ch 9 micro

an operon encoding amino acid biosynthetic enzymes an operon encoding vitamin biosynthetic enzymes

Which two of the following operons in E. coli would be repressible?

recombination

---- refers to the transfer of genes from donor to recipient microorganisms, where the recipient strain shows a change in genetic makeup at the end.

Define operon. Identify spontaneous and induced mutations. Describe the regulator of the lac operon.

Your most challenging concepts

helicase, polymerase

_____ unwinds dna and _____ adds th nucleotides

Horizontal

_____gene transfer occurs when organisms acquire genes which did not come directly from parent organisms

Frameshift

___mutations are generally most harmful to cells because they cause the greatest change in the amino acid sequence of a protein.

MRNA

a copy of the DNA template corresponding to a protein-encoding ge

gene

a sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for one functional protein or RNA.

ligase DNA polymerase helicase

dna repilcaiton enzymes

dna polymerase

he enzyme that synthesizes DNA strands in the 5' to 3' direction.

uaa, uag, uga

how many stop codons r there>?? name them

transduction

involves the transfer of DNA via bacteriophages.

Transformation

involves the uptake of free DNA by competent bacterial cells.

Transcription

is the process of decoding DNA into messenger RNA.

Translation

is the process of decoding the messenger RNA into a polypeptide

Transposons

jumping genes

nonsense

mutation results in early termination of the protein.

Guanine

Cytosine

transcription

RNA polymerase binds the DNA promoter to initiate

leading

Which strand is replicated continuously without segments during DNA replication?

lagging

Which strand is replicated discontinuously in segments during DNA replication?

ultraviolet light 2-amino purine

Which two of the following are responsible for induced mutations?

Transduction

Which recombination method involves transfer of DNA via bacteriophages?

1:1

A DNA triplet encodes ______ mRNA codon(s) and ______ amino acid(s).

point mutaiton

A mutation that affects only a single base pair in DNA

missense mutation

A mutation that leads to the insertion of a different amino acid in the encoded protein is termed a

missense mutation

A mutation that leads to the insertion of a different amino acid in the encoded protein is termed a___________

mutagen

An agent that induces changes in DNA

recombinant

An organism that contains and expresses genes that originated in another organism is called a(n)

strain

An organism that has a mutation is called a mutant__

inducer

Because lactose is ultimately responsible for stimulating protein synthesis from the lac operon, it is called the

bind to the operator sequence

Binding of arginine to the arginine repressor protein causes the repressor to

leave the operator sequence

Binding of lactose to the lactose repressor protein causes the repressor to

damaged DNA

DNA repair enzymes have as their substrate

RNA is single-stranded In RNA, uracil replaces thymine

How does RNA differ from DNA in bacteria and eukaryotes?

operon

In bacteria, a regulatory gene, a control region, and structural genes collectively are referred to as a(n)

exons

In eukaryotes, coding regions of DNA that will be translated into protein are called

okazaki fragments

In replication of DNA, the lagging strand is replicated in a discontinuous manner forming

helicase DNA polymerase ligase

Select the enzymes that function in DNA replication.

Template DNA

Stand of original DNA that transcription occurs on.

lagging

The ---strand contains Okazaki fragments.

actively greowing

The arginine operon is "on" when the cell is

induces a conformational change in the protein

The binding of arginine to the arginine repressor protein causes the repressor to bind to the operator region. This happens because arginine

induces a conformational change in the protein

The binding of lactose to the lactose repressor protein causes the repressor to leave the operator region. This happens because lactose

low amino acids

The biosynthesis of the amino acid histidine requires several enzymes whose genes are organized in the his operon. The his operon would be expected to be active when the cell is growing in a medium containing

histidine

The corepressor of the histidine biosynthetic operon is

catabolize lactose

The genes of the lac operon in E.coli encode enzymes that __

corepressor

The histidine operon is normally expressed to synthesize histidine for the cell. The operon is turned off only when histidine is present in excess, and the excess histidine serves as a____ to turn off the operon

operator

The lactose repressor protein binds to the ____ of the lac operon

repressor protein

The regulator of the lac operon is a gene that encodes

tru

The start codon AUG is associated with the tRNA anticodon UAC and the amino acid methionine.

false: theyre made of DNA and histone proteins.

True or false: Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of DNA and RNA.

False

True or false: Plasmids are insertion sequences that can lead to changes in genotype within a cell or between cells.

That DNA released from a dead cell can be transferred to live cel

What did Griffith's experiment using Streptococcus pneumoniae demonstrate?

bring aminos to ribosome

What is the function of tRNA?

Nonsense mutation

What is the result of a point mutation that changes a template gene sequence from 3'-TACGCCATATAT-5' to 3'-TACGCCATCTAT-5'?

repressed until the glucose is consumed

When E. coli is grown in a medium containing both glucose and lactose, the lac operon will be

on; actively synthesized

When a cell is actively growing, the arg operon is _____, and arginine is _____.

ligase

Which enzyme completes the final sealing of nicks in a newly synthesized DNA strand?

transformation

Which gene transfer method involves the uptake of free DNA by competent bacterial cells?

DNA polymerase

Which is the main enzyme in elongation of a DNA strand during replication?

mRNA binds to the ribosome

Which is the main event of translation initiation?

lactose

Which molecule is the inducer of the lac operon?

Conjugation Transformation Transduction

Which of the following are methods of gene transfer in bacteria?

errors in DNA replication

Which of the following is responsible for spontaneous mutations?

he pyr operon, encoding pyrimidine biosynthetic enzymes the rib operon, encoding riboflavin biosynthetic enzymes the thr operon, encoding threonine biosynthetic enzymes

Which of the following operons in E. coli would be repressible?

operon

Which operational unit in bacteria consists of a regulatory gene, a control region, and structural genes?

reduncancy

of the genetic code results in several codons encoding the same amino acid. Listen to the complete question

a g

purines

t c u

pyrimadines

rna polymerase

s the enzyme that transcribes DNA into RNA.

promoter

specific region of a gene where RNA polymerase can bind and begin transcription

semiconservative Replication

the DNA is duplicated prior to binary fission.

lactose repressor

the ____ binds to the operator of the lac operon.

promoter

the ____ of the lac operon is a region of DNA that is recognized by RNA polymerase

regulator

the____ of the lac operon is a gene that encodes a repressor protein.

amino acids

trna carries _____ ___ to the ribosome to build peptide chains during protein synthesis