Social Psychology Unit 1 (CH 3,4,5)

When it comes to trying to understand a person's intentions in everyday causal analysis, which of the following questions apply and which do not?

Applicable Question(s) What were the reasons for the person's behavior? What are the person's beliefs? What are the person's desires? Not Applicable Question(s) Was the person right or wrong? What would others do in the same situation? Was the person's behavior justified or not?

When people believe that they can never become their ideal selves, they may experience which of the following common emotions?

Common Emotion(s) depression shame reduced physiological arousal Not Common Emotion(s) guilt panic

After considering textbooks from two publishers for her social psychology course, a professor chooses one book over the other. The following statements were made by the sales reps of the two publishers after this decision. Which of the following statements are consistent with the self-serving attributional bias and which are not?

Consistent with Self-Serving Bias The unsuccessful sales rep: "I did my best, but the other book is better than ours." The unsuccessful sales rep: "The professor never gave us a chance." The successful sales rep: "My hard work really paid off." Inconsistent with Self-Serving Bias The successful sales rep: "I had an excellent book to sell."

A recently divorced woman is asked to describe her ex-husband by listing three of his characteristics. Her daughter is then asked to describe her father using the same three characteristics. Both women agree on the three characteristics and use the primacy effect to describe him—but the ex-wife uses it to show him in a negative light, while the daughter uses it to show him in a positive light. Given this scenario and your understanding of the primacy effect, identify each description as belonging to either the ex-wife or the daughter.

Daughter: Correct label:a good father, cheap, lazy Correct label:a good father, lazy, cheap Ex-Wife: Correct label:cheap, lazy, a good father Correct label:lazy, cheap, a good father

Which of the following statements are examples of positive spin framing and which are not?

Example(s) of Positive Spin Framing An advertiser labels ground beef as 80 percent lean. On her résumé, instead of including the fact that she has a 2.74 GPA, Alexis lists that she has a 3.68 GPA in her major. Of 100 patients who underwent a specific surgery, 90 survived. The chance of winning a raffle is 1 in 10,000. Not Example(s) of Positive Spin Framing On the first day of class, the professor tells her students that one-third of the students last semester failed her course. A job interviewer describes a candidate to her boss as unpleasant, female, and intelligent. Harmony tells her parents she was absent from school only 10 percent of the time. However, she actually missed over 30 percent of her classes.

Identify each individual as either more likely or less likely to believe that personality is flexible and that abilities can change as a result of environmental factors.

Less Likely: Correct label:Mary Ann, the owner of a large real estate agency in Oklahoma City in the United States Correct label:Dennis, a retired banker in Toronto in Canada More Likely: Correct label:Hwei-ru, a woman who works in a factory in Bozhou in China Correct label:In-Su, a South Korean freshman who has come to the United States to study engineering

Which of the following types of information about one's self can accurately be determined via our own efforts?

More Accurately Determined by Ourselves descriptions and memories of past personal experiences intentions and goals current thoughts and feelings Less Accurately Determined by Ourselves preferences for certain clothing assessments and evaluations of our behavior

Research by Dan Gilbert (1989, 2002) suggests that the cognitive machinery people draw on when inferring dispositions can lead to the fundamental attribution error. Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about this cognitive process.

People tend to identify a behavior and automatically make a dispositional inference and then later (if at all) consider the context. The fundamental attribution error would not occur if people simultaneously weighed the observed behavior of a person and the surrounding context to arrive at an explanation for that behavior.

Which of the following are research-supported self-presentational concerns that can be dangerous to our health?

