CH 8 APHY
Synovial joints are freely movable and therefore are classified as ______ joints.
diarthrotic
In order to walk on your heels, you must
dorsiflex your ankle
Movement at the ankle that brings the foot closer to the shin is called
dorsiflexion
To move the foot upwards towards the shin is known as . To turn the sole of the foot medially is known as
dorsiflexion;inversion
Neurons are ______, meaning they respond to changes in their surroundings with changes in their membrane potential.
excitable
An ______ postsynaptic potential involves the opening of sodium channels, depolarizing the membrane, and bringing it closer to a threshold level.
excitatory
A movement that increases the angle between bones at a joint, moving them farther apart, is called ______ of the joint.
extension
Straightening a bent knee is an example of ______ of a joint.
extension
The movement that results in straightening a bent elbow is an example of
extension
True or false: The fixed end of a muscle is the insertion.
false
An extension is a movement where bones or body parts are moved ______.
farther away
The hip joint consists of the head of the _____ and the acetabulum of the pelvis.
femur
The bone ends within a ________ joint are held together by dense connective tissue.
fibrous
Bending your elbow is an example of ______ a joint.
flexing
A movement that decreases the angle of a joint, bringing the bones closer together, is called
flexion
Bending your knee is an example of what type of movement?
flexion
Which movements are allowed at the knee?
flexion extension
What are the primary movements that occur at the knee joint?.
flexion and extension
The two articulating surfaces of the hip joint are the of the femur and the of the hip bone.
head and acetabulum
What two bony structures articulate to make the shoulder joint?
head of the humerus glenoid cavity of the scapula
What functions are served by the menisci found in some synovial joints?
help distribute body weight
A _____ joint consists of the convex surface of one bone fitting into the concave surface of another.
hinge
What joint only allows for movement in one plane (uniaxial) that is described as a bending and straightening motion?
hinge
When considering the classification of joints based on the shape of the articulating bone ends, the knee functions as a type of synovial joint called a modified ____ joint.
hinge
What connects the bones in cartilaginous joints?
hyaline cartilage
In order to stretch your leg straight out behind you, you must ______ your hip joint.
hyperextend
Extending a joint beyond anatomical position is referred to as ______ of a joint.
hyperextension
Tilting your head back to look up to the sky is an example of ______ of the atlantooccipital joint.
hyperextension
When a muscle contracts, its fibers pull its movable end, which is also called the ______.
insertion
Both the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments originate from the area of the tibia and connect to a condyle of the femur.
intercondylar
Where does the fluid found within the synovial joint cavity come from?
it is secreted by the synovial membrane
Which joint is a plane joint?
joint between femur and patella
The ______ of a synovial joint encloses the joint and prevents bone ends from being pulled apart.
joint capsule
The menisci found in some synovial joints are attached to the ______ at the periphery of the joint cavity.
joint capsule
Changes in collagen in joints due to aging result in ______.
joint stiffness
Which joint functions as a modified hinge joint?
knee
The femoropatellar articulation is part of the ______ joint.
knee joint
The patellar, arcuate popliteal, and oblique popliteal ligaments are ligaments that stabilize the ______.
knee joint
Which of the following are muscles that move the pectoral girdle?
levator scapula rhomboid major serratus anterior trapezius
At synovial joints, the joint capsule is reinforced by _________ that help stabilize the joint and bind together the bone ends.
ligaments
What connects two bones together in a synovial joint?
ligaments
Even though it is relatively thin, the joint capsule of the knee is greatly strengthened by many and the of several muscles.
ligaments and tendons
Describe the location of synovial membranes.
lining joint capsules
The synovial _________ lines the joint capsules of synovial joints.
membrane
Some synovial joints contain fibrocartilage discs called
menisci
Some synovial joints contain fibrocartilage discs called ______.
menisci
Structures called ______ that are found in some synovial joints cushion the articulating surfaces and help distribute body weight at joints such as the knee.
menisci
What structures of the knee joint function to separate and align the articular surfaces within the joint capsule?
menisci
Hyperextension is ______.
movement beyond anatomical position
What is an example of plantar flexion?
moving foot away from shin
What is synthesized in the cytoplasm of the synaptic knob and stored in synaptic vesicles?
neurotransmitters
The trapezius, the rhomboid major and minor, and the levator scapulae are all muscles that move the girdle.
pectoral
The diaphragm is the deep layer of muscle at the pelvic outlet, serving to support the pelvic viscera.
pelvic
Muscles that move the thigh are attached to the girdle and the .
pelvic and femur
A type of synovial joint called a ______ joint consists of articulating surfaces that are nearly flat and are slightly curved.
plane
The patellofemoral joint is a ______ joint.
plane
What type of articulation forms between the head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus in the elbow joint?
plane articulation
In order to stand on your toes, your ankle needs to undergo
plantar flexion
What is the name of the movement of the ankle that moves the foot away from the shin and points the toes downward?
plantar flexion
Contraction of muscles of the ______ group of the thigh can result in extension, abduction, or rotation of the thigh.
posterior
Where are the extensors of the hand located?
posterior side of forearm
The gluteus maximus and piriformis are part of the ______ group of muscles that move the thigh. The pectineus and gracilis are part of the ______ group.
posterior; medial
What is the role of the cruciate ligaments of the knee?
prevent displacement
The knee is flexed by the action of the three muscles in the hamstring group, and the
sartious muscle
Which three characteristics are signs of aging in the muscular system?
slow reflexes weak contractions atrophy
What is the major age-related change that occurs in joints that is an early sign of aging?
stiffer due to less collagen
A junction between two neurons is called a ______.
