Ch 8 Learnsmart Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive & Trauma3
Which of the following neurotransmitters may play a role in panic disorder, according to researchers studying biological contributions to panic disorder?
Answer: serotonin and norepinephrine.
Which theory states that one may be more prone to panic attacks due to the reaction to carbon dioxide in the blood & the feeling of suffocating?
Anxiety sensitivity theory.
Lifetime prevalence across all anxiety disorders Peaks
between 30 to 34 years old; with a sharp drop-off at 60 years & older.
Fear
is the emotion people experience when confronted with a real or perceived imminent threat.
Women are 60%
more likely than men to experience an anxiety disorder over their lifetime.
A Biopsychosocial model seems
particularly appropriate for understanding separation anxiety disorder.
Treatment for ___ phobias sometimes involves partners & family members.
specific.
Anxiety disorders are the most highly prevalent of all psychological disorders with eh exception of
substance use disorders.
A fifth categor of specific phobias includes a variety of miscellaneous stimuli or situations
such as clowns or contracting a specific illness.
Anxiety disorders are
the most highly prevalent of all psychological disorders with the exception of substance use disorders. -lifetime prevalence of 28.8%. -Overall 12 month prevalence of 18.1%.
The four (4) categories of specific phobias include:
-Animals. -The Natural environment; e.g. storms, heights & fires. -Blood-injection-injury; e.g. seeing blood, having an invasive medical procedure. -Engaging in activities in particular situations e.g. flying, driving, or an enclosed space.
Children with separation anxiety disorder sometimes:
-Become unusually distressed when a parent must leave for work. -Insist that a parent stay with them until they fall asleep. -Refuse to attend school or camp because their parents will not be there.
To treat children with selective mutism, the recommended approaches are:
-Exposure. -Behaviorist methods. -Shaping.
If a client is afraid of heights, a clinician may bring the client to the top of a tall building. This is an example of which of the following behavioral techniques? a. Flooding. b. Desensitization. c. Systematic flooding. d. Imaginal flooding.
Answer: Flooding.
Sally feels anxious and worries most of the time and cannot understand why. Sally may be experiencing ___ anxiety disorder. A. Social. B. Generalized. C. Focused. D. Biological.
Answer: Generalized.
Sally feels anxious and worries most of the time and cannot understand why. Sally may be experiencing ___ anxiety disorder. a. Focused. b. Biological. c. Generalized. d. Social.
Answer: Generalized.
Exposing a client to stimuli that present greater and more intense feelings of anxiety is referred to as. a. Graduated exposure. b.Flooding. c.Desensitization exposure. d.Systematic exposure.
Answer: Graduated Exposure.
Trichotillomania is also called ___-___ disorder.
Answer: Hair-pulling.
Virtually exposing a client to the feared situation is considered which of the following behavioral techniques? a. Vivo exposure.b. Imaginal flooding.c. Overloading desensitization. d. Reality exposure.
Answer: Imaginal Flooding.
/Flooding is when the client is totally immersed in the sensation of anxiety, & ___ flooding is when the client is virtually exposed to a feared situation.
Answer: Imaginal.
The psychological perspective explains that an individual with PTSD has a biased ___ style.
Answer: Information processing.
A(n) ___ is a recurrent, persistent, & anxiety-provoking thought, urge, or image that an individual experiences as intrusive or unwanted.
Answer: Obsession.
Zack has a recurrent thought about the need to clean out the refrigerator. Zack's persistent thought or urge may be classified as a(n) ____.
Answer: Obsession.
In the beginning of the chapter you met Barbara. Barbara was experiencing difficulty sleeping, had nightmares, was constantly on edge, and avoided talking about the trauma. Barbara is clearly showing symptoms of ____.
Answer: PTSD
According to the DSM-5, specifiers for panic attacks include:
Answer: Palpitations. Chest pain. Trembling. and nausea.
Conditioned fear reactions explain why individuals associate unpleasant bodily sensations with memories of the last ___ attack.
Answer: Panic.
For a clinician to assign a diagnosis of ___ disorder, the individual would have to experience at least one more attack within a month after the first incident.
Answer: Panic.
While driving on a dark road, Zack begins to feel physical discomfort, intense feelings of being overwhelmed, and shortness of breath. Zack is experiencing a(n) ___ attack.
Answer: Panic.
When Nick sees a spider, he becomes paralyzed with fear. This is an example of a _____.
Answer: Phobia.
the events that cause acute stress disorder may lead to a disorder known as ___ ___ stress disorder.
Answer: Post Traumatic.
Treatment options for separation anxiety disorder include.
Answer: Prolonged exposure. Modeling and Systematic desensitization.
The best treatment for Barbara Wilder was determined to be individual ___ and PTSD ___ therapy with other veterans.
Answer: Psychotherapy and group.
___ training is one behavioral technique used to help clients gain control over their bodily reactions during panic attacks.
