Ch.3-a- Cells, tissues, organs-Metabolism-Digestions

Show the levels of organization of the human body by arranging the following terms from least complex (at the top) to most complex (at the bottom).

cell, tissue, organ, organ system

Self contained, living structures that join together to form tissues are called

cells

Ribosomes are the sites of

protein synthesis

Enzymes are made up of

protiens

The site of most nutrient absorption is in the

small intestine

True or false: only the enzymes from the digestive system are made of protein.

False

A lip add is an enzyme that digests

Fats

Chyme passes from the stomach into the

Small intestine

What high-energy compound generated by the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the cells is called

Adenosine triphosphate; ATP

Which of the following are components of saliva?

Amylase, lipase, mucus

______ metabolism can take place in the cytoplasm of the cell, whereas _________ metabolism takes place in the mitochondria.

Anaerobic; aerobic

Which of the following are true statements about organelles

And organelle performs a specialist function, may be a compartment, particle, or a filament within a cell, a lysosome is an example of an organelle

Enzymes are part of a chemical reaction and________ altered in the process

Are not

The ______ in the large in the large intestine are able to break down some of the remaining food products such as lactose and some fiber.

Bacteria

After a meal, ______ moves from the stomach, through the pool or sphincter, and into the small intestine 1 teaspoon at a time

Bile

Emulsifier that is produced by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and secreted into the small intestine to aid in fatdigestion

Bile

Secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It does not contain digestive enzymes

Bile

The presence of fat in the small intestines causes the release of a hormonal signal that triggers the gallbladder to release

Bile

Bile aids fat digestion in the small intestines by suspending fat in water using

Bile acids, cholesterol, phospholipids

Bile aids fat digestion in the small intestine by suspending fat in water using ____.

Bile acids, phospholipids, cholesterol

What holds the cellular contents together and regulates the flow of substances into and out of the cell?

Cell membrane

This contains the cells genetic information

Cell nucleus

This is a waxy lipid found in all body cells. Its structure contains multiple chemical rings. It is only found in foods of animal origin

Cholesterol

_______ is found only in animal products it structure contains multiple chemical rings

Cholesterol

Molecules of DNA that are stored in the nucleus of the cell

Chromosomes

The mixture of partially digested food, enzymes, hydrochloric acid, and mucus that forms in the stomach and travels along the small intestine

Chyne

In red blood cells, all the chemical reactions that generate energy occurs in the _______.

Cytoplasm

The "code book" that contains instructions for protein synthesis

DNA

What directs synthesis of cell protein?

DNA

What directs the synthesis of cell protein?

DNA

During the process of transcription,

DNA is copied to RNA

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

DNA stores genetic code in the nucleus; RNA transmit the genetic code from the nucleus to sides of protein synthesis in the cell

Which body system is responsible for the breakdown and absorption of food in the removal of waste?

Digestive system

Which system of the body is responsible for regulating The release of insulin and glucagon from the pancreas

Endocrine system

The catabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins yields ______.

Energy or ATP

This proteins function is to Regulate chemicals

Enzymes

Makes use of a carrier to transport substances across the cell membrane, but does not require energy

Facilitated diffusion

Refers to the semi solid mass of water, fiber, connective tissue, bacterial cells, and sloth intestinal cells that is formed in the large intestine

Feces

Match the accessory organ with its digestive function

Gallbladder: stores bile Pancreas: manufactures hormones Liver: produces bile

A segment of DNA that codes for a protein

Gene

Do enzymes increase or decrease the speed in which chemical reactions occur

Increase

The villi facilitate absorption of nutrients in the small intestine by

Increasing surface area

Which of the following statements about acidic nature of gastric juice is true

It partially digest food proteins, it holds the biological activity of proteins, it converts the inactive digestive enzymes to the active form

Identify the roles that proteins plays in the cell membrane

It provides structural support of the cell membrane it is A gatekeeper for workflows in and out of the cell and it provides cell to cell communication

Which of the following cell components are organelles?

Lysosome, mitochondrion

Are sometimes called "suicide bags" of the cells because they digest cell components

Lysosomes

What are common features that all cells share?

Membrane cytoplasm and organelles

The role of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine is to

Metabolize undigested food

Cytoplasm is the sole source of energy production for mature red blood cells which contain no

Mitochondria

The organelle responsible for converting the chemical energy from food and drinks into a form of energy that cells use is the

Mitochondria

A compartment, particle, or filament that performs a specialize function within a cell is called a

Organelle

The nucleus, GOLGI complex, and lysosomes are examples of

Organelles

Lipase and amylase are also part of pancreatic juice, but this liquid is produced by the pancreas

Pancreatic juice

Fats, water, and some minerals are absorbed by

Passive diffusion

Requires neither a carrier nor energy

Passive diffusion

An enzyme produced in the stomach

Pepsin

A series of wave like muscle contractions that moves food along with G.I. tract is called

Peristalsis

The process by which a cell Can engulf a substance, it uses energy, but no carrier protein

Phagocytosis

The mitochondria is sometimes called the _____ of the crll

Power plants; power house

How does the stomach protect itself from being digested by its high acid content?

Producing a thick layer of mucus covering the stomach wall

What is an endocrine role of the pancreas

Production of insulin

Acts as a messenger to transmit genetic information from the nucleus to the Ribosomes for protein synthesis

RNA

All sales have a nucleus with the exception of

Red blood cells

Examples of cell membranes

Ribosomes, GOLGI complex, cell nucleus

Lipase and amylase are two components of _____, which is produced by glands in the mouth.

Saliva

The starch digesting enzyme, amylase, is produced by the

Salivary glands and pancreas

The absorptive cells of the intestine have a very ______ life.

Short

The transport of nutrients, gases, and waste through the body

The cardiovascular system

The regulation of senses in control of intellectual functions

The nervous system

A group of cells that works together to perform a specific function

Tissue

The cell membrane is a lipid bilateral of phospholipids

True

True or false: cell cell membrane is a lipid bilayer of phospholipids

True

The combined surface area of the _____ increase the surface area for nutrient absorption in the small intestine.

Villi, folds of the mucosa, microvilli

What type of nutrients are absorbed into the hepatic portal vein and eventually into the liver before the enter the general circulation

Water soluble compounds

The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are part of the digestive system but are considered to be _____ structures.

accessory

When a nutrient requires a carrier protein and energy in order to be absorbed, this is called

active absorption

Which of the following yields energy?

carbohydrates, fat, protein

What is needed to facilitate active absorption

carrier protein and energy

Another name for large intestine

colon

The first segment of the small intestine

duodenum

Arrange the parts of the small intestine in order they appear in the GI tract

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Identify the nutrients that are absorbed via passive diffusion

fats and water

A segment of DNA that codes for a protein

gene

The last segment of the small intestine

ileum

The second segment of the small intestine

jejunum

Fats are digested by

lipase

Fat-soluble nutrients are absorbed into the

lymphatic system

The acidic environment and stomach is beneficial in

making dietary minerals soluble, partially digesting protein, activating some digestive enzymes.

List the organs of digestive tract in order from start to finish

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Identify the part of the cell responsible for genetically controlling the actions that occur in the cell

nucleus

A group of tissues designed to perform a specific function

organ

Amylase is the enzyme needed to digest ______.

starch

The endocrine system is related to nutrition through

the effects of hormones on appetite and blood glucose regulation

Which of the following dietary components can be absorbed by the cells lining the stomach

water and alcohol