Ch.3-a- Cells, tissues, organs-Metabolism-Digestions
Show the levels of organization of the human body by arranging the following terms from least complex (at the top) to most complex (at the bottom).
cell, tissue, organ, organ system
Self contained, living structures that join together to form tissues are called
cells
Ribosomes are the sites of
protein synthesis
Enzymes are made up of
protiens
The site of most nutrient absorption is in the
small intestine
True or false: only the enzymes from the digestive system are made of protein.
False
A lip add is an enzyme that digests
Fats
Chyme passes from the stomach into the
Small intestine
What high-energy compound generated by the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the cells is called
Adenosine triphosphate; ATP
Which of the following are components of saliva?
Amylase, lipase, mucus
______ metabolism can take place in the cytoplasm of the cell, whereas _________ metabolism takes place in the mitochondria.
Anaerobic; aerobic
Which of the following are true statements about organelles
And organelle performs a specialist function, may be a compartment, particle, or a filament within a cell, a lysosome is an example of an organelle
Enzymes are part of a chemical reaction and________ altered in the process
Are not
The ______ in the large in the large intestine are able to break down some of the remaining food products such as lactose and some fiber.
Bacteria
After a meal, ______ moves from the stomach, through the pool or sphincter, and into the small intestine 1 teaspoon at a time
Bile
Emulsifier that is produced by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and secreted into the small intestine to aid in fatdigestion
Bile
Secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It does not contain digestive enzymes
Bile
The presence of fat in the small intestines causes the release of a hormonal signal that triggers the gallbladder to release
Bile
Bile aids fat digestion in the small intestines by suspending fat in water using
Bile acids, cholesterol, phospholipids
Bile aids fat digestion in the small intestine by suspending fat in water using ____.
Bile acids, phospholipids, cholesterol
What holds the cellular contents together and regulates the flow of substances into and out of the cell?
Cell membrane
This contains the cells genetic information
Cell nucleus
This is a waxy lipid found in all body cells. Its structure contains multiple chemical rings. It is only found in foods of animal origin
Cholesterol
_______ is found only in animal products it structure contains multiple chemical rings
Cholesterol
Molecules of DNA that are stored in the nucleus of the cell
Chromosomes
The mixture of partially digested food, enzymes, hydrochloric acid, and mucus that forms in the stomach and travels along the small intestine
Chyne
In red blood cells, all the chemical reactions that generate energy occurs in the _______.
Cytoplasm
The "code book" that contains instructions for protein synthesis
DNA
What directs synthesis of cell protein?
DNA
What directs the synthesis of cell protein?
DNA
During the process of transcription,
DNA is copied to RNA
What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA stores genetic code in the nucleus; RNA transmit the genetic code from the nucleus to sides of protein synthesis in the cell
Which body system is responsible for the breakdown and absorption of food in the removal of waste?
Digestive system
Which system of the body is responsible for regulating The release of insulin and glucagon from the pancreas
Endocrine system
The catabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins yields ______.
Energy or ATP
This proteins function is to Regulate chemicals
Enzymes
Makes use of a carrier to transport substances across the cell membrane, but does not require energy
Facilitated diffusion
Refers to the semi solid mass of water, fiber, connective tissue, bacterial cells, and sloth intestinal cells that is formed in the large intestine
Feces
Match the accessory organ with its digestive function
Gallbladder: stores bile Pancreas: manufactures hormones Liver: produces bile
A segment of DNA that codes for a protein
Gene
Do enzymes increase or decrease the speed in which chemical reactions occur
Increase
The villi facilitate absorption of nutrients in the small intestine by
Increasing surface area
Which of the following statements about acidic nature of gastric juice is true
It partially digest food proteins, it holds the biological activity of proteins, it converts the inactive digestive enzymes to the active form
Identify the roles that proteins plays in the cell membrane
It provides structural support of the cell membrane it is A gatekeeper for workflows in and out of the cell and it provides cell to cell communication
Which of the following cell components are organelles?
Lysosome, mitochondrion
Are sometimes called "suicide bags" of the cells because they digest cell components
Lysosomes
What are common features that all cells share?
Membrane cytoplasm and organelles
The role of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine is to
Metabolize undigested food
Cytoplasm is the sole source of energy production for mature red blood cells which contain no
Mitochondria
The organelle responsible for converting the chemical energy from food and drinks into a form of energy that cells use is the
Mitochondria
A compartment, particle, or filament that performs a specialize function within a cell is called a
Organelle
The nucleus, GOLGI complex, and lysosomes are examples of
Organelles
Lipase and amylase are also part of pancreatic juice, but this liquid is produced by the pancreas
Pancreatic juice
Fats, water, and some minerals are absorbed by
Passive diffusion
Requires neither a carrier nor energy
Passive diffusion
An enzyme produced in the stomach
Pepsin
A series of wave like muscle contractions that moves food along with G.I. tract is called
Peristalsis
The process by which a cell Can engulf a substance, it uses energy, but no carrier protein
Phagocytosis
The mitochondria is sometimes called the _____ of the crll
Power plants; power house
How does the stomach protect itself from being digested by its high acid content?
Producing a thick layer of mucus covering the stomach wall
What is an endocrine role of the pancreas
Production of insulin
Acts as a messenger to transmit genetic information from the nucleus to the Ribosomes for protein synthesis
RNA
All sales have a nucleus with the exception of
Red blood cells
Examples of cell membranes
Ribosomes, GOLGI complex, cell nucleus
Lipase and amylase are two components of _____, which is produced by glands in the mouth.
Saliva
The starch digesting enzyme, amylase, is produced by the
Salivary glands and pancreas
The absorptive cells of the intestine have a very ______ life.
Short
The transport of nutrients, gases, and waste through the body
The cardiovascular system
The regulation of senses in control of intellectual functions
The nervous system
A group of cells that works together to perform a specific function
Tissue
The cell membrane is a lipid bilateral of phospholipids
True
True or false: cell cell membrane is a lipid bilayer of phospholipids
True
The combined surface area of the _____ increase the surface area for nutrient absorption in the small intestine.
Villi, folds of the mucosa, microvilli
What type of nutrients are absorbed into the hepatic portal vein and eventually into the liver before the enter the general circulation
Water soluble compounds
The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are part of the digestive system but are considered to be _____ structures.
accessory
When a nutrient requires a carrier protein and energy in order to be absorbed, this is called
active absorption
Which of the following yields energy?
carbohydrates, fat, protein
What is needed to facilitate active absorption
carrier protein and energy
Another name for large intestine
colon
The first segment of the small intestine
duodenum
Arrange the parts of the small intestine in order they appear in the GI tract
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Identify the nutrients that are absorbed via passive diffusion
fats and water
A segment of DNA that codes for a protein
gene
The last segment of the small intestine
ileum
The second segment of the small intestine
jejunum
Fats are digested by
lipase
Fat-soluble nutrients are absorbed into the
lymphatic system
The acidic environment and stomach is beneficial in
making dietary minerals soluble, partially digesting protein, activating some digestive enzymes.
List the organs of digestive tract in order from start to finish
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Identify the part of the cell responsible for genetically controlling the actions that occur in the cell
nucleus
A group of tissues designed to perform a specific function
organ
Amylase is the enzyme needed to digest ______.
starch
The endocrine system is related to nutrition through
the effects of hormones on appetite and blood glucose regulation
Which of the following dietary components can be absorbed by the cells lining the stomach
water and alcohol