CH 9 Quiz Questions

What percentage of an adult's body is water?

60

Which of the following body structures helps to regulate thirst? Brainstem Cerebellum Optic nerve Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus

Which mineral is critical to keeping the heartbeat steady and plays a major role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance? Sodium Calcium Potassium Magnesium

Potassium

Which of the following is not a function of water in the body? Lubricant Source of energy Maintains protein structure Participant in chemical reactions

Source of energy

What instruction would you give a client with iron-deficiency anemia who would like to try to improve her iron status? a. "Limit tea and coffee: they contain tannins that inhibit iron absorption." b. "Avoid citrus juices and tomatoes: they contain phytates, which bind to iron." c. "Do not cook with cast iron skillets: they attract iron and draw it out of the food." d. "Take 5 iron supplements with milk each day: the milk will increase absorption." e. "Eat plenty of cabbage: it enhances absorption of iron.

a. "Limit tea and coffee: they contain tannins that inhibit iron absorption."

What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for sodium in adults? a. 2300 mg b. 3400 mg c. 1500 mg d. 400 mcg e. 100 mcg

a. 2300 mg

Of the following individuals, who would be LEAST likely to require a supplement? a. A healthy, 40-year-old man who is able to eat a variety of foods b. A healthy, 40-year-old woman who is lactose intolerant c. A 16-year-old pregnant girl d. A four-month-old infant whose mother is not able to breastfeed e. A 28-year-old male burn victim who is undergoing treatment and surgeries

a. A healthy, 40-year-old man who is able to eat a variety of foods

Generally, at what age does bone loss first start to exceed bone formation? a. 15 b. 30 c. 50 d. 60 e. 75

b. 30

Fluoride acts to decrease the susceptibility of bones and teeth to demineralization, thereby making teeth more resistant to decay. a. True b. False

a. True

Mild dehydration is defined as a loss of less than 5% of body weight. a. True b. False

a. True

Most of the sodium in the U.S. diet comes from processed foods rather than from the salt shaker. a. True b. False

a. True

Some dietary supplements may be contaminated with steroids and/or stimulants. a. True b. False

a. True

Two possible causes for the development of an enlarged thyroid gland, or goiter, are iodine deficiency and excessive intake of certain foods, such as cabbage, kale, brussels sprouts, cauliflower, and broccoli. a. True b. False

a. True

Magnesium deficiency is thought to be the cause of the hallucinations commonly experienced during withdrawal from alcohol intoxication. a. True b. False

a. True Magnesium deficiency can result from inadequate intake, vomiting, diarrhea, alcohol abuse, or malnutrition; in people who have been fed nutritionally incomplete fluids intravenously for too long after surgery; or in people using diuretics. Magnesium deficiency symptoms include a low blood calcium level, muscle cramps, and seizures. Magnesium deficiency is thought to cause the hallucinations commonly experienced during withdrawal from alcohol intoxication. In addition, magnesium deficiency may worsen inflammation associated with many chronic diseases and may increase the risk of stroke and sudden death by heart failure, even in otherwise healthy people. Low intakes of magnesium may have adverse effects on bone metabolism and increase the risk for osteoporosis as well.

Protein pumps maintain greater concentrations of potassium inside body cells than outside. a. True b. False

a. True Outside the body's cells, sodium is the principal positively charged ion. Inside the cells, potassium takes the role of the principal positively charged ion. Potassium plays a major role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance and cell integrity. During nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction, potassium and sodium trade places briefly across the cell membrane. The cell then quickly pumps them back into place. Controlling potassium distribution is a high priority for the body because it affects many aspects of homeostasis, including maintaining a steady heartbeat.

Diabetic acidosis, prolonged vomiting, or long-term steroid medication use can result in potassium deficiency. a. True b. False

a. True Potassium deficiency is characterized by an increase in blood pressure, kidney stones, and bone turnover. As deficiency progresses, symptoms include irregular heartbeats, muscle weakness, and glucose intolerance. Potassium deficiency results more often from excessive losses than from deficient intakes. Deficiency arises in abnormal conditions such as diabetic acidosis, dehydration, or prolonged vomiting or diarrhea; potassium deficiency can also result from the regular use of certain medications, including diuretics, steroids, and cathartics.