Unhealthy Self-Presentational Concern(s) cigarette and alcohol use among teens excessive tanning buying condoms Not Unhealthy Self-Presentational Concern(s) driving a fast sports car losing weight fashion trends

Use your knowledge about self-esteem to complete the following matching question.

an indication of our difficulty in interpersonal interactions with others low self-esteem Correct label:low self-esteem a clue that we need to develop stronger social bonds low self-esteem Correct label:low self-esteem an indication that our interactions with others are successful and satisfying high self-esteem Correct label:high self-esteem describes self-esteem as our own internal monitor of how acceptable we are to others sociometer hypothesis Correct label:sociometer hypothesis

Place the processes involved when making a fundamental attribution error in the order in which they occur.

disregard background influences, event occurs, attend to raw facts, fundamental attribution error occurs

Identify which examples below describe trait self-esteem and which describe state self-esteem.

feeling unintelligent when you're in a classroom with very intelligent people state Correct label:state feeling like you're an overall worthy person Correct label:trait high self-esteem after scoring a goal in a soccer game state Correct label:state low self-esteem after failing a test state Correct label:state feeling generally ambivalent about yourself trait Correct label:trait

Various cultural studies have suggested that _____ cultures tend to emphasize promoting self-esteem while ____ cultures tend to emphasize working to improve the self.

independent; interdependent

You have been swimming for two years and you have decided to compare your swimming abilities with someone else's. According to social comparison theory, with whom are you likely to compare yourself in order to get a sense of how good you are at swimming, and to feel good about yourself at the same time?

likely to compare: your friend Casey, who has been swimming for three years and is slightly worse than you Shihong, who started in your swim program at the same time as you but who doesn't swim quite as well as you unlikely to compare: Olympic swimmer Ryan Lochte your friend Adriano, who has been swimming for three years and is slightly better than you your neighbor Taylor, who can't swim

How do automatic self-control strategies help us stick to our long-term goals?

stimuli relating to a goat cause us to diminish thoughts temptation

Match each term to the correct definition.

Correct label:heuristic quick and automatic intuitive mental operation that provides efficient answers to common problems of judgment heuristic Correct label:availability heuristic process whereby judgments of frequency or probability are based on how readily pertinent instances come to mind availability heuristic Correct label: representativeness heuristic process whereby judgments of likelihood are based on assessments of similarity between individuals and group prototypes, or between cause and effect representativeness heuristic Correct label:fluency the feeling of ease (or difficulty) associated with processing information

Madison is an adult male. He has small eyes, a small forehead, and an angular, prominent chin. Based on psychological research, which of the following are likely to be true regarding Madison and which are not?

Likely to Be True He would tend to have an easier time than a person with "baby-faced" features being seen as appropriate for "adult" jobs, such as banking. People making a snap judgment about him will tend to believe he is relatively strong, competent, and dominant. Not Likely to Be True He would tend to receive more favorable treatment as a defendant in court than a person with "baby-faced" features would. People making a snap judgment about him will tend to believe he is relatively weak, naïve, and submissive.

Match the examples to the appropriate terms about sense of self.

Situationism: Kelly is loud and wild in her university dorm, but when she is sitting in class, she is quiet and respectful. Pedro is a new recruit in the Marines. While at the Marine boot camp, he is respectful and disciplined in the presence of officers and other recruits, but when he is off the grounds of the boot camp, he is disrespectful and undisciplined towards others, including his fellow recruits. Working Self-Concept: When at her office, Jan is most aware of her work persona and the sense of self that she has developed around her profession as a lawyer. When Brian is with his girlfriend, Peggy, he is more aware of his behavior in the context of his relationship. Reflected Self-Appraisal: Hank believes that he is good at swimming after his father praises him for swimming quickly.

Identify the true and false statements regarding attributions about controllability.

True Statement(s) Attributions for failure that imply controllability make it easier to keep trying because we can always try harder or try a new strategy. Viewing outcomes as beyond our control promotes a tendency to simply give up. False Statement(s) Making people believe they can exert control over events that they formerly believed to be beyond their control has no real impact on their subsequent effort or performance. Research suggests that people cannot be trained to adopt more productive attributional tendencies for academic outcomes.

Identify the true and false statements about culture and causal attribution.

True Statement(s) Much of what psychologists know about how people assess the behavior of others is universal. To non-Westerners, the kinds of social factors that are merely background for North Americans appear to be more salient. Most of the world's people tend to pay more attention to social situations and the people who are involved in them than Westerners do. False Statement(s) Efforts to use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to support the belief that non-Westerners tend to attend context more than Westerns have not succeeded.

