Ch.1-Ch.3

receptive language

Language that can be understood, though perhaps not spoken. Receptive language develops earlier than its counterpart, expressive language.

expressive language

Language that is produced to convey ideas, feelings, thoughts, and so on. Expressive language develops later than its counterpart, receptive language.

guidance

Nonpunishing methods of leading children's behavior in positive directions so that children learn to control themselves, develop a healthy conscience, and preserve their self-esteem.

True or false: In development research Maslow looked at individuals whereas Bronfenbrenner looked at individuals within a context.

True

True or false: Most child development researchers focus on specific areas, such as how children develop thinking or social skills. True false question. True False

True

ages and stages

a catch phrase that relates to childhood development features and behaviors that tend to correlate with specific ages. Each stage describes a particular period of development that differs qualitatively from the stages that precede and follow it. The sequence of stages never varies.

emergent curriculum

a curriculum that grows out of children's interests and activities and takes shape over time. Although emergent curriculum often has a spontaneous aspect and is child-centered, it is also facilitated and, thus, planned for by adults.

scaffolding

a form of assistance that supports and furthers understanding and performance in a learner

redirection

a form of early childhood guidance that diverts a child from unacceptable behavior to acceptable behavior without stopping the energy flow. Ideally, redirection involves giving the child a choice to lead him or her toward a constructive behavior or activity.

Curriculum

a plan for learning. Curriculum can be both written (an official plan in the form of, for example,an outline or web) and unwritten (that is, unconscious learning that occurs through the adult-child relationship)

self-esteem

a realistic assessment of one's worth that results in feelings of confidence and satisfaction

professionalism

a set of attitudes, theories, and standards that guides the early childhood professional. An early childhood professional is someone who is (1) trained in the principles and practices of the education of young children between birth and age eight; (2) knows about the ethics, standards, and legal responsibilities of the profession; (3) conducts himself or herself accordingly

RIE

stands for Resources for Infant Educarers. A group dedicated to improving the quality of infant care and education through teaching, mentoring, and supporting parents and professionals. RIE was started by Magda Gerber; a Hungarian infant expert.

observation

the act of watching carefully and objectively. The usual goal involves paying close attention to details for the purpose of understanding behavior.

behaviorism

the scientific study of behaviors that can be seen and measured. Behaviorism, also called "learning theory," attributes all developmental change to environmental influence.

Early childhood educators must adhere to minimum standards on which of the following? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Adult-child ratios B. Space requirements C. Test scores D. Group size

A. Adult-child ratios B. Space requirements D. Group size

What does redirection mean? Multiple choice question. A. Giving more than one alternative B. Encouraging cooperation with others C. Helping the child express anger D. Adopting a dual-focus approach

A. Giving more than one alternative

In the context of supervision skills for beginner teachers, which of the following moves behavior management into a positive realm? Multiple choice question. A. Guidance B. Discipline C. Punishment D. Obedience

A. Guidance

Identify the true statements about J. H. Pestalozzi (1746-1827), a well-known early childhood educator. (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. He believed that children learn through activity and sensory experiences. B. He created the Montessori program. C. He became known as the "Father of Kindergarten" by creating that institution. D. He stressed an integrated curriculum.

A. He believed that children learn through activity and sensory experiences D. He stressed an integrated curriculum

Which of the following are notable elements of the Reggio Emilia early-education system founded by the pioneer childhood educator Loris Malaguzzi? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Bridging the physical and spiritual worlds B. An emergent curriculum C. Cooperation and collaboration at all levels D. Close adherence to psychosexual stage theory

B. An emergent curriculum C. Cooperation and collaboration at all levels

Which of the following most likely illustrates a teacher's polite yet firm instruction to children? Multiple choice question. A. "Joe, are you going to stop hitting Vince?" B. "I know you want to play, but other children are napping now." C. "Stop being a pest, Adam, and listen to me." D. "You cannot run around with scissors because it is dangerous."