What provides the first line of defense against changes in the acid-base balance of fluids? a. buffer systems b. kidneys c. lungs d. skin e. gastrointestinal tract

a. buffer systems

A deficiency in which mineral will lead to a diabetes-like condition with elevated blood glucose and impaired glucose tolerance? a. chromium b. molybdenum c. iron d. zinc e. selenium

a. chromium

Bone is a meshwork with calcium forming on a matrix of ____. a. collagen b. fibronectin c. laminin d. elastin e. cartilage

a. collagen

What is a symptom of water intoxication? a. convulsion b. pale skin c. rapid pulse d. low blood pressure e. fever

a. convulsion

Which lab test determines early stages of iron deficiency when iron stores are diminishing? a. decreased serum ferritin b. decreased transferrin c. decreased hemoglobin d. decreased hematocrit e. decreased serum iron

a. decreased serum ferritin

Water balance is regulated by the ____, a region of the brain that initiates drinking behavior, and this brain region also stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone from the ____ gland to trigger the kidneys to reabsorb water. a. hypothalamus; pituitary b. pituitary; thalamus c. thalamus; pituitary d. hypothalamus; thalamus e. thalamus; hypothalamus

a. hypothalamus; pituitary

The regular use of diuretics can lead to a ____ deficiency. a. potassium b. sodium c. calcium d. chloride e. sulfur

a. potassium

What should you look for in a vitamin supplement? a. should contain less than the RDA values b. should be a therapeutic dose c. should contain high doses of iron d. should be labeled as "organic" e. should contain carnitine

a. should contain less than the RDA values

When looking at a blood smear, what characteristics would indicate iron-deficiency anemia? a. small red blood cells, light red in color b. small red blood cells, very dark in color c. large red blood cells, light red in color d. large red blood cells, very dark in color e. large red blood cells, irregularly shaped

a. small red blood cells, light red in color

hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that stimulates the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys; also regulates chloride

aldosterone

a hormone released by the pituitary gland in response to high salt concentrations in the blood; the kidneys respond by reabsorbing

antidiuretic hormone

How much water must be excreted as urine per day in order to carry away waste products generated by metabolic activities? a. 125 mL b. 500 mL c. 1000 mL d. 1500 mL e. 3000 mL

b. 500 mL

"High-potency" or "therapeutic dose" supplements work better than normal doses. a. True b. False

b. False

Calcium is always absorbed better from supplements than from food sources such as milk or broccoli. a. True b. False

b. False

Supplements are an easy alternative to maintaining a healthy diet. a. True b. False

b. False

Water makes up no more than 40% of the volume of most fruits and vegetables. a. True b. False

b. False

Cells regulate their water contents by pumping water inside or outside their membranes using protein pumps. a. True b. False

b. False The body controls both water intake and water excretion to maintain water equilibrium. Imbalances such as dehydration (see Table 9-1) and water intoxication can occur, but the body quickly restores the balance to normal if it can.

A low level of the iron-carrying protein transferrin and a high transferrin saturation are indicative of iron deficiency. a. True c

b. False The second stage of iron deficiency is characterized by a decrease in transport iron: levels of serum iron fall, and levels of the iron-carrying protein transferrin increase (an adaptation that enhances iron absorption). Together, these two measures can determine the severity of the deficiency—the more transferrin and the less iron in the blood, the more advanced the deficiency is. Transferrin saturation—the percentage of transferrin that is saturated with iron—decreases as iron stores decline.

Zinc intakes throughout the world are adequate because it is abundant in legumes and whole grains and its absorption is not inhibited by fiber or phytates. a. True b. False

b. False Zinc deficiency in human beings was first reported in the 1960s in studies of growing children and male adolescents in Egypt, Iran, and Turkey. Their diets were typically low in zinc and high in fiber and phytates (which impair zinc absorption). The zinc deficiency was marked by dwarfism, or severe growth retardation, and arrested sexual maturation—symptoms that were responsive to zinc supplementation.

