Ch. 9 DEV study guide
The ability to play the game of checkers requires
Flexibility and reversibility
What is centration?
Focusing only on one aspect of a problem
Engaging in elaborate pretend play is associated with
Increased creativity and ability to relate to peers
temporary learning support
Scaffolding
Research indicates that the appearance-reality distinction first appears by
age 3.
Conservation requires a. the ability to reverse one's thinking. b. the ability to focus on two or more aspects of a situation at once. c. concrete operational thinking. d. All of these
d. All of these
T/F Four-year-olds think dreams are real because of artificialism.
false
Repetition is the same as
rehearsal
By the age of 4, children can remember events that occurred at least ______ earlier.
1 ½ years
Children as young as _____can remember organized sequences of events they have experienced.
12 months old
Preschool programs to enhance the cognitive development of economically disadvantaged children began in the
1960-1970s.
In what year did Sesame Street make its debut?
1973
Young children do not spontaneously engage in rehearsal until approximately age
5
What is "theory of mind?"
A commonsense understanding of how the mind works
In terms of word learning, what is fast mapping?
A process in which the child quickly attaches a new word to its appropriate content
When does pretend play usually appear?
About 12-13 months
According to Piaget, the preoperational stage of cognitive development lasts from about
Age 2-7
"the moon is hiding"
Animism
While playing outside in the snow, a snowflake falls on Timothy's nose and melts. He exclaims, "The snowflake kissed me!" This is an example of
Animism
"The sky is raining because it is sad" is an example of
Animism
What is a retrieval cue?
Any trigger that helps us pull something from memory
the difference between real and non-real events
Appearance-reality distinction
If you ask a child the question, "Why does the moon rise?" and he responds, "Because I want it to," this child is probably
Approximately age 3 or older
Believing that the sun is a yellow circle that a person painted on the sky is an example of
Artificialism
At what age do children appear to develop a "theory of mind?"
As early as preschool
Why might preschool programs for economically disadvantaged children be needed?
Because these children generally perform less well on standardized intelligence tests
Why might class inclusion tasks be difficult for the preoperational child?
Because these tasks require the child to focus on multiple dimensions simultaneously
A classic experiment using the three mountains task with 5- and 6-year-old children shows that they
Cannot take the perspective of the doll
focusing on one aspect of a situation while ignoring others
Centration
children choose activities that interest them and they acquire academic skills through play
Child-centered preschool
must focus on two aspects of a situation at once
Class inclusion
one class of things can include several subclasses
Class inclusion
Pouring water from a short wide glass into a tall thin glass is a test used to assess children's
Conservation
changes in shape do not change volume
Conservation
also known as the mutual exclusivity assumption
Contrast assumption
Being able to pretend involves a. manipulation of symbols. b. cognitive sophistication. c. preoperational thought. d. All of these
D) all of these
A child who cannot take someone else's perspective would be characterized as
Egocentric
When 3-year-old Caitlin is asked what she did at preschool that day, she says "You know. You were there." This type of one-dimensional thinking is called
Egocentrism
one-dimensional thinking
Egocentrism
quickly determining a word's meaning
Fast mapping
enhances cognitive development of economically disadvantaged children
Head Start program
As described in the textbook, HOME is an acronym for
Home Observation for the Measurement of the Environment.
Which of the following would increase a young child's memory for an event?
If the activities occurred in a particular order
What enhances the effectiveness of preschool programs for economically disadvantaged children?
If they encourage parental involvement in the program
difficulty with subtraction
Irreversibility
If you ask a child the question, "Why does the sun rise?" and she responds, "So I can see to go outside and play," this child
Is demonstrating precausal thinking
What are the effects of television viewing on children?
It depends upon what shows are being watched
Violent pretend play is associated with
Lower levels of empathy and increased antisocial behavior later on
In 4-year-old children, which assists memory more?
Maternal assistance and internal motivation, depending on the memory task
To most 4-year-olds, dreams are like
Movies or TV
Piaget believed that the appearance-reality distinction appeared at what age?
Not until age 7 or 8.
mental acts or schemes
Operations
Mental acts in which objects are changed or transformed and then can be returned to their original states are called
Operations
adapting language to the social situation
Pragmatics
What does a good scaffolding strategy do?
Provides information just a little higher than the child's current capability
mental repetition
Rehearsal
In transductive reasoning, a child assumes that
Separate events have cause-effect relationships
Your 3-year-old daughter, Amelie, has an imaginary friend named Brady. What can be concluded about Amelie?