Identify the true and false statements about explanatory styles and life outcomes.

True Statement(s) Studies have shown that students with a pessimistic explanatory style tend to get lower grades than those with a more optimistic style. Having an optimistic explanatory style during younger adulthood is a significant predictor of physical health in later life. Explanatory styles for attributing failure seems to affect behavior and one's perception of life events. False Statement(s) In reference to explanatory styles, a global cause is when a person attributes an event to some worldwide reason, such as "That's just how people are."

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the fundamental attribution error and Hurricane Katrina.

When discussing people impacted by Hurricane Katrina, we easily fall victim to the fundamental attribution error because the raw facts are that those who evacuated before the hurricane tended to have better fortunes than those who stayed behind. The dispositional explanations come easily when it's just those facts that command our attention. It takes some effort to look further and see the background influences that made it easier for some people to evacuate than others.

Use your knowledge about self-esteem to complete the following matching question.

a clue that we need to develop stronger social bond slow self-esteem Correct label:low self-esteem an indication of our difficulty in interpersonal interactions with others low self-esteem Correct label:low self-esteem describes self-esteem as our own internal monitor of how acceptable we are to others sociometer hypothesis Correct label:sociometer hypothesis an indication that our interactions with others are successful and satisfying high self-esteem Correct label:high self-esteem

Research by Carol Dweck and others on gender and attributional style has shown that in the United States, boys are more likely than girls to attribute their failures to lack of effort, and girls are more likely than boys to attribute their failures to lack of ability. Which of the following statements accurately describe research related to this finding?

Accurate Description(s) Differences in attribution of failures between girls and boys likely result in part from feedback patterns. Girls are likely to suspect that praise may be unrelated to the intellectual quality of their performance, whereas boys learn that praise means their intellectual performance was excellent. If girls received the feedback that boys typically got and vice versa, girls would be more likely than boys to attribute their failures to lack of effort, and boys would be more likely than girls to attribute their failures to lack of ability. Inaccurate Description(s) The feedback given on a failure to a girl would more likely be, "You didn't try hard enough" than "You gave the wrong answer."

Which of the following statements relating to the availability heuristic are accurate and which are not?

Accurate Statement(s) Fluency, the subjective feeling of ease or difficulty associated with processing information, is closely related to the availability heuristic. Schwarz and others showed that it occurs because of how easily relevant instances can be brought to mind and not simply the number of instances that are retrieved. It can lead to a biased assessment of risk. Inaccurate Statement(s) It explains why people underestimate their own contributions to joint projects. It only occurs in the context of motivated confirmation bias.

Match each example to the type of secondhand information distortion it best describes.

Distortion in the Service of Entertainment: Correct label:A newspaper runs the headline "Toddlers Killing Their Parents" even though the story is about a contagious disease being passed accidentally from child to parent. Correct label:A newscaster on an all-weather station uses the words "disaster" and "extreme danger" to describe an approaching rainstorm. Ideological Distortion: Correct label:Raul's father warns him to not be friends with any fans of the New England Patriots because (he says) they are all dishonest. Correct label:Leslie's grandmother tells her that everyone who owns a Prius is a "dangerous radical" and a "hippie." Correct label:Tamara always says everyone should travel and meet new people. She tells all her friends about her exciting RV vacation, but she leaves out the part about the flat tire she got and how she paid more than she expected.

Which of the following are examples of self-fulfilling prophecies and which are not?

Example(s) of Self-Fulfilling Prophecies The wine shop owner advises his customers to buy a certain wine since he expects to run out of it due to high demand. Soon, the shop runs out of the wine. Stacy gets a coveted internship through family connections. Her supervisor assumes she's not talented and thus offers her no help. She struggles as a result. Marcus doesn't expect to like his sister's new boyfriend. Marcus is rude to him, causing the boyfriend to be rude back to him. Not Example(s) of Self-Fulfilling Prophecies Jayson works part-time and doesn't have a lot of time to study, so he gets a low score on his first psych exam. For the rest of the semester he doesn't study psych and continues to do poorly. Dale goes horseback riding for the first time at her uncle's ranch. She gets thrown off the horse and vows to never ride a horse again.

