Ch14 Biology #3 Exam
which of the following properties of the garden pea were advantagous for Mendel studies of ingeritance
-- True breeding stains were available ----many varieties with different traits were available ---- pre plants can be self fertilized or cross fertilized
which of the following are principles of the chromosome theory of inheritance ?
--- gametes are haploid cells that combine to form a diploid cell during fertilation ---- genes are found in the chromosomes ----during meiosis the homologous pairs segrate independenty and haplod games are produced ---- the nucleus of a diploid cell contains homologous of chromosomes ----- chromosomes are replicated and passes from parnet to offspring and from cell to cell.
According to Mendel explanation ,how many copies of a gene does an individual carry for a given character ?
2
Each parent carries __________ alles of a gene that will segregate from each other during gamete formation
2
Female mammals that are hetrozygous for X linked genes and are thus composed of two types of cells ,are known as which of the following
Mosaics
which of the following statements about eukayotic genes is true ?
Most but not all genes are found in the nucleus
The characteristics of an organism that are the result of the explaination of its genes is referred to as its _____________
Phenotype
Females
circle
X inactivation and genomic imprinting are two examples of ________ inheritance
epigenetic
female
fertilized diploid egg
X-O
fruit fly
What is the modern term for Mendel's "unit factors " that are passed on intact from one generation to the next ?
genes
presumed heterozygotes
half shaded
Meiosis results in the production of four ______ daughter cells that each carry a single copy of one of the two original homologues
haploid
Meiosis 1
homologs segregate
X-Y
human
If heterozygous parents are crossed a 1:2:1 phenotypic ratio will be observed in the offspring when which of the following of heredity is involved ?
incomplete dominance
In a two factors cross , genes that are close together on a chromosome do not follow Mendel's law of __________ ,______________
independent , assortment
A group of genes that are close together on a chromosome and tend to be transmitted together is known as
linkage group
A______ of _______ allele is one that is likely to decrease or eliminate the synthesis of functional activity of a protein
loss of function alleles
The sex chromosomes are a pair of chromosomes that are different in _______ and ____________ individual .
males and females
In humans mitochondria are inherited through a type of uniparental inheritance called ___________ inheritance
maternal
The diffrence between a normal allele and one that causes disease is the result of _________.
mutation
Offspring that do not differ from the partental generation in thier combination of traits are known as
nonrecombinants
unaffected individuals
not shaded
In humans and other mammals X chromosomes are counted.This process ensures that any normal somatic cell contains_______active X chromosome.
one
A hybridization experiment involves mating
two individuals with different characteristics
male
unfertillized haploid egg
In the X-O which system which operated in many insects females are XX and males are either
x ,XY
in the X-O sex determination which of the following genotypes could be found in a female
xx , xxy
if two genes are linked is it possible for recombinant offspring to occur
yes if crossing over occurs
Mendel chose to study characters of pea plants that occurred in
two discrete variants
Which of the following hypotheses did Thomas Hunt Morgan propose for the unexpected results he obtained when studying transmission of genes in drosophila .
----- Crossing over occurs during meiosis allowing chromosomes to create new allele combinations ------ genes located on the same chromosome are more likey to be inherited together ,violating Mendels law of independent assortment . ---- The likelihood of genes being recombined via crossing over is related to how far apart they are on the chromosome
Which of the following characteristics applying to epigigentic inheritance ?
------- modification of a gene or chromosome during gamete formation -------- modification of a gene or chromosome during early embryonic development
In a eukarytoic cell where are genes found
-----Mitochondria -----The nucleus ---Chloroplast
Which organelles demostrate cytoplasmic inheritance
----Chloroplasts ---- mitochondria
The three important ideas Mendel postulated concerning the transmission of traits from parents to offspring include .
---An individual carries two variants of genes per trait . --- the two alleles of a gene separate duing gamete formation so that each gamete receives a single allele per trait . ---- traits exist in two forms -dominant and recessive
predict the leaf pigment phenotype expressed by offspring with the type of promplastids found in an egg cell
--All normal proplastids *** Green leaves --- All mutant proplastids ***White leaves ------a combination of normal and mutant proplastids **** green white or variegated leaves
place the steps of the Punnett square approach in the correct order
1. write down the genotypes of both parents 2.write down the possible gametes that each parent can make. 3.fill in the possible genotypes of offspring by combining the alleles of the gametes in the empty boxes 4. Determine the relative proportions of genotypes and phenotypes in the offspring .
what proption f2 offspring are expected to have smooth green pods
9/16
what ratio is obtained in the F2 generation of a two factor cross when alleles assort independently from one another
9:3:3:1
What is broadly defined as a unit of heredity
A gene
what us broadly defined as a unit of heredity ?
A gene
What is X-chromosome inactivation
A process that occurs in female mammals when the genes of one X chromosome are not expressed
Simple Medellin inheritance refers to the inheritance pattern of traits affected by ?