D. "You cannot run around with scissors because it is dangerous."

Who was a major developer of social learning theory? Multiple choice question. A. Jean Piaget B. Lev Vygotsky C. B. F. Skinner D. Albert Bandura

D. Albert Bandura

In which stage do children learn self-sufficiency? Multiple choice question. A. Trust versus mistrust B. Industry versus inferiority C. Initiative versus guilt D. Autonomy versus shame and doubt

D. Autonomy versus shame and doubt

A teacher's polite yet firm instruction to children should _____. Multiple choice question. A. help the teacher in adopting a dual focus in the class B. teach the children how to express anger constructively C. encourage children to consider cooperating D. be assertive and address the hazards of the behavior

D. be assertive and address the hazards of the bahavior

According to Jean Piaget, an infant has begun to use mental as well as physical activity to learn by the end of the _____ stage of cognitive development. Multiple choice question. A. concrete operational B. latency C. preoperational D. sensorimotor

D. sensorimotor

Which of the following is the center of pleasure during the phallic stage? (Select all that apply.) Multiple choice question. A. Mouth B. Genitals C. Anus D. Face

B. Genitals

Which of the following elements are likely to be the main focus of a beginner teacher in keeping children safe? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Safe environment B. Guidance C. Supervision D. Punishment

B. Guidance C. Supervision

Which of the following are necessary for cognitive development in children, according to Piaget? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Self-satisfaction B. Pretend playing C. Imagination D. Observing

B. Pretend playing C. Imagination

How does observation promote growth and change in the teacher? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Self-expression B. Self-awareness C. Self-appreciation D. Self-reflection

B. Self-awareness D. Self-reflection

In the context of childhood education, identify a true statement about the Pikler Institute. Multiple choice question. A. It currently serves as a residential nursery. B. It was founded in the United States by Rudolf Steiner in 1944. C. It offers a unique form of education starting with high school. D. It has a child care program and conducts research and training.

D. It has a child care program and conducts research and training

In the context of child-development theories, Sigmund Freud believed that _____. Multiple choice question. A. adults who use rewards are influenced by learning theory based on behavioristic principles B. only that which can be seen and measured—outward behavior—is worth studying C. all behavior is learned through the consequences of the individual's actions D. early experiences determine personality development and create specific outcomes

D. early experiences determine personality development and create specific outcomes

both-and thinking

an approach to decision making in which the early-childhood educator considers what is developmentally, individually, and culturally appropriate in all situations; it involves coming up with a solution that may incorporate all the conflicting elements. Both-and thinking contrasts with either-or thinking, in which the choice is between one solution or the other.

impression management

A nonconstructive way of talking to children that discounts their feelings and their sense of reality. For example, a child says, "I don't like that sandwich." In response, the adult says, "Yes, you do." Impression management teaches children to mistrust their senses.

In which of the following situations is the teacher focusing narrowly? Multiple choice question. A. Anastasia talks to an infant while diapering him. B. Christie interacts with her class at story time. C. Javier plays tag with a few children on the playground while keeping an eye on the larger group. D. Bob watches the class actively engaged in various activities.

A. Anastasia talks to an infant while diapering him

Raj, a new kindergarten teacher, supervises a class of 10 children. He gives attention to the group of children while still being aware of what else is going on in the environment at large. Which of the following concepts is exemplified in this scenario? Multiple choice question. A. Emergent curriculum B. Scaffolding C. Either-or thinking D. Dual focus

D. Dual focus

If a child strikes a negative chord in the teacher, what should the teacher do? Multiple choice question. A. Ignore those feelings. B. Admit those feelings. C. Ignore the child. D. Act on those feelings.

