Ch.17 Endocrine system

Place the following events in order:

1. hypothalamus releases CRH 2. Anterior pituitary gland releases ACTH 3. Adrenal cortex releases cortisol

Rank the half-life of the following types of hormones in order from shortest to largest:

1. small water-soluble hormones 2. large water-soluble hormones 3. lipid water-soluble hormone

People with Type _____ diabetes can often be treated with changes to their diet and increased exercise without the use of medications

2

What is the abbreviation of the hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex?

ACTH

Which are hormones that are released from the posterior pituitary gland?

ADH and oxytocin

Which of the following hormones are made in the hypothalamus?

ADH and oxytocin

Modified cardiac muscle cells in the atrium secrete the hormone ______

ANP

True or False: A hormone only has receptors on one type of cell in the body

False

True or False: Melanocyte stimulating hormone is most active in adults

False

True or False: The posterior pituitary gland produces the hormones oxytocin and ADH

False

True or False: lipid-soluble hormone are easily dissolved and travel freely in the blood

False

Somatotropin is another name for what hormone?

GH

When the hypothalamus releases ______ the anterior pituitary then releases growth hormone

GHRH

A hormone secreted by the hypothalamus is

GnRH

Which of the following hormones are considered gonadotropins?

LH and FSH

In males, ______ may influence the production of androgens

PRL

In order to stimulate the thyroid gland, there has to be a release of ______ from the hypothalamus

TRH

The anterior pituitary gland secrets ___ to stimulate the follicular cells of the thyroid gland to release _____

TSH and TH

Goiters can result even though the pituitary releases more _____ because the lack of ______ prevents the thyroid from producing the needed TH

TSH, iodine

True or False: Goiters often need to be surgically removed since iodine restoration won't result in their decrease

True

True or False: Injections of human growth hormone over a period of many years will not bring pituitary dwarfs to normal heights

True

True or False: The functions of the oxyphil cells of the parathyroid gland are not known

True

True or False: Tropic hormones stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete other hormones

True

___________ diabetes is also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Type 1

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is released from the hypothalamus in response to which of the following stimuli?

a decreased level of thyroid hormone in the blood and low body temperature

The majority of the pituitary gland is composed of the ________

adenohypophysis

In a signal transduction pathway, activated G protein can then activate which of the following enzymes?

adenylate cyclase and phospholipase C

The paired triangular ________ glands are found a top the superior surface of each kidney

adrenal

The principal mineralocorticoid is __________

aldosterone

The two major types of cells of the pancreatic islets are:_____ cells and _____ cells

alpha and beta

As thyroid hormones rise in the bloodstream, the _______ pituitary stops secreting TSH

anterior

The bulk of the pituitary gland is composed of the _______ pituitary

anterior

Regulatory hormones produced by the hypothalamus target and control the ______

anterior pituitary gland

In females, the androgens produced by the zona reticularis are converted to

astrogen

Often a viral infection triggers a(n) _______ condition where the beta cells of the pancreatic islets are destroyed resulting in type 1 diabetes

autoimmune

If someone has Type 1 diabetes, it is because the ______ cells in their pancreas are no longer producing insulin

beta

________ amines are small hormones produced by altering the structure of a specific amino acid

biogenic

Most hormones are transported in the _______ to their target cells

blood

Ultraviolet light is involved in the synthesis of:

calcitriol

A single target cell of a hormone ______

can display differing numbers of receptors for the same hormone

Steroid hormones are a type of lipid derived from _______

cholesterol

The lumen of the thyroid follicle is made of a protein-rich fluid called _____

colloid

The adrenal cortex synthesizes over 25 hormones collectively referred to as __________

corticosteroids

Chronic inflammation is often treated with which glucocorticoid?