A single gene that is found in two variants
A human somatic cell contiains 22 pairs of chromosomes called ________ and one pair of _____________
Autosomes , sex chromosomes
A highly condensed X chromosome is known as a _____ body
Barr
In a mammalian cell that contains two X chromomes one of the X chromosomes will become a _________,,_____________
Barr bodies
What is an example of mosaicism
Calico coat pattern in cats
When the true-breeding parents differ in a single character their f1 offspring are called single character hybrids or ____________________.
Monohybrids
The genetic material that resides within chromosomes is
DNA
when two P generation individuals are crossed the offspring constitute the
F1 generation
Two plants from different true breeding lines are crossed to one another. Their offspring are allowed to self fertilize which results in productions of the ?
F2 Generation
Recessive
Trait is masked
Mendel proposed that a unit factor now called a __________ codes for a character ,and each individual carries two variant forms , now called ______ of the units factors for a given characters.
Gene, Alleles
Mendel's "unit factors " that are passed intact from one generation to the next are now called ________________
Genes
Mendel's unit factors are now called ________ and their variant forms are referred to as ________.
Genes , Alleles
inheritance is Best described as the acquisition of ____ by their transmission from parents to offspring
Traits
The phenomenon in which two genes are offten transmitted together because they are located close to one another on a chromosome is called
Linkage
A gene found on the X chromosomes is designated as an X - ____________genes
Linked
The phenomenon in which a trait of offspring is solely determined by the value of that trait in the female parent is known as ____________ inheritance .
Maternal
In genetic crosses the term "hybrid" refers to
Offspring of a hybridization experiment
what explanation of inheritance suggests that the determinants of hereditary traits are transmitted in discrete units from one generation to the next ?
Particulate inherence
what explaination of inhertance suggests that the determinants of hereditary traits are transmitted in discrete units from one generation to the next
Particulate inheritance
What type of plant did Mendel use for most of his work ?
Pea
An _________analysis is the anylysis of an inherited trait over several generations in one family
Pedigree
Human traits that follow simple Medelian patterns are usually studied using
Pedigree analysis
In pea plants the allele T codes for tall plants and the allele T codes for short plants . If a plant is short this would be considered its _____________
Phenotype
An _____ square can be used to predict the outcome of a simple genetic cross
Punnett square
Mendel proposed his laws of inheritance based on
Quantitate experiments
lower case letters are used to represent _______alleles.
Recessive
In pedigree analysis generations are designated by _____ numerals .
Roman
In pea plants a female gamete is normally fertilized by a male gamete from the same plant. This process is called ______-fertilization.
Self -Fertilization
A cross in which an experimenter follows the variants of only one character is called a __________-___________ cross .
Single -Factor cross
Homozygous dominant
TT
If T is a dominant allele for tall which of these woulf phenotypically describe a hetrozygote (Tt)
Tall
which of the following states that the ingeritance patterns of traits can be explained by the transmission of chromosomes during meiosis and fertillzation
The chromosome theory of inheritance
what is the norm of reaction
The phenotypic range displayed by individuals with a particular genotype under different environmental conditions
In incomplete dominance ,a cross of two hetrzygotes produces _______ in the offspring.
Three distinct phenotypes
Dominant
Trait is displayed
In a typical single -factor cross , the individuals that are first crossed are
True breeding and referred to as the P generation
Heterozygous
Tt
Mendel proposed that each individual carries _____________forms of a gene for a given character ,which are called alleles ,and that the alleles of a gene separate during gamete formation so that each gamete receives ________alleles.
Two , One
An ___________-__________ cross follows the simultaneous inheritance of two diffrent characters
Two - Factor cross
A heterozygous individual carries
Two diffrent alleles of a given genes
An individual who is homozygous for a given gene carries
Two identical alleles of the genes
Each of the seven characters that Mendel studied was found in ________discrete forms called _________.
Two, Trait
The ________chromosome determines maleness in mammals
Y
in pea plants tallow seeds are dominants toe green seeds, and the yellow and green alleles are represented with Y and y respectively . Match each genotype with the correct description of alleles .
YY --- homozygous for the yellow allele Yy- hetroxygous for the yellow and green alleles yy- homozygous for the green allele
In recessive inheritance two unaffected parents produce
affected or unaffected offspring
Some people are born with abnormalites in the number of their sex chromosomes .For example people born with triple X syndrome have X chromosomes and those born linefelter s
all of the X chromosome are inactivated excepted for one
The paired chromosomes that are the same in both sexes are called
autosomes
haploidploid
bee
Z-W
bird
pic --- alleles are linked b and c b +and c +
picture
A trait that causes a disease will occur more frequently in males than females if the trait is
recessive and X linked
Affected individuals
shaded
when a cell prepares to divide the homologs reicate so that each homolog consists of a pair of _______ chromatids
sister
Meiosis 2
sister chromatids separate
Males
square
If a true breeding line is allowed to self fertilized for several generations the resulting offspring will have ?
the same traits as the parents
Homozygous recessive
tt