Ch 8 Psychology

A test designed to measure what a person has learned or mastered in a class is called a

achievement test

Claudia has bought a recipe book that gives her step-by-step procedures to prepare Italian cuisines. This scenario illustrates the use of

algorithms

According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, what type of intelligence would be needed to calculate a mathematical problem?

analytical

A test designed to make predictions about the future performances in an area of study such as Graduate school, Law school, or Medical school is called a

aptitude test

Focusing on information that supports your beliefs and discounting information that contradicts your beliefs is called the

confirmation bias

John has a stroke that damaged Wernicke's area of his left hemisphere. Which of the following symptoms would you expect him to display?

difficulty understanding speech

_____ thinking occurs during brainstorming

divergent

The fact that children in all cultures are able to master the rules of language relatively early in life without formal instruction most strongly suggests that

language acquisition may have a biological basis

The "k" sound in the word "cake" is a

phoneme

Shamus grew up in an impoverished neighborhood with lot of crime and poor educational opportunities. Because everyone fought over the few available resources, sometimes the only way to stay alive was to fight or steal. Shamus wants to go to college so he can build a better life for himself. When he begins taking classes, he's stunned by how few "street smarts" his classmates have. They might get better grades than he does, he thinks, but they wouldn't survive a week in the environment in which he grew up. According to Sternberg, about wha kind of intellectual competences is Shamus thinking?

practical thinking

When Carl talks to his girlfriend on the phone he says things like "wuz up baby" and "love ya lots hottie." When he meets her parents for the first time he says "how are you Mr. and Mrs. Jones" and "it is a great pleasure to finally meet you." Carl's change in language choices is an example of

pragmatics

Mitch needs to get his taxes sent out by April 15th. He decides that he will have all of his material ready to bring the accountant by February 1st. He will set up an initial meeting with the accountant on March 1st and follow-up meeting to finalize his return on April 1st. He can then send his return to the IRS by the deadline. Smith is most clearly using ____ to help him meet the tax deadline

subgoaling

The sentences, "The bicycle talked the boy into buying a candy bar," is

syntactically correct but semantically incorrect

A prototype is best defined as

the "most typical" instance of a category

Rose believes that being involved in a plane crash is more likely than being involved in an automobile crash. Which is the following errors has Rose made?

the availability heuristic

Before 6 months of age, infants around the world are able to vocalize ____, but at about 6 months of age they begin vocalizing ____

the phonemes of all language, only the phonemes associated with their native language

Noam Chomsky's view of language proposes that

there is an inherent language acquisition device

Speech segmentation (knowing where words start and end in spoken language) and pragmatics (understanding language in its social context) are examples of ___

top-down processing of language

Two year old Allie is learning to talk. Her sentences are very short and to the point. For example, she says "Me do" when she wants to do something herself. Allie is

using telegraphic speech

Clara develops a test to assess the levels of anxiety among cardiac surgeons and shows it to Betty, a subject matter expert, for feedback on her test. Post the review session, Betty approves her test and states that the test measures what is aims to measure. Thus, from the above scenario this test exemplifies

validity

Which of the following questions stumped the Genie team of doctors right from the beginning and still could not be answered by the end of the research?

was Genie mentally retarded from birth or was it due to years of isolation and punishment

Ashley is planning a road trip to drive across the United States. Rather than consider every possible road she could take, she decides to consider only the main roads since this is how she normally travels. What is Ashley using to plan her road trip

A heuristic

The brain region centrally involved in language production and articulation is called

Broca's area

A 6-year-old child with a mental age of 6 would have an IQ of

100

With respect to the debate over the process of language development, nature is to nurture as ___ is to ____

Chomsky; Skinner

According to Benjamin Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis, which of the following is true?

Different languages predispose those individuals who speak them to think about the world in different ways

Which of the following scenarios indicates giftedness?

Katie has an IQ score of 130 on an intelligence test

How scores in a distribution deviate from each other and the mean of the data is called the

Standard Deviation

Infinite generatively refers to the ability to

create an unlimited number of meaningful sentences

Genie was unable to learn language in her teens after being isolated without language until she was discovered. Genies difficulty, according to Eric Lemenburg, suggests there is

critical period in language acquisition

Trying the same technique repeatedly to solve a problem is called

fixation

The two basic elements of a language are symbols and

grammar

After the outcome of an election is announced, George states that he knew all along what the outcome would be. This is a form of

highsight bias

Bertha met two students from another school at a convention. She enjoyed their company a great deal and was very impressed with how nice they were. Bertha now believes that all the students from that school are nice and is therefore considering transferring to that school. According to the methods of reasoning, Bertha is using ___ reasoning in this scenario

inductive

Cognitive appraisal referes to the way an individual

interprets a situation

The smallest unit language that carries meaning (including prefixes and suffixes) and can stand alone as a small world as "it" or "to" is called a

morpheme

If an outcome measure is normally distributed, this means that

most scores are around the average with some scores being lower or higher

Francis, a psychologist, has developed a new test to measure the verbal ability of third graders. To determine the range of scores (and what is a good and bad score), he gives the test to 10,000 third graders. In the future, he will compare the performance of others to this references group. this process of determining meaningful scores involves establishing

norms

Rachel (age 13 months) can say "doggie" and "cookie." Meagan, who is 8 months old, makes many sounds that are repetitive, like "lalalala" and "dadadadada." Rachel's language development is in the ___ stage and Meagan's in the ___ stage

one-word; babbling

Monique routinely uses a shredder to shred her paper mail into confetti-sized pieces of paper. When packing her glassware to move into a new apartment, she runs out of protective Styrofoam packing material. Suddenly, Monique remembers about the shredded junk mail confetti which she could use as packing material. Form the above scenario, it can be concluded that Monique has

overcome functional fixedness