She is not unusual as 65% of preschoolers have imaginary friends
Children with imaginary companions
Show greater ability to concentrate and more advanced language development
The typical 4-year-old believes
That dreams are real
Caleb is 4 years old. He is likely to believe
That others can "see" his dreams
When asked what the doll sees in Piaget's three-mountain test, what answer do preoperational children typically give?
The doll sees what the child sees
What test did Piaget use to show that egocentrism prevents young children from taking the perspectives of others?
The three mountains test
According to Vygotsky, what is "private speech?"
The ultimate binding of language and thought
understanding how one's mind works
Theory of mind
In a study by DeLoache and colleagues (1985), what behaviors did children exhibit that indicated they were trying to remember where Big Bird was hidden?
They pointed or looked at the hiding place
Three-year-old Molly is watching her mailbox. She tells her mother that the mail carrier will soon come because it is now daytime. This type of thinking is called
Transductive reasoning
separate specific events are thought to have cause-and-effect relationships
Transductive reasoning
The ability to engage in pretend play is dependent upon
Use and recollection of symbols
One of the most important symbolic activities in young children is
Use of language
zone of proximal development
Vygotsky
Scaffolding is a term associated with
Vygotsky's zone of proximal development.
Do preschool programs for economically disadvantaged children facilitate cognitive development?
Yes, because they provide environmental enrichment
Can preschool intervention programs have long-term positive outcomes?
Yes, the children are more likely to go on to college and earn higher incomes
Do newborns have memory skills?
Yes, they can recognize their mother's face and voice
Overregularization is caused by
a child's understanding of syntax.
Gina is 3 years old. She can tell you that before going to bed, she puts on her pajamas, brushes her teeth, and listens to a story. Gina's account of this repeated event is called
a script
When asked what happens at a birthday party, a 3-year-old says, "you play games, open presents, and eat cake." This description represents
a script.
Which of the following represents overregularization? a. "Daddy goed" b. Understanding that sheep remains "sheep" in plural c. Assuming that all brown, furry creatures are dogs d. "Mommy walked"
a. "Daddy goed"
Which of the following represents a recognition task for children? a. Asking children which toys they've seen before b. Asking children to name all their friends c. Asking children to name the President of the United States d. Having children draw pictures of their families
a. Asking children which toys they've seen before
Which of the following is TRUE? a. Lack of centration enables one to have the ability of conservation b. Centration causes one to have the ability of conservation c. Centration and conservation are unrelated d. Conservation causes centration
a. Lack of centration enables one to have the ability of conservation
What is scaffolding? a. Temporary support provided to a child while learning to perform a task b. A method of testing a child's conservation skills c. An achievement test sometimes given to young children d. A test of gross motor skills
a. Temporary support provided to a child while learning to perform a task
Which of the following represents a child's "zone of proximal development?" a. The gap between what the child can do now and what she can do with help b. The degree of difference between the child's current ability and future potential c. What younger children can do in comparison to what older children can do d. What a young child can do in comparison to her peers
a. The gap between what the child can do now and what she can do with help
Which of the following represents the concept of class inclusion? a. Understanding that "animal" includes subclasses such as "dogs" and "cats" b. Being able to engage in addition and subtraction c. Being able to recite the multiplication tables d. Being able to place objects in order according to some characteristic
a. Understanding that "animal" includes subclasses such as "dogs" and "cats"
Which of the following is a mental representation? a. Understanding that an eraser can look like a cookie b. Being able to use words to express thoughts c. Being able to draw what something looks like d. The ability to think of an object while looking at it
a. Understanding that an eraser can look like a cookie
Which of the following would 3-year-old Tyler remember best? a. What he did while building a house out of blocks b. What he did while playing in the sandbox c. What he did while playing at a friend's house d. what he did while watching a movie he had not seen before
a. What he did while building a house out of blocks
A preoperational child would assume a. that tall glasses hold more liquid than short glasses. b. that objects that are out of sight have ceased to exist. c. that subtraction is easier than addition. d. All of these
a. that tall glasses hold more liquid than short glasses.
Nilo attends a preschool in which her teachers take her and her classmates step by step through their learning of numbers, letters, shapes, and colors. Nilo attends which type of preschool?
academically oriented
Young children are better at recalling ______ than ______.
activities; objects
At what age do children begin to show an ability to deceive others?
age 4
Pregnancy among single teenage girls is generally associated with
an end of their formal education.
You show a picture of an unfamiliar object to a child and tell her it is a "gop." Now you show her a picture of two of the objects and ask, "What are these?" and the child says, "gops." This demonstrates
an understanding of grammar.
Understanding mental representations involves comprehending that
appearance and reality do not always match.
Children have better memory for events when their parents
ask questions of the child and elaborate on the child's experience of the event.