B. Admit those feelings

Which of the following are contributions of Maria Montessori (1870-1952), a well-known early childhood educator? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Emphasis on rote learning B. Child-sized furniture C. Specific kinds of self-correcting learning materials D. Bridging the physical and spiritual world

B. Child-sized furniture C. Specific kinds of self-correcting learning materials

Which of the following are some common child-rearing characteristics among populations that experience high infant-mortality rates? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Parents are too busy to tend to a crying child. B. Crying infants are quickly attended to. C. Infants are routinely sent to group day care centers with few caretakers. D. Caretakers keep infants on or near their body all the time to watch for signs of illness.

B. Crying infants are quickly attended to. D. Caretakers keep infants on or near their body all the time to watch for signs of illness.

Who is recognized as the "Father of Modern Behaviorism"? Multiple choice question. A. Erik Erikson B. John B. Watson C. B. F. Skinner D. Sigmund Freud

B. John B. Watson

What can teachers learn by observing young children? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. The best ways to discipline children B. The unique ways children express their needs C. The means to help children relate to each other D. The techniques that foster relationship with each child

B. The unique ways children express their needs C. The means to help children relate to each other D. The techniques that foster relationship with each child

What did Watson believe was the way to change behavior? Multiple choice question. A. Will B. Training C. Meditation D. Intuition

B. Training

Observation, which is a skill required for beginner teachers, works best when _____. Multiple choice question. A. the observer has a specific set of expectations B. the observer is open to a situation C. the observer overlooks the obvious D. the observer focuses on what he or she knows

B. the observer is open to a situation

Who did Emmi Pikler's education theories focus on? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. teachers B. toddlers C. teens D. infants

B. toddlers D. infants

Which age group shows initiative versus guilt? Multiple choice question. A. 7-10 B. 10-12 C. 3-6 D. 1-3

C. 3-6

Jean Piaget believed in the literal meaning of the term "_____," or that stages unfold through maturation. Multiple choice question. A. learning B. growth C. development D. education

C. development

Among populations that experience high infant-mortality rates, _____. Multiple choice question. A. child rearing typically lacks any common characteristics B. crying babies are rarely attended to C. early education is of less concern than survival D. infants are kept away from a caretaker's body during daytime

C. early education is of less concern than survival

What do behaviorists believe to be the key to promoting good behavior in children? Multiple choice question. A. Support B. Belief C. Love and trust D. Reinforcement

D. Reinforcement

empowerment

Helping someone experience his or her sense of personal power. For example, and adult can empower a child by giving him or her the opportunity to make some decisions rather than being told what tot do.

True or false: The Pikler approach was first introduced to the United States by Magda Gerber, who came from Hungary in 1956. True false question. True False

True

attachment

an enduring affectionate bond between a child and a person who cares for the child, giving the child a feeling of safety or security. Building a trusting secure attachment through consistency, responsiveness, and predictability shows children they can trust the caregiver to meet their needs and frees them to explore their environment.

What does Emmi Pikler's approach emphasize? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Self-initiated activity B. Studying early development of the human brain C. Building relationships during caregiving D. Frequent testing

A. Self-initiated activity C. Building relationships during caregiving

Why is it important for children to develop cooperation? Multiple choice question. A. To understand behavioral limits B. To gain respect from teachers C. To control anger during self-expression D. To gain a competitive edge

A. To understand behavioral limits

Abraham Maslow's theory of self-actualization asserts that _____. Multiple choice question. A. every human being is motivated by a set of basic needs regardless of age, gender, or cultural background B. every child is a passive recipient of experience rather than someone with specific tendencies to think in a specific way C. both parents and educators have the power to determine the character, talents, and inclinations of an individual D. a child's development comes from the home and parents, but outside early experiences influence development, too

A. every human being is motivated by a set of basic needs regardless of age, gender, or cultural background

Early childhood educators follow requirements set by ______. Multiple choice question. A. regulating agencies B. accreditors C. teachers' unions D. the public

A. regulating agencies

Which statement best defines social learning theory? Multiple choice question. A. Children learn through pretend play. B. Children learn through modeling and observing others. C. Children learn through reinforcements. D. Children learn from being instructed by their parents.

