descriptive epidemiology

describes the frequency and distribution of mortality and morbidity according to time, place, and person

judgemental approach normative approach empirical approach combination approach

developing criterion-referenced standards

cohort (observational, epidemiology)

longitudinal; generally tracks populations long term

limitations of CRT

•Cutoff scores always involve some subjective judgment •Misclassifications can be severe •Participants who attain the cutoff level may not be motivated to continue to improve

proportion of agreement

•Established by adding the proportions in cells that are consistently classified •Ranges from 0 to 1; the higher the value the more consistent (correct) the classifications •Does not account for chance •2 x 2 Contingency Table (Stability)

150 75

•For substantial health benefits, adults should do at least: •___ minutes/wk moderate activity OR •___ minutes/wk of vigorous PA or a equivalent combination

epidemiology

•Fundamental science of public health •May help identify risk factors of mortality and morbidity

advantages of CRT

•Represent specific, desired performance levels that are explicitly linked to a criterion •Absolute standards, independent of the proportion of the population that meets the standard •Achievement is based on reaching the standard, not on competing •Performance is linked to specific outcomes •Specific diagnostic evaluations can be made to improve performance to the criterion level •Participants know exactly what is expected of them

criterion-referenced test (CRT)

•Typically involve nominal data (although may include continuous data as well) •ones involving continuous data use cutoff scores •Constructed to yield measurements that are directly interpretable in terms of specific performance standards •Performance standards are generally specified by defining a class or domain of tasks that should be performed by the participant