Memory for events that happened in one's life is called
autobiographical memory.
Which of the following sentences would be most difficult for a 2-year-old to understand? a. "Mommy went to the store to get some milk." b. "The food is eaten by the dog." c. "The car hit the truck." d. "The cat chased the mouse."
b. "The food is eaten by the dog."
Which of the following is a recall task? a. Asking children to identify which toys they've seen before b. Asking a child to recite the state capitals c. Completing a survey d. A matching test
b. Asking a child to recite the state capitals
Which of the following represents a contrast assumption? a. Assuming that novel terms must refer to something that you already know b. Assuming that novel terms must refer to unfamiliar objects c. Assuming that words refer to whole-objects, and not characteristics of objects d. Assuming that similar objects must belong to the same category
b. Assuming that novel terms must refer to unfamiliar objects
Which of the following words is a child likely to understand first? a. When b. Who c. Why d. How
b. Who
If you conducted a research study in which you told a 4-year-old child to hide a toy so that another child could not locate it, you would find that a. 4-year-olds are not capable of acting deceptively. b. there would be gender differences in the results. c. 4-year-olds are capable of understanding such a task. d. None of these
c. 4-year-olds are capable of understanding such a task.
In a study by O'Neill and Gopnik (1991), 4- and 5-year-olds were able to describe what was in a tunnel and how they knew what was in the tunnel. Three-year-olds were not as able to identify the sources of their knowledge as evidenced by which of the following? a. The children could not identify what was in the tunnel b. Many children identified a ball in the tunnel when there was none c. Some children identified a ball as blue after feeling it but not seeing it d. Some children reported seeing things in the tunnel that were not there
c. Some children identified a ball as blue after feeling it but not seeing it
Given the research on young children's memory, which of the following would a preschooler most likely remember? a. Objects used while washing the family car b. Activities that occurred while playing on the playground c. The steps involved in making cookies d. The ingredients used to make cookies
c. The steps involved in making cookies
Which represents the appearance-reality distinction? a. Knowing that a teddy bear exists even if out of sight b. Understanding that breaking a cookie into two pieces does not increase its mass c. Understanding the difference between a toy train and an actual train d. Thinking that a cartoon cat and an actual cat are the same
c. Understanding the difference between a toy train and an actual train
Recent research evaluating Piaget's theory suggests that
children can take the perspective of others at an earlier age than Piaget believed.
In the conservation task, asking children whether both beakers have the same amount of water and to watch the pouring carefully may result in
children expecting a change in the amounts.
Research indicates that in terms of the effects of commercials on children,
children who watch more television are more likely to believe commercial advertising.
Piaget believed that _________develops before___________.
cognitive development; language development
A child cannot understand that a model and the larger object it resembles represent the same thing. This child a. is probably in the preoperational stage. b. is having difficulty with mental representations. c. is probably unable to conserve. d. All of these
d. All of these
HOME is a better predictor of young children's later IQ scores than a. social class. b. mother's IQ. c. infant IQ. d. All of these
d. All of these
One way to enhance memory is to a. engage in rehearsal. b. repeat the material. c. place the information into categories. d. All of these
d. All of these
Operations are a. schemes. b. mental acts. c. transformations. d. All of these
d. All of these
Understanding class inclusion requires an understanding of a. reversibility. b. conservation. c. decentration. d. All of these
d. All of these
Which of the following contributes to memory in young children? a. What the child is asked to remember b. Interest level c. Availability of reminders or retrieval cues d. All of these
d. All of these
Which of the following is TRUE of preschool programs for economically disadvantaged children? a. The early effects are often quite dramatic b. Many studies show that the positive effects are long term c. These children have been compared to children of similar backgrounds that did not complete such programs d. All of these
d. All of these
Which of the following is TRUE? a. American children spend more time watching television than they do in school b. By age 3, the average American child watches 2-3 hours of television per day c. Television has great potential for teaching cognitive skills and attitudes to children d. All of these
d. All of these
Which of the following is a scaffolding strategy for helping a child understand a story? a. Focusing the child's attention on important details b. Asking the child questions about what is occurring in the story c. Correcting the child's misunderstandings d. All of these
d. All of these
Which of the following is associated with higher IQ scores by age 3? a. Emotionally responsive parenting b. Verbally responsive parenting c. A variety of daily experiences for young children d. All of these
d. All of these
Young children a. use concrete memory aids to help them remember. b. can be trained to use rehearsal. c. can be assisted to remember better with labeling strategies. d. All of these
d. All of these
Preschools that are more "child centered"
encourage children to choose the activities that interest them the most.