Why do zinc levels have a tendency to decline during pregnancy? a. Zinc absorption is depressed during pregnancy to protect the fetus from toxicity. b. Zinc's transporting protein decreases during pregnancy. c. Zinc is so important to the growing baby, that most of the dietary zinc is with the fetus. d. Pregnancy puts stress on the kidneys, leading to increased excretion of zinc in the urine. e. The increase in pregnancy hormones leads to a decrease in zinc storage.

b. Zinc's transporting protein decreases during pregnancy.

Which food is the best source of phosphorus? a. tomatoes b. cheese c. oatmeal d. spinach e. olive oil

b. cheese

What dietary changes would you suggest to a patient who has prehypertension? a. decreasing potassium intake, while increasing sodium intake b. decreasing red meats consumption, while increasing whole grains consumption c. decreasing fat consumption, while increasing sodium intake d. decreasing vegetable consumption, while increasing red meat consumption e. decreasing fish consumption, while increasing red meat consumption

b. decreasing red meats consumption, while increasing whole grains consumption

What is a symptom of fluoride toxicity? a. tooth decay b. discolored teeth c. anemia d. osteoporosis e. goiter formation

b. discolored teeth

Vegetarians may require more zinc than the RDA if they _____. a. eat only enriched rather than whole-grain cereals b. exclude animal products and eat a lot of whole grains and legumes c. include cheese in their diets as a protein source d. consume a lot of fresh fruit and yogurt e. take a copper supplement

b. exclude animal products and eat a lot of whole grains and legumes

Sallie loses 500 milliliters of blood over several hours from a fractured femur. Her blood pressure does not drop because _____. a. this amount of blood loss would not affect the blood pressure b. her kidneys retain more water to compensate c. the hypothalamus stimulates thirst d. transferrin carries iron e. there is a decreased concentration of sodium

b. her kidneys retain more water to compensate

When iron levels are low, how does the body compensate? a. red blood cells are destroyed to liberate iron b. iron binding proteins are increased c. hepcidin secretion is increased d. iron release from the intestine is limited e. ferritin levels are increased

b. iron binding proteins are increased

When a patient who has the flu with vomiting and diarrhea presents in the hospital, what symptom would lead you to suspect that they had a deficiency in magnesium? a. fever b. muscle cramps c. headache d. numbness e. chills

b. muscle cramps

What force moves fluids back and forth across a membrane? a. diffusion b. osmosis c. electrolysis d. active transport e. dynamic

b. osmosis

When food is processed, sodium content increases, while ____ content decreases. a. calcium b. potassium c. chloride d. iron e. magnesium

b. potassium

Which food should you avoid if you are iron deficient? a. soy b. tea c. olive oil d. tomatoes e. raisins

b. tea

High intakes of which of the following interfere with copper absorption and can lead to a deficiency?

zinc

Which patient is at highest risk for developing osteoporosis? a. 60 year old African-American female with a BMI of 26 b. 60 year old African-American male with a BMI of 26 c. 60 year old Latino female with a BMI of 26 d. 60 year old Latino male with a BMI of 26 e. 60 year old Indian female with a BMI of 26

c. 60 year old Latino female with a BMI of 26

Your client, who has no dietary deficiencies, is insisting that she needs a dietary supplement. Which option would you recommend? a. Organic Tart Cherry Juice Concentrate b. High potency Acacia Fiber c. One-daily multivitamin d. 1000 mg Inositol e. Grapeseed extract of 200 mg

c. One-daily multivitamin

When calcium levels are too high, what is the most likely consequence? a. calcium is excreted in feces b. calcium secretion is increased by the kidneys c. calcium is deposited into the bones d. calcium is transported into cells for storage e. calcium absorption in the intestines is decreased

c. calcium is deposited into the bones

Tony's blood concentration of calcium is dangerously low. What is the probable cause? a. a long-term, inadequate intake of dietary calcium b. vitamin D toxicity owing to supplement use c. excess secretion of one of the hormones involved in calcium balance d. a chronic excessive intake of dietary sodium e. deficient bone storage of calcium due to broken bones sustained during athletics

c. excess secretion of one of the hormones involved in calcium balance

Excessive water intake can lead to ____. a. fluoropatite b. hypertension c. hyponatremia d. hemochromatosis e. pica

c. hyponatremia (occurs when the concentration of sodium in your blood is abnormally low. Sodium is an electrolyte, and it helps regulate the amount of water that's in and around your cells.)