B. Children learn through modeling and observing others

In the context of supervision skills for beginner teachers, which of the following is true of dual focus? Multiple choice question. A. It is a set of practices dedicated to improving the quality of infant care and education through teaching, monitoring, and supporting parents. B. It is a method of supervising individual children and small groups while being aware of what else is going on in the environment at large. C. It is the act of watching carefully and objectively with the goal of paying attention to details for the purpose of understanding a child's behavior. D. It is a way of observing by being open to what is happening and also having a preexisting set of expectations. Correct Answer

B. It is a method of supervising individual children and small groups while being aware of what else is going on in the environment at large.

Identify the true statements about the code of ethics published by the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) for early childhood educators. (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. It lays out four areas of responsibility: to children, families, colleagues, and community and society. B. It is designed to offer professional guidelines for working out ethical dilemmas. C. It states that childhood is a negligible stage of the human life cycle in comparison with adulthood. D. It is primarily aimed at helping children be independent by loosening their close ties with their families.

B. It is designed to offer professional guidelines for working out ethical dilemmas. A. It lays out four areas of responsibility: to children, families, colleagues, and community and society.

In the context of observation skills required for beginner teachers, identify the true statements about Resources for Infant Educarers (RIE). (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. It is a comprehensive, federally funded program that since the mid-1960s has provided health screening to help low-income families. B. It was started by Magda Gerber. C. It was started by Emmi Pikler. D. It is dedicated to improving the quality of infant safekeeping and education through teaching, mentoring, and supporting parents and professionals.

B. It was started by Magda Gerber D. It is dedicated to improving the quality of infant safekeeping and education through teaching, mentoring, and supporting parents and professionals.

Which of the following are likely to shed light on why one feels so angry about things and what can be done about it? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Dual-focus observation B. Reflective thinking C. Creative problem solving D. Rapid disempowerment

B. Reflective thinking C. Creative problem solving

What philosophical position was Rousseau endorsing when he described babies as little angels? Multiple choice question. A. Neither nature nor nurture have any important effects. B. Nurture is dominant over nature. C. Nature is dominant over nurture. D. Nature and nurture are balanced in their effects.

C. Nature is dominant over nurture

Martha, a kindergarten teacher, is angry at one of her students because of the student's behavior. Which of the following guidelines should be followed by Martha in this situation? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. She should try to manipulate the student's behavior. B. She should not show the student how she can control her behavior when she is angry. C. She should not explode because she will scare the student. D. She should find less dramatic ways to express her anger and put her anger into words.

C. She should not explode because she will scare the student. D. She should find less dramatic ways to express her anger and put her anger into words.

How does change in the observer affect the process of observation? Multiple select question. A. The observer learns to discipline the child. B. The observer makes the child obedient. C. The observer appreciates the child for who he or she is. D. The observer sees the child in a different light.

C. The observer appreciates the child for who he or she is. D. The observer sees the child in a different light.

distraction

A device to keep a child from continuing an action or behavior. Distraction can also be used to take children's minds off a strong feeling. Distraction works but has side effects as children learn that their energy or feelings are not acceptable to adults who distract them. Distraction is sometimes confused with redirection and may look similar, but distraction is aimed at stopping the energy behind the behavior or the feeling, whereas redirection moves it in a more acceptable direction.

anecdotal records

A documentation method that briefly describes an activity, a snatch of conversation, a chant, and so on. Anecdotal records can be based on reflection or written on the spot.

Which of the following was the view of Rousseau about the newborn? Multiple choice question. A. A child unfolds naturally. B. A child gets totally influenced by his or her environment. C. A child has no inborn ability to influence his or her development. D. Each child carried the seed of evil.

A. A child unfolds naturally.

What is a drawback to adults using anger to control children's behavior? Multiple choice question. A. Children will emulate the behavior with other children. B. Children will feel empowered and tend to defy adults. C. Children will find less dramatic ways to express anger. D. Children will learn to curb unacceptable behavior.