synapse
A freely movable joint enclosed in a joint capsule is classified as a ______ joint.
synovial
The structural (not functional) classification of a freely movable joint enclosed in a joint capsule is a(n) ____ joint
synovial
The synovial membrane synthesizes
synovial fluid
Which of these structures functions to lubricate the joint and nourish the structures in the joint? It also contains stem cells for tissue repair.
synovial fluid
The inner layer of a joint capsule is the , a shiny, vascular lining of loose connective tissue.
synovial membrane
Articulation
the functional junction between bones
The joint capsule of the knee is ______ and ______ reinforced by muscles and ligaments.
thin;is
In the knee joint, the femur articulates with the ___ and the patella.
tibia
True or False: Synovial joints are freely movable and are therefore classified as diarthrotic joints.
true
True or false: The effect that a neurotransmitter has on a cell is dependent upon the receptors that it binds to at the synapse.
true
The ______ is part of the perineum and is located within the pubic arch.
urogential diapgrahm
Plantar flexion is used to ______.
walk on toes
Dorsiflexion is used in what motion?
walking on heels
What best describes the surface of the articulating bones in a plane joint?
Two articulating flat surfaces slide over one another.
What best describes the surface of the articulating bones in a hinge joint?
A convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another.
To move the foot upwards towards the shin is known as . To turn the sole of the foot medially is known as
ACh
Which neurotransmitter is responsible for skeletal muscle contraction?
ACh
What best describes the surface of the articulating bones in a condylar joint?
An ovoid condyle on one bone end and an elliptical cavity on the other.
There are six major types of synovial joints based on their shapes and the movements they permit ball-and-socket joints, _______ joints, plane joints, ________ joints, pivot joints, and saddle joints.
Blank 1: condylar or condyloid Blank 2: hinge
Two of the ligaments that stabilize the knee joint are the collateral ligament and the collateral ligament.
Blank 1: fibular Blank 2: tibial
The shoulder joint is a ball-and-socket joint. The articulating surface that is in the shape of a "ball" is the head of the . The "socket" is formed by the cavity of the scapula.
Blank 1: humerus Blank 2: glenoid
The rounded head of the articulates with the shallow glenoid cavity of the to form the shoulder joint.
Blank 1: humerus Blank 2: scapula
The anterior cruciate ligament of the knee originates in the anterior intercondylar area of the tibia and extends to the condyle of the femur. Similarly, the posterior cruciate ligament of the knee originates in the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia and extends to the condyle of the femur.
Blank 1: lateral Blank 2: medial
What types of movement is characteristic of a hinge joint?
It allows for a bending and straightening movement; it is uniaxial
Choose all the features of the synovial membrane.
It can store adipose tissue. It secretes and reabsorbs synovial fluid. It may have villi, folds, and projections It is only a few cells thick.
What is the function of the linea alba?
It is an attachment for the anterior abdominal wall.
Indicate three functions of the synovial fluid.
It provides nutrients to the articular cartilage. It contains stem cells. It moistens and lubricates the cartilaginous surfaces in the joint.
What is a bursa?
a flattened fibrous sac lined by a synovial membrane
What best describes the surfaces of bones in a ball-and-socket joint?
a globular head articulating with a deep cup
When you spread your fingers apart, you are ______ them.
abducting
Moving a part away from the midline of the body or the axial line of a limb is called
abduction
Lifting your arm horizontally to form a right angle with the side of the body involves a movement called
abduction of the arm
Dorsiflexion is a movement of the ______ that brings the foot closer to the ______.
ankle;shin
Contraction of muscles of the ______ group of the thigh is primarily responsible for flexion of the thigh at the hip.
anterior
Muscles that move the thigh at the hip joint are classified into three groups based on their location. The psoas major and the iliacus are members of the group.
anterior
The word root ______ means ring and the word root ______ means bag or purse.
anul; burs
The thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bones in a synovial joint is called ________ cartilage.
articular
The thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bones in a synovial joint is called ____________ cartilage
articular
A functional junction between bones is called a(n) ______.
articulation
The knee joint includes two articulations. Indicate the articulations that are part of the knee joint.
articulation between the tibia and the femur articulation between the femur and the patella
Abduction is defined as a movement of a limb ______ the midline of the body.
away from
A synovial joint consisting of a bone with an egg-shaped head that articulates with the cup-shaped cavity of another bone is called a ______ joint.
ball and socket
Identify three types of synovial joints.
ball-and-socket condylar plane
Fluid-filled sacs associated with synovial joints are called
bursae
The joint, or articular ________, of a synovial joint encloses the joint and prevents bone ends from being pulled apart.
capsule
the joint _____ of a synovial joint encloses the joint and prevents bone ends from being pulled apart.
capsule
Bones held together by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage are classified as _______ joints
cartilaginous
Ion channels that respond to neurotransmitter molecules are described as _____ gated
chemically
Flexion is a movement where the two bones or parts of the body are moved ______ each other.
closer
In a fibrous joint, bones are held together by dense connective tissue that contains many fibers of the protein ____________
collagen
A ______ joint consists of one ovoid bone end that fits into the elliptical cavity of another bone.
condylar
A ______ joint consists of one ovoid bone end that fits into the elliptical cavity of another bone.
condylr
The lateral and medial menisci of the knee form depressions upon the condyles of the tibia that fit the corresponding ______ of the femur.
condyltes
Where is articular cartilage located?
covering bone ends in a synovial joint
The two ligaments (anterior and posterior) serve to prevent displacement of the articulating surfaces of the knee joint.
cruciate
What holds bones ends together within a fibrous joint?
dense connective tissue