Answer: Relaxation.
Which of the following are symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder? A. Sweating. B. Restlessness. C. Muscle tension. D. Irritability.
Answer: Restlessness. Muscle Tension. and Irritability.
Refusing to talk in specific situations is the core feature of the disorder known as ___ ___.
Answer: Selective Mutism
According to anxiety ___ theory, people who develop panic disorder have heightened responsiveness to the presence of carbon dioxide in the blood.
Answer: Sensitivity.
Paulina refuses to spend the night at a friend's house and cannot go to sleep without a parent sitting with her. She also becomes upset when her parents leave for work. Which disorder does Paulina likely have?
Answer: Separation Anxiety Disorder.
___ ___ ___ is when an individual has marked, or intense, fear of public situations in which the individual may be scrutinized by others.
Answer: Social Anxiety Disorder.
people with excoriation disorder. A. are usually male. B. Sometimes pick at skin that is healthy. C. sometimes pick at irregularities int he skin, such as moles and calluses. D. Repeatedly pick at their own skin. E. use their fingers to pick at the skin, but not instruments such as tweezers.
Answer: Sometimes pick at skin that is healthy. Sometimes pick at irregularities in the skin, such as moles and calluses. and Repeatedly pick at their own skin.
A(n) ___ phobia is when an individual experiences intense and marked fear and will go to extreme lengths to avoid whatever is causing the fear.
Answer: Specific.
Treatment for ___ phobias sometimes involve partners and family members.
Answer: Specific.
An effective behavioral method for treating specific phobia is ___ desensitization.
Answer: Systematic.
Which of these are true about kids with reactive attachment disorder? a.They get along well with adults but not children. b.They have received poorer caregiving. c.They are more likely to have insecure attachment styles as they grow older. d.They seek comfort from their caregivers when distressed.
Answer: They have received poorer caregiving and they are more likely to have insecure attachment styles as they grow older.
In obsessive-compulsive disorder, the obsession is the ___ pattern and the compulsion is the action.
Answer: Thought.
In the DSM-5, which disorders are now categorized with obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Answer: Trichotillomania - hair pulling. Body Dysmorphic disorder. Hoarding.
True or False. OCD is often treated with medications.
Answer: True.
to treat children with selective mutism, what are the recommended approaches?
Answer: behaviorist methods. Exposure and Shaping.
According to the biopsychosocial perspective, the cause of body dysmorphic disorder is a biological predisposition, but critical to its development were experiences individuals may have had in adolescence. An example of such an experience would be.
Answer: being teased about their appearance.
In the category of trauma and stressor-related disorder, the DSM-4 includes.
Answer: disorders that were previously categorized as traumatic and stressor-related anxiety disorders. and disorders in childhood that resulted from exposure to stress or trauma.
From the Cognitive-behavioral perspective, one form of treatment for body dysmorphic disorder is. A. exposure and response prevention. B. Catharsis. C. resistance therapy. D. Person centered therapy.
Answer: exposure and response prevention.
Unlike the DSM-IV-TR, the new DSM-5 categorizes trichotillomania as. A. "hair pulling disorder", because it is not really a mania. B. an obsessive-compulsive disorder. C. an impulse-control disorder. D. A disorder related to schizophrenia.
Answer: hair pulling disorder, because it is not really a mania. and an obsessive-compulsive disorder.
People with PTSD experience alterations in the ___ structure in the brain.
Answer: hippocampus.
it is possible that anxiety disorders are due to a combination of.
Answer: life experiences. social context. Genetics. and brain functioning.
The treatment of choice for body dysmorphic disorder from the biological perspective includes which of the following? A. medication. B. psychosurgery. C. benzodiazepines. D. SSRIs.
Answer: medication and SSRI's.
The symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder are best understood from a ___ perspective as products of cognitive distortions.
Answer: psychological.
There does appear to be a strong genetic component to
Separation Anxiety Disorder.
For how long must one experience the symptoms of agoraphobia before it can be officially diagnosed?
Six months.
Contingency management
Systematic use of reinforcement and punishment intended to develop, maintain, and change behavior. A form of behavior therapy in which certain behaviors are reliably followed by well-defined consequences that are either rewarding or punishing.
True or False: The cognitive-behavioral perspective approach contends that people with social anxiety disorder have an unrealistic view of how others perceive them.
True.
Selective mutism
a disorder originating in childhood in which the individual consciously refuses to talk.
The basis for OCD may be abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex that contributes to the symptoms.
Answer: Biological.
Raoul is preoccupied with the size of his chest muscles. He thinks they are too small and wants implants to make them more pronounced. Raoul is most likely suffering from ___ ___ ___.
Answer: Body Dysmorphic Disorder.
By definition an anxiety disorder is the experience of ___ feelings of anxiety. a. Emotional. b. Chronic. c. Subtle. d. Periodic.