cortisol

The most common glucocorticoids are _________ and corticosterone

cortisol

________ syndrome is characterized by obesity, especially in the face (called "moon face") and back (called "buffalo hump")

cushing

If a target cell is becoming overstimulated by a particular hormone, in general it will ________ the number of receptors it has for that particular hormone in order to maintain homeostasis

decrease

Identify which are ways that hormones are eliminated from the bloodstream:

degradation by enzyme and excretion by the kidney

Pancreatic juice is secreted through the pancreatic ducts into the _________

duodenum

__________ glands are ductless organs that secrete their products directly into the bloodstream

endocrine

As a mixed, or heterocrine gland, the pancreas has both ________ and ________ functions

endocrine and exocrine

The ovaries produce the female sex hormones ______ and _______

estrogen and progesterone

Less severe type 2 diabetics can be treated with which of the following treatments?

exercise, medications that enhance insulin release, diet

In acromegaly, the individual doesn't grow in height, but the bones of the _____, _____, and _____ enlarge and widen

face, hands, and feet

Glucagon causes adipose cells to release what macromolecule into the blood stream?

fatty acids

________ diabetes is associated with some pregnant women

gestational

Too much growth hormone in childhood causes pituitary _______

gigantism

The zona ________ is the outermost layer of the adrenal cortex

glomerulosa

The alpha cells of the pancreatic islets secrete the hormone ________

glucagon

Addison disease occurs when there is a chronic shortage of _______ in the body

glucocorticoids

The zona fasciculata synthesizes a group of hormones called ______

glucocorticoids

What class of corticosteroids stimulates the metabolism of lipids and proteins?

glucocorticoids

Insulin promotes_______

glycogenesis

Multi-step signal transduction pathways provide ______ opportunities to regulate pathway than direct pathways

greater

Pituitary dwarfism exists at birth and is due to inadequate ________ hormone production

growth

If the victim is conscious, an easy way to treat hypoglycemia is to:

have them eat or drink something preferably high in sugar

A lipid-soluble hormone that binds to its intracellular receptor then binds to the DNA forming a ________ element (HRE)

hormone response

The endocrine system releases chemical messengers called , _________ into the blood stream

hormones

The endocrine system uses ________ to maintain homeostasis

hormones

If a diabetic injects too much insulin into their body, their blood sugar levels can drop dramatically resulting in what condition?

hypoglycemia

The regulatory hormones that control the anterior pituitary gland arrive from the hypothalamus by the way of the ______

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

The ________ oversees most of the endocrine activity in the body

hypothalamus

The anterior pituitary gland is controlled by regulatory hormones secreted by the ________

hypothalamus

The posterior pituitary gland releases oxytocin and ADH in response to a stimulus from what region of the brain

hypothalamus

The hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system shunts blood and regulatory hormones directly from the _______ to the ______

hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland

The kidneys secrete a hormone that performs which of the following functions?

increase in red blood cell numbers

If a female baby is born with adnrogenital syndrome, she will exhibit which of the following symptoms?

increased ACTH and enlarged clitoris

increased cortisol levels in the body will result in which of the following?

increased blood sugar levels, increased blood fatty acid levels, decreased glucose uptake by most cells of the body

Elevated levels of glucagon result in which of the following?

increased blood sugar levels, increased glycogenolysis, increased lipolysis

Insulin has which of the following effects on cells?

increased glycogenesis by liver cells, increased uptake of glucose by most cells, increased lipogenesis in adipose cells

The effects of hyperthyroidism result in which of the following characteristics?

increased metabolic rate, hyperactivity, weight loss

When a water-soluble hormone binds to its target cell, the subsequent cascade of intracellular chemical reactions can result in which of the following?

increased permeability of the cells membrane and muscle contraction

Thyroid hormones have which of the following effects?

increasing metabolism and increasing body temperature

The thymus is relatively large in:

infants

The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by a thin stalk called the _______

infundibulum

As thyroid hormones increase body temperature, TRH release is _______

inhibited

Which of the following are regulatory hormones released by the hypothalamus?

inhibiting and releasing

Beta cells secreate _______ when blood glucose levels are elevated

insulin

Target cells respond to _______ by taking up glucose, thus lowering blood glucose levels

insulin

Type 1 diabetes is also referred to as which of the following?

insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Scattered among the pancreatic acini are small clusters of endocrine cells called pancreatic _______

islets

In signal transduction, activated adenlyate cyclase increase cAMP levels which then activates the enzyme protein ______ A

kinase

Which hormone is associated with stimulating appetite

leptin

Which organ produces angiotensinogen?

liver

The thyroid gland has left and right ______ connected by a narrow isthmus in the mid line

lobes

Menstrual cramps are caused by prostaglandins which are both produced by and affect the uterus. Because they are produced by and affect the same area of the body they are considered _______ hormones

local

Epinephrine and norepinephrine, hormones involved in the fight/flight sympathetic response, are produced in what region of the adrenal gland?

medulla

The part of the adrenal gland that produces epinephrine and norepinephrine as part of a sympathetic nervous system response to an emergency is the adrenal ______

medulla

The hormone ______ helps regulate your circadian rhythm (24 hour body clock)

melatonin

The pineal gland secretes a hormone called ______

melatonin

The more receptors a cell has for a hormone, the _______ sensitive is to that hormone

more

Hormones can be released as a direct response to which of the following stimuli?

neural, hormonal, humoral

The nervous system uses nerve impulses and ________ to transmit information

neurotransmitter

When the thyroid hormone levels rise in the bloodstream, the thyroid gland

no longer releases TH

Elcosanoids are locally acting hormones. If they target cells neighboring those from which they were released, this is an example of _______ stimulation

paracrine

The ______ glands are located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

parathyroid

An example of a peptide hormones is ________

parathyroid hormone

The class of hormones called _______ hormones are formed from chains of amino acids

peptids

Which endocrine gland is found in the epithalamus of the brain?

pineal

The hypothalamus communicates with the anterior pituitary gland by the way of the hypothalmo-hypophyseal ________ system

portal

The _______ pituitary gland consists primarily of unmyelinated axons extending from the hypothalamus

posterior

Which are actions by which the hypothalamus directly regulates endocrine activity?

producing two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary gland and producing regulatory molecules that either stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary gland

Only cells with specific _________ for the hormone respond to that hormone

receptors

Aging ______ the efficiency of endocrine system functions

reduces

The endocrine system has many functions including:

regulating blood ion concentrations, controlling movement of food through the digestive tract, maintaining blood volume

The innermost region of the adrenal cortex is called the zona _________

reticularis

Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of which of the following conditions?

retinal blindness, kidney failure, non traumatic leg amputations

GH stimulates liver cells to increase gluconeogenesis; as a result, blood sugar levels ______

rise

Once activated by protein G, phospholipase C is activated forming DAG and IP3, tow _______ messengers

second

Because of their structure, water-soluble hormones bind a receptor on the cell membrane initiating a series of biochemical events across the membrane known as a _________ transduction pathway

signal

GH stimulates cell growth, targeting primarily the ________ and ________ systems

skeletal and muscular

Which of the following are symptoms associated with hypothyroidism?

sluggishness, weight gain, feeling cold

Which organ releases secretin and cholecystokinin?

small intestine

Delta cels of the pancreatic islets synthesize _______ also known as growth-hormone-inhibiting hormone

somatostatin

The pituitary gland is located within the sella turcica of the ________ bone

sphenoid

The adrenal cortex synthesizes more than 25 different ______

steroid hormones

Which two hypothalamic nuclei are associated with the posterior pituitary gland?

supraoptic and paraventricular

The nervous system and the endocrine system both affect specific _____ organs

target

The posterior pituitary gland releases hormones into ________

the bloodstream

Hormones are classified based on their chemical structure into how many distinct groups?

three

Thyroid follicular cells synthesize a glycoprotein called _______

thyroglobulin

Which of the following are considered major endocrine organs of the body?

thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pituitary gland

TSH is also called

thyrotropin

If a target cell is continually under stimulated by a particular hormone it has receptors to, it will increase the number of receptors it has through _____ regulation

up

The term diabetes mellitus is derived from the phase "sweet _____"

urine