Given the whole-object assumption, a child would assume that "train" refers to the
entire train.
T/F Children should be corrected when they overregularize as it's an indication of falling behind in language development.
false
T/F Preschoolers use rehearsal to remember things.
false
T/F Until age 5, children cannot distinguish between pictures of objects and real objects.
false
Children's ability to separate their beliefs from those of another person who has false knowledge of a situation is called
false theory of mind
Head Start and Early Head Start get 80% of their funding from
government funding
Which of the following is a preschool program designed to enhance the cognitive development and academic skills of economically disadvantaged children?
head start
The Head Start program not only enhances the cognitive development and academic skills of children but also provides
healthcare to children and social services to their families.
Recent studies indicate that children's understanding of causality is more sophisticated than Piaget believed. However, this depends upon
how the task is presented
Three-year-olds show better recognition and recall for toys
in which they are interested.
Five-year-old Nathan pours juice from a tall glass into a shorter one. He then gives the short glass to Vince. Three-year-old Vince is upset because he now believes he has less juice than when it was in the tall glass. This aspect of preoperational thought is called
irreversibility
Preoperational children fail to show conservation skills because of a characteristic known as
irreversibility
The memory of preschool-aged children
is better at recognizing items than recalling them.
Autobiographical memory appears to be linked to
language skill development.
Four-year-old Jenna is looking at a drawing of her family tree. Her father tells her she has three aunts and two grandmothers. Her father then asks her if she has more grandmothers or more relatives. What will she say?
more grandmothers
Children who lack conservation skills would assume that a sandwich cut in half would result in
more sandwich
Jago et al., (2005) found that _________ was a stronger predictor of children being overweight than diet.
number of hours watching television
In a longitudinal study, Haden and her colleagues (2001) found that children's recollections of performance on tasks were better when the children
performed the task and discussed it with their mothers.
Five-year-old Karl chooses more formal words when talking to his teachers, but uses infant-directed speech when speaking to his baby brother, Nelson. This changing of speech to fit the social situation is called
pragmatics.
Showing turn-taking skills in language is an example of
pragmatics.
Research indicates that using scaffolding within a zone of proximal development
promotes children's learning and memory.
Conservation requires an understanding that
properties of objects remain the same, even if you change their shape or arrangement.
The Children's Television Act
requires that networks devote a certain number of hours per week to educational programming.
Teenage girls who attended preschool intervention programs became pregnant at the same rates as other girls, but were more likely to
return to school after giving birth.
A parent who demonstrates to a child how to tie his/her shoes, and then gradually turns over the responsibility for the task over to the child, is exhibiting
scaffolding
An abstract, generalized account of repeated events is called a
script
The effects of regular viewing of Sesame Street
seem to apply across race, gender, and living conditions.
pretend play
symbolic play
Donaldson (1979) indicated that children's difficulty with the three-mountain task may be due more to _______ than to _________.
the demands of the task; egocentrism
With cognitive scaffolding,
the guidance provided is decreased as the child becomes more skilled.
Molfese and her colleagues (1997) found that _______ was the single most important predictor of scores on IQ tests for children ages 3 to 8.
the home environment
Clarke-Stewart and Beck (1999) found that the quality of stories retold by children was related to
the scaffolding strategies used by their mothers.
Lydia is told to look at two objects, one is her pet dog and the other is an object unknown to her. When her father says, "Look at the turtle!" Lydia, according to the contrast assumption, would assume that
the turtle is the unfamiliar object.
A 4-year-old child is shown pictures of four cats and six dogs. When asked if there are more dogs or more animals, she will most likely say
there are more dogs
T/F Answering essay questions is an example of the use of recall.
true
T/F Egocentrism is characterized by one-dimensional thinking.
true
T/F Hyperactive children can be taught to use self-directed speech to increase their self-control.
true
T/F In "transductive reasoning," children reason by going from one specific isolated event to another.
true
T/F Preoperational children are not conservationists.
true
T/F Preschoolers show better memory for toys in which they're interested.
true
T/F Saying "Doggie goed away" instead of "Doggie went away" is a sign that young children understand the rules of grammar.
true
T/F Scaffolding is a useful concept for understanding how to teach children.
true
T/F The contrast assumption assumes that objects only have one label.
true
T/F Three-year-olds believe it is possible to discover a ball's color just by feeling it.
true
T/F Understanding mental representations requires understanding that objects can take many forms in our minds.
true
The statement that 1- and 2-year-olds are too young to remember past events is
true
The concept of scaffolding can be attributed to which theorist?
vygotsky
An association between child weight and hours of television watched
was found cross-culturally.