A. Children will emulate the behavior with other children

Identify the true statements about John Dewey (1858-1952), a well-known early childhood educator. (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. He created the progressive education movement. B. He created the Montessori program. C. He became known as the "Father of Kindergarten" by creating that institution, and he was the first educator to bring play into education. D. He believed that curriculum should be built on the interests of the children and that subject matter should be integrated into those interests.

A. He created the progressive education movement D. He believed that curriculum should be built on the interests of the children and the subject matter should be integrated into those interests

Identify a true statement about the pioneer childhood educator Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925). Multiple choice question. A. He started the first school based on anthroposophy. B. He founded the Reggio Emilia early-education system. C. He became known as the "Father of Kindergarten." D. He created the progressive education movement.

A. He started the first school based on anthroposophy

What kind of development takes place when children are encouraged to play pretend? Multiple choice question. A. Symbolic development B. Physiological development C. Physical development D. Psychological development

A. symbolic development

Identify the core principles of the code of ethics published by the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) for early childhood education professionals. (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Helping children be independent by loosening their close ties with their families B. Basing the work with children on knowledge of child development C. Recognizing that children are best understood in the context of their physical abilities D. Appreciating childhood as a unique and valuable stage of the human life cycle

B. Basing the work with children on knowledge of child development D. Appreciating childhood as a unique and valuable stage of the human life cycle

In which of Freud's psychosexual stages is feeding a major source of pleasure? Multiple choice question. A. Anal B. Oral C. Phallic D. Latency

B. Oral

Which of the following was stated by the English philosopher John Locke (1632-1704) as part of the blank-slate theory of child development? Multiple choice question. A. The child has a wild nature that must be tamed, shaped, and molded. B. The child has no inborn ability to influence his or her own development. C. The child has specific tendencies to think or behave one way or another. D. The child carries the seed of evil as a result of being born in original sin.

B. The child has no inborn ability to influence his or her own development

Which of the following are emphasized in Waldorf education? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Test scores B. Athletics C. Eurythmy D. Spirituality

C. Eurythmy D. Spirituality

Identify the true statements about J. H. Pestalozzi (1746-1827), a well-known early childhood educator. (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. He became known as the "Father of Kindergarten" by creating that institution. B. He created the Montessori program. C. He stressed an integrated curriculum. D. He believed that children learn through activity and sensory experiences.

C. He stressed an integrated curriculum D. He believed that children learn through activity and sensory experiences

In which stage do children learn competency and strive to be productive in a variety of areas? Multiple choice question. A. Autonomy versus shame and doubt B. Trust versus mistrust C. Industry versus inferiority D. Initiative versus guilt

C. Industry versus inferiority

Which theorist explained development as unfolding through maturation? Multiple choice question. A. Gregory Currie B. Sigmund Freud C. Jean Piaget D. Emmi Pikler

C. Jean Piaget

Who was key in changing many programs' focus from child-centered to family-centered? Multiple choice question. A. Abraham Maslow B. John Dewey C. Arnold Gesell D. Uri Bronfenbrenner

D. Uri Bronfenbrenner

In Jean Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development, children use _____ thinking. Multiple choice question. A. critical B. logical C. creative D. symbolic

D. symbolic

True or false: Research on the brain is limited by the lack of any technology that lets us look into living brains and see what is going on. True false question. True False

False

True or false: One of the core principles of the code of ethics published by the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) for early childhood education professionals is to support the close ties between the child and family. True false question. True False

True

True or false: The code of ethics published by the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) for early childhood educators outlines a set of shared values and commitments based on the collective wisdom of the profession. True false question. True False

True

nature-nurture question

the question that asks, "What causes children to turn out the way they do?" In other words, is a child's development influenced more by his or her heredity (nature) or by his or her environment (nurture)? This question is sometimes called a "controversy," because nature proponents insist that genetics plays a stronger role in influencing development, while nurture proponents make the same claim about environmental experiences.