We have intuitive and rational systems for processing information that guide our judgments and decisions. Match each attribute to either an intuitive or a rational response.

Intuitive Response: Correct label:performs many operations simultaneously Correct label:operates automatically Correct label:based on association Correct label:operates rapidly Rational Response: Correct label:operates more slowly Correct label:performs its operations one at a time Correct label:more controlled Correct label:based on rules of deduction

Match each behavior to the corresponding thought system.

Intuitive: avoiding someone who looks scary selecting a job candidate who made a pleasant impression Rational: selecting a job candidate who has relevant work experience avoiding someone you had an altercation with in the past

Identify each group as either more likely or less likely to make dispositional attributions.

More Likely: Correct label:Protestants, whose concerns are focused on the soul Correct label:middle- and upper-class people Correct label:Westerners Less Likely: Correct label:lower- and working-class people Correct label:Asians

Identify each aspect of the three dimensions typically used to assess a person's explanatory style of events as either more pessimistic or optimistic.

More Optimistic: Correct label:unstable Correct label:external Correct label:specific More Pessimistic: Correct label:global Correct label:internal Correct label:stable

What are some potential benefits of holding positive illusions about the self?

Potential Benefit(s): People who hold positive illusions about themselves have healthier coping mechanisms in stressful situations. Westerners who hold positive illusions about themselves are more likely to have enhanced well-being. Not Potential Benefit(s) People who self-enhance are often admired and respected by others. People from East Asian cultures who have more positive illusions about themselves have enhanced well-being.

Identify each description about Westerners' versus non-Westerners' attention to context as either a relative task or an absolute task in the diagram

Relative task: Non-Westerners tend to pay attention to context. Non-Westerners are more likely to take into consideration background influences or situational factors to behaviors Absolute task: Westerners can ignore the context.

The people in the following examples were judged to be either schematic for a particular trait (the trait is a core part of their self-schemas) or aschematic for a particular trait (the trait is irrelevant to their self-schemas). Match the examples to the appropriate categories based on the responses the people give about their traits.

Schematic: Maura disagrees when a personality test says she is dependent. This doesn't match her view of herself as an independent woman who has raised three kids on her own. Jude is quick to select extraversion, friendliness, and outgoingness as traits she possesses. Aschematicl: When asked if he was conscientious, Cole deliberated, clearly taking some time to really think about whether the trait described him. When asked for examples of times she has been brave, Rima takes a while to come up with a story.

Which of the following statements about the influence of perceptual salience in attribution are accurate and which are not?

Accurate Statement(s) People usually capture our attention much more readily than other aspects of the environment do because they tend to be more noticeable. Situations, if attended to at all, may be seen as mere background to the person and his or her actions. Features of the environment that more readily capture our attention are more likely to be seen as potential causes of an observed effect. How much a cause stands out perceptually influences whether and how strongly it springs to mind in explaining someone's behavior.

Which of the following are benefits that can be gained from the study of social cognition and which are not?

Benefit(s) It can help us understand how people think about the social world. It can show us how to interpret social judgment errors that help us better understand the strategies people use to make judgments. It can help us learn from past mistakes in our social judgments. Not Benefit(s) It can show us how to study illusions to help reveal general principles of perception. It can teach us how to never make mistakes in our social judgments.

According to construal level theory, the temporal perspective from which people view events has important and predictable implications for how they construe them. Identify each term as applying to either distant events or events close at hand.

Events Close at Hand: Correct label:thinking in concrete terms Distant Events: Correct label:thinking in abstract terms Correct label:idealized thoughts

Which of the following are examples of the fundamental attribution error and which are not?

Example(s) After seeing the report of a man being robbed and shot in a high-crime area, Kay concludes that he probably deserved it since he must have been up to no good. After becoming famous for portraying a brutal Nazi in a hit movie, Rolf is unable to get roles as a "good guy" because the public thinks he must be an evil person. Not Example(s) Upon learning that her minister admitted to stealing church money, Dawn says that she cannot judge him since she doesn't know what the circumstances were that led him to steal. The coach of the losing team in a big game says his side lost because so many of his best players were injured.