Which mineral leads to a predisposition of heart disease when deficient? a. iron b. zinc c. selenium d. iodine e. copper

c. selenium

Which mineral is most often overconsumed in the United States? a. calcium b. magnesium c. sodium d. iron e. potassium

c. sodium

What is the primary function of iron in hemoglobin? a. to maintain blood pH b. to stimulate red blood cell division c. to bind and release oxygen d. to maintain protein structure e. to regulate isoelectricity of the protein

c. to bind and release oxygen

Which vitamin enhances iron absorption? a. vitamin A b. vitamin B6 c. vitamin C d. vitamin D e. vitamin K

c. vitamin C

Which statement is the best explanation of why supplements should be taken? a. "They give me energy!" b. "They make me strong!" c. "They cure cancer." d. "They provide me with Vitamin B12, which is deficient in my vegan diet." e. "They counteract my lifestyle of fried and creamy food."

d. "They provide me with Vitamin B12, which is deficient in my vegan diet."

What is the main reason people should avoid supplements? a. Supplements are extremely expensive for their benefit. b. Supplements do not often work as described. c. Supplements can cause cancer. d. Supplements increase the risk of nutrient imbalances. e. Supplements can be addicting.

d. Supplements increase the risk of nutrient imbalances.

What causes goiters to form in the thyroid? a. When iodine levels are too high, the cells in the thyroid swell with the excess iodine. b. When selenium levels are too high, the cells in the thyroid swell with the excess iodine. c. When copper levels are too high, the cells in the thyroid swell with the excess iodine. d. When iodine levels are too low, the cells in the thyroid swell to trap iodine. e. When selenium levels are too low, the cells in the thyroid swell to trap iodine.

d. When iodine levels are too low, the cells in the thyroid swell to trap iodine.

Which patient most needs to take supplements? a. a 13 year old girl with an eating disorder b. a 24 year old vegetarian female c. a 28 year old athletic female d. a 30 year old male with lactose intolerance e. a 45 year old male training for a marathon

d. a 30 year old male with lactose intolerance

What is a symptom of manganese toxicity? a. diarrhea b. excessive urination c. brittle bones d. abnormal behavior e. manganese is not toxic

d. abnormal behavior

Chemical compounds that combine with nutrients to form complexes that the body cannot absorb are called ____. a. chelating agents b. buffers c. cathartics d. binders e. transferrin

d. binders

Most of the phosphorus in our bodies is located in the ____. a. nervous system b. heart c. liver d. bones and teeth e. skin

d. bones and teeth

Which organ plays the primary role in regulating acid-base balance in the body? a. brain b. liver c. lungs d. kidney e. skin

d. kidney

When a patient has low iron levels, this can lead to a craving for nonfood substances, called ____. a. orthorexia b. bulimia c. cretinism d. pica e. phytate

d. pica

Brandon has high blood pressure. Which electrolyte may need to be restricted to help decrease circulating volume in the blood vessels to lower his blood pressure? a. calcium b. magnesium c. potassium d. sodium e. iron

d. sodium

Which mineral is the principle electrolyte in the extracellular fluid? a. calcium b. magnesium c. potassium d. sodium e. iron

d. sodium

Which mineral is essential for wound healing?

zinc

What is the function of aldosterone? a. transport iron throughout the body b. decreases iron absorption from the intestines c. stimulates secretion of sodium by the kidneys d. stimulate reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys e. bind calcium to aid absorption from the intestines

d. stimulate reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys

the loss of water from the body that occurs when water output exceeds water input

dehydration

Which claim on a supplement label most likely meets The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act requirements without any additional qualifiers? a. "Iron deficiency causes anemia" b. "Selenium decreases your risk for prostate cancer" c. "Zinc plays an important role in enzymatic function" d. "Potassium prevents heart disease" e. "Fluoride protects against cavities"

e. "Fluoride protects against cavities"

