CH 7

You hear a familiar word in your native language and it is virtually impossible not to recognize the word's meaning. This best illustrates the importance of _____ processing.

- Automatic

Some patients suffering from amnesia are incapable of recalling events. Yet, they can be conditioned to blink their eyes in response to a specific sound. They have most likely suffered damage to the _____.

- Hippocampus

The hippocampus and brain cortex display simultaneous activity rhythms during sleep. This supports the process of:

- Memory Consolidation

Melissa adequately studied for her short-answer psychology exam. However, while taking the final she could not remember the material she previously retained. According to the computer information-processing model of memory Melissa is having difficulty with ______.

- Retrieval

Encoding is to _____ as storage is to _____.

- data input into a computer; data saved on the hard drive

Mr. Nydam suffers amnesia and is unable to remember playing golf on a particular course. But the longer he plays the course, the more his game improves. His experience illustrates the difference in:

- explicit memory and implicit memory

The happier Michaela feels, the more readily she recalls experiences with former teachers who were warm and generous. This best illustrates that emotional states can be _____.

retrieval cues

2. Consolidation is the process by which:

short-term memory can be encoded to form long-term memories.

Kaleb decided to go to his 25-year high school reunion. He looked in his yearbook to see whose picture he might recognize. According to research, he should expect to recognize _____ percent of his classmates' pictures.

90%

3. When someone is unsuccessfully trying to remember something, there is activity in the: A. auditory cortex. B. left frontal lobe. C. visual cortex. D. hippocampus.

B. left frontal lobe.

Jaylen found the ISBN of the book she wanted to order in the Books in Print catalog. To remember the eleven-digit number, 19772552901, she thought of the number as the year her best friend was born (1977) and her aunt's phone number (255-2901). Jaylen was using the strategy of _____ to help her remember the ISBN number.

Chunking

3. What type of memory is not consciously accessible to us? A. false memory B. explicit memory C. declarative memory D. implicit memory

D. implicit memory

While you probably wish that your study time was automatic, unfortunately successful studying for introductory psychology requires attention and conscious effort known as _____.

Effortful Processing

Carlos can't remember Juan Alvarez's name because he wasn't paying attention when Juan was formally introduced. Carlos' poor memory is best explained in terms of _____.

Encoding Failure

If you ask your classmates to draw either side of a U.S. penny from memory, the vast majority will not be very successful. This is likely due to:

Encoding failure

2. When we place ourselves in the physical space our original learning process occurred, we prime ourselves to more readily retrieve memories that were encoded in the same space. This is called: A. the encoding specificity principle. B. All of these choices are correct. C. the tip-of-the tongue state. D. state-dependent retrieval.

Encoding specificity principle

Harriet has Alzheimer's disease and her _____ memories for people and events are lost, but she is able to display an ability to form new implicit memories by being repeatedly shown words.

Explicit

Professor Stiles studies memory in people who have had strokes. Professor Garcia studies people who claim to have clear memories of events that happened over 3 decades ago. Such research on the extremes of memory helps us to understand how _____.

Memory Works

A fill-in-the-blank test is a good example of _____.

Recall

While taking an American history exam, Marie was surprised and frustrated by her momentary inability to remember the name of the first President of the United States. Her difficulty most clearly illustrates:

Retrieval Failure

After studying biology all afternoon, Marcus is having difficulty remembering details of the organic chemistry material he memorized that morning. Marcus' difficulty best illustrates _____.

Retroactive Interference

George Miller's research on short-term memory capacity indicated that we can only store about seven bits of information (give or take two) in our _____.

Short term (working) memory

This activated memory holds a few items such as a phone number briefly before the information is stored or forgotten.

Short term memory

Short-term memories have a limited life without:

active processing

During a basketball game, Tyree suffered a concussion. Afterwards he could not remember the game or what happened when he was treated in the hospital. Tyree was experiencing:

amnesia

We long remember exciting or shocking events due to activation of the limbic system's:

amygdala

One reason our memories fail is because of problems with information:

encoding

The processing of information into the memory system is called _____.

encoding

The _____ is the neural center involved in processing explicit memories for storage.

hippocampus

Some patients with anterograde amnesia have learned how to spot hard-to-find figures in theWhere's Waldo? series without any conscious awareness that they can do so. This best illustrates their retention of _____.

implicit memories

1. A retrieval cue:

is something outside your head in the surrounding environment that is related to the memory you are trying to retrieve.

Our capacity for storing long-term memories is _____.

limitless

This prolonged strengthening of potential neural firing is believed to be the basis for learning and memory, and is known as _____.

long-term potentation

Whenever Rachel gets blue, she immediately is flooded with thoughts of failed relationships and missed chances. Rachel's experience best illustrates _____.

mood-congruent memory

In the process of retrieving a specific memory from a web of associations, a person needs to activate one of the strands that leads to it. This is known as _____.

priming

Jackson is happy to hear that his class final will be all multiple-choice questions as he feels he has a better chance to pass the class by using _____.

recognition

The amygdala boosts activity in the brain's memory-forming areas when stimulated by _____.

stress hormone