People use the representativeness heuristic to categorize information by assessing how similar something is to their ideal in that category. Match each example or definition to the appropriate term relating to representativeness.

Regression Fallacy: applying a causal theory to what is really a simple statistical regularity concluding that a student who fails the midterm will also fail the final Regression Effect: statistical tendency, when two variables are imperfectly correlated, for extreme values of one variable to be associated with less extreme values of the other variable Students with the worst scores on the midterm tend to do poorly on the final, but not as poorly as they did initially. Base-Rate Information: relating to the relative frequency of events or of members of different categories If twice as many people major in business as in the physical sciences, a new student you meet would more likely be a business major.

Identify the true and false statements about how schemas can influence behavior.

True Statement(s) Activating general stereotypes can sometimes lead people to construe themselves along the lines of the stereotyped group, such as looking at an image of superwoman before a presentation and feeling more confident. Being exposed to certain stimuli (such as a plastic shovel) often has the effect of priming the concepts with which they're associated (the beach), making them momentarily more accessible. Experimenters have demonstrated that priming specific schemas in people can impact their behavior to a measurable degree. False Statement(s) In studies, the priming of specific well-known members of a stereotyped group, such as the stereotypical party animal, yielded behaviors from participants that closely matched behaviors associated with the stereotype in question.

Identify the true and false statements about snap judgments.

True Statement(s) In research, assessments of others made by people seeing facial photos for an instant were about the same as those made by people given more time to assess the faces. In a study by Todorov and others (2006), in which people viewed brief glimpses of faces and rated them based on personality dimensions, the two dimensions that tended to stand out from the others were trustworthiness and dominance. False Statement(s) In the real world, snap judgments are rare since few people make inferences about a person or a situation if there is insufficient information on which to base a judgment. Snap judgments are sometimes made on the basis of a rich amount of information.

Identify the true and false statements about the accuracy or validity of snap judgments.

True Statement(s) Knowing others' opinions of someone can be as important as having accurate information about that person. The available evidence indicates there is often some validity to even extremely brief exposure to other people's behavior. False Statement(s) Studies indicate that our snap judgments have almost no validity once we receive more information. Humans form judgments quickly, but these initial judgments do not predict more informed judgments made with more exposure.

Identify the true and false statements about framing.

True Statement(s) The way information is presented can "frame" the way it is processed and understood. The basis of temporal framing is the fact that we think about actions and events within a particular time perspective. False Statement(s) Spin framing is a "pure" type of framing. Positive and negative framing involves altering facts to change information being presented.

Which of the following statements about self-esteem and culture are true?

examples: People from interdependent cultures are more concerned with self-improvement and working toward collective objectives. People from Western cultures have a more pronounced need to evaluate themselves. When people from Asian cultures, such as Japan, Malaysia, or India, are exposed to people from the West, their level of self-esteem increases. Independent cultures foster higher levels of self-esteem than interdependent cultures do. not examples: Between 1968 and 1984, American college students reported greatly reduced self-esteem. Japanese people are more often congratulated for their performance than American people are.

Which of the following are examples that illustrate reflected self-verification?

examples: Walter has a negative self-view, so after he doesn't get a job he interviewed for, he obsesses about what he did wrong during the interview. Brenda often dresses in ways that make her look "out of style," because she doesn't want to be seen as trendy. She appreciates comments from others who notice her "outdated" appearance. not examples: Jose wears a stylish and expensive suit to his job interview because he wants to create a favorable impression in those on the interview committee. Lucinda thinks she is more stylish and fashionable than most people, although if asked, most observers would rank her as just average.