How much water is lost from the body in an average day, including urine, sweat, feces, and breath? a. 500 milliliters b. 750 milliliters c. 1 liter d. 1.5 liters e. 2.5 liters

e. 2.5 liters

Which food would provide the best source of calcium for a patient at risk for osteoporosis? a. olive b. orange c. apple d. carrots e. broccoli

e. broccoli

Which electrolyte has a significant impact on the ability of the heart and other muscles to contract? a. copper b. sodium c. magnesium d. chloride e. calcium

e. calcium

Which mineral comprises the largest amount of the human body by weight? a. phosphorus b. sodium c. chloride d. potassium e. calcium

e. calcium

What is the primary function of copper? a. regulate blood pH b. establish membrane potential c. facilitate muscle contraction d. activate cell division e. constituent of enzymes

e. constituent of enzymes

How does fluoride most likely protect teeth from decay? a. fluoride alters the pH of the mouth b. fluoride alters the types of bacteria that live in the mouth c. fluoride creates a protective coat around the teeth d. fluoride activates enzymes that protect against bacteria e. fluoride prevents demineralization of the teeth

e. fluoride prevents demineralization of the teeth

Hemochromatosis is most commonly caused by ____. a. excessive drinking b. smoking c. steroid use d. excessive supplement use e. genetic abnormality

e. genetic abnormality

Which lifestyle modification can help reduce the risk for osteoporosis? a. decrease body weight b. increase caffeine consumption c. decrease stress d. begin taking glucocorticoids e. increase vitamin D consumption

e. increase vitamin D consumption

A deficiency of _____ will cause the thyroid gland to enlarge and the person to become sluggish. a. zinc b. selenium c. chromium d. sodium e. iodine

e. iodine

The principal positively charged ion that has a significant role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance is _____. a. calcium b. magnesium c. iron d. sodium e. potassium

e. potassium

Which substitution would you suggest to your patients to help them reduce salt intake? a. substituting mayonnaise with mustard on sandwiches b. add salt while cooking instead of at the end c. eating canned tuna instead of fresh tuna d. choosing store bought applesauce over homemade e. preparing foods with basil and garlic

e. preparing foods with basil and garlic

Magnesium's major functions in the body would be least likely to include which of the following? a. allowing muscles to relax after contraction b. synthesis of protein in the soft tissues c. assisting the operation of hundreds of enzymes d. regulation of immune system function e. regulation of body temperature

e. regulation of body temperature

Which enzymatic function of zinc is responsible for adaptation of the eyes to dark? a. regulation of DNA and RNA synthesis b. manufacturing heme c. glycolysis d. free radical disposal e. retinal conversion

e. retinal conversion

When blood calcium falls too low, a regulatory system acts in three locations to raise it. Which of the following is one of those locations? a. lungs b. kidneys c. heart d. brain e. stomach

e. stomach

in the brain, the "king gland" that regulates the operation of many other glands

hypothalamus

A deficiency of is one of the world's most common preventable causes of mental retardation. zinc iodine selenium magnesium

iodine

The two best ways to prevent age-related bone loss and fracture are to: take calcium supplements and estrogen. participate in aerobic activity and drink eight glasses of milk daily. eat a diet low in fat and salt and refrain from smoking. maintain a lifelong adequate calcium intake and engage in weight-bearing physical activity.

maintain a lifelong adequate calcium intake and engage in weight-bearing physical activity.

Foods high in iron that help prevent or treat anemia include: green peas and cheese. dairy foods and fresh fruits. homemade breads and most fresh vegetables. meat and dark green, leafy vegetables.

meat and dark green, leafy vegetables.

Three good food sources of calcium are: milk, sardines, and broccoli. spinach, yogurt, and sardines. cottage cheese, spinach, and tofu. Swiss chard, mustard greens, and broccoli.

milk, sardines, and broccoli.

Two groups of people who are especially at risk for zinc deficiency are: Asians and children. infants and teenagers. smokers and athletes. pregnant adolescents and vegetarians.

pregnant adolescents and vegetarians.

A person who is severely lacking in which of the following may experience a sulfur deficiency?

protein

Three-fourths of the sodium in people's diets comes from: fresh meats. home-cooked foods. frozen vegetables and meats. salt added to food by manufacturers.

salt added to food by manufacturers.

A good source of iodine is:

seafood

Two situations in which a person may experience fluid and electrolyte imbalances are: vomiting and burns. diarrhea and cuts. broken bones and fever. heavy sweating and excessive carbohydrate intake.

vomiting and burns.