Answer: Chronic.
Which of the following are common compulsions in those suffering from OCD? a. Reading. b.Cleaning. c. Counting. d.Putting items in order. e.Listening to music.
Answer: Cleaning. Counting. Putting items in order.
Which of the following are involved in panic control therapy - PCT? A. cognitive restructuring. B. Psychoeducation. C. Hormone replacement. D. Breathing retraining.
Answer: Cognitive restructuring, psychoeducation, and breating retraining.
Barbara's therapist decided to us ___ behavioral therapy for treatment.
Answer: Cognitive.
The ___-behavioral perspective regards people with social anxiety disorder as unable to have a realistic view of how others really perceive them.
Answer: Cognitive.
___ restructuring helps clients think more rationally about fearful situations.
Answer: Cognitive.
Hoarding disorder is a form of. A. Compulsion. B. Social Anxiety. C. Acute Stress. D. Generalized Anxiety.
Answer: Compulsion
A ___ is the repetitive behavior or mental act preformed according to rigid rules that an individual feels driven to carry out to neutralize anxiety.
Answer: Compulsion.
Zack persistently things about cleaning out the refrigerator, but when Zack acts on the thoughts an repetitively cleans the refrigerator, this behavior is considered a(n).
Answer: Compulsion.
When a therapist supports and praises the client for successes, this behavioral technique is considered to be which of the following. A. Positive Exposure. B. Behavioral restructuring. C. Positive behavioral Advancements. D. Positive Reinforcement.
Answer: D. Positive Reinforcement.
The diagnosis of ___ ___ ___ disorder is applied to children who engage in culturally inappropriate, overly familiar behavior with people who are relative strangers.
Answer: Disinhibited social engagement.
Which of the following are categories of specific phobias? A. engaging in particular situations. B Variety of pant materials. C. Animals. D. Natural Environment. E. Blood Injection Injury.
Answer: Engaging in particular situations. Animals. Natural Environment. and Blood Injection Injury.
___ is the emotion people experience when confronted with a real or perceived imminent threat.
Answer: Fear.
Anxiety
A future-oriented & global response, involving both cognitive & emotional components, in which an individual is inordinately apprehensive, tense & uneasy about the prospect of something terrible happening.
Specific Phobia
A marked fear of a specific object or situation; Must be present for at least 6 months for diagnosis.
Phobia
An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation.
Shaping
An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
The cognitive-behavioral perspective approach indicates that how we think we are viewed by others may make us vulnerable to ___ anxiety disorder.
Answer. Social.
How many major dimensions does OCD have? a. 8. b. 4. c. 10. d. 2.
Answer: 4
To be diagnosed as a psychological disorder, agoraphobia must cause extreme discomfort and persist over time for at least ___ months.
Answer: 6
___ stress disorder or Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder may develop when an individual is exposed to the threat of death, to actual or threatened serious injury, or sexual violation.
Answer: Acute.
Laurie feels intense fear and anxiety every time she needs to leave her apartment. Laurie takes all precautions so she only has to leave her apartment once or twice a month. Laurie is likely to have which disorder?
Answer: Agoraphobia.
According to the biological perspective, researchers believe the anxiety associated with specific phobias may relate to abnormalities in the ___ ___ cortex.
Answer: Anterior insular.
An ___ disorder is described by the experience of a chronic and intense sense of dread about what might happen to you in the future.
Answer: Anxiety.
___ disorders are the most highly prevalent of all psychological disorders with the exception of substance use disorders.
Answer: Anxiety.
The ___ approach emphasizes that specific phobias occur because the response is learned.
Answer: Behavioral
Which of the following are aspects of the cognitive-behavioral approach to treating social anxiety disorder?
Group treatment, individual treatment & reframing real thoughts.
The ____ approach emphasizes that specific phobias occur because the response is learned.
Behavioral.
According to the biological perspective, researchers believe the anxiety associated with specific phobias may relate to abnormalities in the
anterior insular cortex.
Separation anxiety disorder
Children have intense & inappropriate anxiety about the prospect of, or actual separation, from home or caregivers & these emotions continue far longer than is age appropriate.
By definition an anxiety disorder is the experience of
Chronic feelings of anxiety.
____ anxiety disorder is when an individual always expects the worst to happen.
Generalized.
To be professionally diagnosed with a panic disorder one needs to show evidence of experiencing more than one attack within:
One month.
A client who experiences difficulty sleeping, has nightmares, is constantly on edge, & avoids talking about their trauma can be showing clear symptoms of
PTSD.
Anxiety Disorders
Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
Which of the following may be a part of obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Putting items in order, saving empty food containers, & washing & cleaning.
Primary explanations of specific phobias rely on
biological & psychological perspectives.
This type of therapy seems to hold the most promise for treating children with separation anxiety disorder:
cognitive-behavioral therapy.