The covariation principle is the idea that behavior should be attributed to potential causes that occur along with the observed behavior. Match each term associated with this idea to the correct definition.

external/situational attribution when the three types of covariation information studied are all high external/situational attribution Correct label:internal/dispositional attribution when consensus and distinctiveness are low but consistency is high internal/dispositional attribution Correct label:consistency information relating to what an individual does in a given situation on different occasions consistency Correct label:distinctiveness information relating to what an individual does in a different situation distinctiveness Correct label:consensus information relating to what most people would do in a given situation

These differences can be seen in how people respond to setbacks. One study found that Japanese students worked longer on a second test if they were told they had ____ the first test, while Canadian students worked longer on the second test if they believed they ____ the first.

failed; succeeded at

Match each type of framing to the appropriate example.

Beryl wants to be the last candidate to make a closing statement at the debate since she believes the audience will best remember the last speaker's remarks.recency effect Correct label:recency effect When he is asked what he does for a living, Rocco used to say he is a "garbage man," but now he says he "works for the Department of Sanitation."spin framing Correct label:spin framing The box states that condoms are 98 percent effective at preventing pregnancy when used consistently and correctly—instead of saying they are ineffective 1 time in 50.positive and negative framing Correct label:positive and negative framing Hallie signs up for a 5K run to support her school's athletic teams. However, the evening before the run, she wonders why she signed up, as she would rather sleep in the next day.temporal framing Correct label:temporal framing

Identify the true and false statements about the phenomenon known as pluralistic ignorance.

True Statement(s) It can occur when people are afraid to show themselves as gentle or kind because they perceive that toughness is called for in the situation. A misperception is caused because an entire group of people act differently from how they truly feel. False Statement(s) It occurs when large numbers of people share inaccurate information, such as a false report on Twitter. When we think and behave in certain ways, we often bring about our expectations.

Which of the following scenarios are examples of how construal level theory explains behavior and which are not?

Example(s) When Jedd's ex invited him to her party, he was excited about seeing her friends whom he likes. When the day of the party arrives, Jedd realizes he also dreads having to see the friends he doesn't like. January 1: Jean resolves to work out five times a week to stay fit.January 15: It seems like too much effort, so Jean cuts back.February 1: Jean's gym bag is gathering dust in her closet. Last month over sushi, Daniel agreed to help a friend paint his house. Today, he is wondering what he was thinking when he said he'd help. Not Example(s) Raina entered a contest in the hope of winning a scholarship to attend music school. She practiced every day until the contest. When Juan's final semester of college started in January, he felt excited about graduation in May. On graduation day, Juan remains excited about being finished with school.

Which of the following are examples of confirmation bias or motivated confirmation bias and which are not?

Example(s) of Either Bias To investigate the validity of the statement "You don't find atheists in a foxhole" (meaning atheists would not serve in the military), a researcher interviews veterans she found through church groups but makes no effort to find veterans who are not religious. A researcher investigating the proposition that hockey referees call fewer penalties against the home team seeks out data that tend to support the notion, while discounting evidence that tends to refute it. A conspiracy theorist who believes that there is a secret society exerting a strong influence over world events searches the Internet for hidden messages supporting his belief. Researching the idea that people are more successful at jobs that they like than at those they don't, an investigator asks successful people how much they like their jobs and less successful people how much they dislike their jobs. Not Example(s) of Either Bias Marilyn believes all museums are haunted, so she refuses to go to the museum.

Match each fact about the activation and application of schemas to the scenario that best illustrates it. Note: It may seem that more than one fact applies to a scenario, but only one matches to each.

Joe rides the subway every day where he is continually exposed to announcements warning riders to be suspicious of unusual activities due to the threat of terrorism. Soon Joe believes he sees potential terrorist activity in a wide variety of everyday situations.If a person uses a particular schema frequently, it can become chronically accessible and therefore likely to be used still more often in the future. Correct label:If a person uses a particular schema frequently, it can become chronically accessible and therefore likely to be used still more often in the future. A tourist on the sidewalk asks Rick if she can ask him a question. Thinking she is a panhandler, Rick says, "Sorry, I don't have any change," and rushes past her.Sometimes people apply a schema because of a preexisting expectation about what they will encounter. Correct label:Sometimes people apply a schema because of a preexisting expectation about what they will encounter. Using a proven tactic to reduce the instances of employees drinking coffee in the break room without contributing 25 cents to the coffee fund, the office manager puts a picture of herself over the sign that reads "Coffee 25¢ per cup."Subliminal stimuli (those below the level of consciousness) can prime a schema sufficiently to influence subsequent information processing. Correct label:Subliminal stimuli (those below the level of consciousness) can prime a schema sufficiently to influence subsequent information processing.