child development

the study of how children change as they grow from a qualitative rather than a merely quantitative standpoint

incongruence

A type of mixed messages that causes confusion. For example, a person's body language might convey anger while the words contradict the emotion.

stage theorist

a theorist who believes that children develop according to specific, sequential stages of development

holistic listening

A form of listening that goes beyond merely hearing. Holistic listening involves the whole body and uses all the senses in order to pick up subtle cues that aren't put into words or otherwise readily apparent.

double bind

A kind of mixed message tat causes confusion. For example, a mother embraces a child and says, "Why don't you go play with the other children?" Her body language says "Stay with me, " but her actual words say the opposite.

dual focus

A method of supervision that allows the adult to focus on a child or small group of children while still being aware of what else is going on in the environment at large.

One of the tasks of the early years is for the brain cells to make connections with each other and create pathways by growing branches called _____, which form every time infants have experiences in their environment. Multiple choice question. A. dendrites B. arachnoids C. gyri D. sulci

A. dendrites

Sigmund Freud thought of pretend play as children's way of working through _____. Multiple choice question. A. emotional issues B. physical disabilities C. family problems D. personality conflicts

A. emotional issues

Children are most likely to cooperate and listen to their teacher when their teacher _____. Multiple choice question. A. proves that he or she has the children's best interests at heart B. replaces guidance with discipline in his or her programs C. expects strict obedience from the children D. expresses appreciation to the children for completing a task

A. proves that he or she has the children's best interests at heart

How can teachers learn to split their focus to observe individuals, small groups, and the entire class? Multiple choice question. A. By allowing some time away from the children to collect thoughts B. By periodically observing the scene from an objective point of view C. By guiding children to actively engage in play without intervention D. By motivating the children to do what the teacher wants them to do

B. By periodically observing the scene from an objective point of view

In which of the following situations is the teacher focusing broadly? Multiple choice question. A. Ethan encourages a child to get back on the cycle after a small accident. B. Vivien supervises the class while her coworker is busy helping a hurt child. C. Maria watches the class while sorting out problems within a small group. D. Joseph teaches a group of children how to paint a rainbow on their charts.

B. Vivien supervises the class while her coworker is busy helping a hurt child

Identify the true statements about Waldorf education. (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. It was founded by Loris Malaguzzi (1920-1994). B. It considers young children as seeds and views the educator's role as gardeners. C. It is based on Steiner's theories of child development. D. It is a unique form of education starting with preschool and going through high school.

C. It is based on Steiner's theories of child development D. It is a unique form of education starting with preschool and going through high school

What is observation? Multiple choice question. A. It is a form of guidance that diverts a child from unacceptable behavior. B. It is a set of practices dedicated to improving the quality of infant care. C. It is the act of watching carefully and objectively to understand behavior. D. it is the ability to focus on a child or a small group of children.

C. It is the act of watching carefully and obhectively to understand behavior

In the context of child-development theories, the behaviorists John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner believed that _____. Multiple choice question. A. innate instincts were important in child development B. child development unfolded only in ages and stages C. only that which can be seen and measured—outward behavior—was worth studying D. unobservable concepts like "mind" and "emotions" were important in child development

C. only that which can be seen and measured-outward behavior-was worth studying

If brain connections or cells aren't used, they disappear, a process some call "_____." Multiple choice question. A. degeneration B. shedding C. pruning D. neurogenesis

C. pruning

According to Erikson's psychosocial stages, when do children trust the world? Multiple choice question. A. When their needs are not met B. When they become independent C. When they become dependent D. When their needs are met

D. When their needs are met

True or false: It is mandatory to make a child look back at the teacher, when the teacher is talking to the child. True false question. True False

False

True or false: When adopting a dual focus approach, it is enough to know what is going on with the rest of the class while focusing on an individual child or a small group. True false question. True False

False