Match each fact about the activation and application of schemas to the scenario that best illustrates it. Note: It may seem that more than one fact applies to a scenario, but only one matches to each.

The advertising agency paints all of the interior office walls either green or blue, because research suggests that green and blue environments foster creativity in people.Schemas can become activated from seeing a specific color as well as from exposure to many other stimuli that are not words. Correct label:Schemas can become activated from seeing a specific color as well as from exposure to many other stimuli that are not words. Michelle prizes stylishness in an assistant, so when she interviews assistant candidates, she focuses a lot of attention on how they are dressed.The role of the evaluator often influences which traits or schemas are activated. Correct label:The role of the evaluator often influences which traits or schemas are activated. Annabel sees a movie in which a character depicted as being wealthy drives a Lexus RX. Coming out of the theater, she sees a man driving by in a Lexus RX and thinks to herself that the man must be wealthy.If a schema has been brought to mind recently, it tends to be more accessible and hence ready for use. Correct label:If a schema has been brought to mind recently, it tends to be more accessible and hence ready for use.

Identify the true and false statements about attribution theory.

True Statement(s) It studies the ways we answer questions such as "Why did the barista smile at me when he gave me my café au lait?" It addresses our ability to explain the behavior of others and oneself in order to make predictions about future behavior. False Statement(s) It is used to investigate questions such as "How many incidents of domestic violence were reported in California last year?" It is confined to the study of how people assign causes to events.

Identify the true and false statements about confirmation bias.

True Statement(s) The tendency to seek confirming information can lead to all sorts of false beliefs, because a person can find supportive evidence for almost anything. Confirmation bias leads people to unwittingly ask questions that influence the answers. Confirmation bias can be avoided by thoroughly investigating all sides of a proposition. Confirmation bias is the tendency to test a proposition by searching for evidence that would support it. False Statement(s) Motivated confirmation bias occurs when researchers make specific efforts to counteract the effects of confirmation bias.

Identify the true and false statements about the bad-news bias.

True Statement(s) There is a positive correlation between the amount of TV watched by people and their expectations that they will be victimized. The relationship between television viewing and one's expectation of being victimized is not as great in neighborhoods with low crime rates. The bad-news bias can lead people to believe they are more at risk of victimization than they really are. False Statement(s) People who live in high-crime areas and watch a lot of TV feel safer than their neighbors who don't watch TV.

Which of the following statements about self-esteem and culture are true?

True Statements(s) People from interdependent cultures are more concerned with self-improvement and working toward collective objectives. People from Western cultures have a more pronounced need to evaluate themselves. When people from Asian cultures, such as Japan, Malaysia, or India, are exposed to people from the West, their level of self-esteem increases. Independent cultures foster higher levels of self-esteem than interdependent cultures do. False Statement(s) Between 1968 and 1984, American college students reported greatly reduced self-esteem. Japanese people are more often congratulated for their performance than American people are.

Which of the following are examples of ways that our social selves can be both malleable and stable?

examples: Even though Mina knows that she likes to party, she doesn't portray that side of herself when she's at church. Ellen perceives herself to be extremely obedient around her family, but when she is with her close friends, she is strong and independent. In all situations, she knows that she's loyal. George belongs to a minority religious sect in his country, and he frequently faces prejudice and discrimination in many areas within his community. For him, his religion is a big part of who he is, as he often has to face the consequences of his devoutness to his faith. not examples: Like many of us, Ilse has a changing sense of who she is depending on the specific social situation (for example, when she's at home with family versus socializing with friends), but these changes are not consistent across these identifiable situations, lacking a predictable pattern in how she thinks of herself.