MICRO-CHAPTER 6 SMARTBOOK QUESTIONS

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Most enveloped viruses are which of the following? Animal viruses Anti-viral Bacterial viruses

Animal viruses

Typically, what is the immunological response against viral capsid and viral envelope antigens? Multiple choice question. Chills Fever Phagocytosis Antibody production

Antibody production

What term is used to describe viruses which infect bacteria? Multiple choice question. Prions Proviruses Viroids Bacteriophages

Bacteriophages

_________________ and __________________ are the names of two different types of capsids.

Blank 1: Helical Blank 2: Icosahedral

Tropisms are tissue specificities of animal viruses for certain body cells, e.g., the hepatitis B virus targets the ______________ and the mumps virus targets ___________ glands.

Blank 1: liver Blank 2: salivary or saliva

Which is a naturally produced antiviral protein in humans? Lysozyme Penicillin Interferon

Interferon

Which preformed enzyme is involved in the synthesis of DNA from RNA in retroviruses, such as HIV? Multiple choice question. Reverse transcriptase RNA polymerase Gyrase Helicase DNA polymerase

Reverse transcriptase

Which of the following describes the size of most viruses? Multiple choice question. Smaller than 0.2 micrometers Smaller than 0.2 nanometers Smaller than 0.2 picometers

Smaller than 0.2 micrometers

Which of the following viral structures must be specific for adsorption? Multiple choice question. Envelope Capsid Spike proteins Nucleic acid

Spike proteins

Which of the following viral structures must be specific for adsorption? Multiple choice question. Envelope Nucleic acid Capsid Spike proteins

Spike proteins

What term is used to describe the viral proteins which protrude from the envelope and aid in attachment to host receptors?

Spikes

Which best describes the shape of a helical virus? Multiple choice question. Icosahedral Cuboidal Spiral

Spiral

Which of the following diseases is caused by prions? Spongiform encephalopathy Rocky mountain spotted fever Rheumatoid arthritis Pneumonia

Spongiform encephalopathy

What is the purpose of vaccines? Prevent viruses from entering host cells Kill viruses that infect a host Stimulate host immune system

Stimulate host immune system

Viruses are classified into families based on genetic makeup and which of the following? Multiple choice question. Pathogenic potential Structure Geographic distribution

Structure

Which is not a reason that eggs provide an excellent in vivo viral cultivation system? Multiple choice question. The interior environment of the egg is sterile. The egg is self-supporting. The egg contains a tissue monolayer.

The egg contains a tissue monolayer.

Which is not a reason that eggs provide an excellent in vivo viral cultivation system? The interior environment of the egg is sterile. The egg contains a tissue monolayer. The egg is self-supporting.

The egg contains a tissue monolayer.

What is common to replicase and reverse transcriptase? They are capsomer proteins. They are proteins that virally infected host cells produce. They are preformed viral proteins.

They are preformed viral proteins.

Which of the following best explains why viruses have so few genes? Multiple choice question. Viruses do not have metabolic pathways. Viruses only need to infect the next cell. Viruses do not have to exist outside of the cell. Viruses must assemble virions

Viruses do not have metabolic pathways.

What does "obligate" mean in regard to viruses?

Viruses must have a host cell.

Any virus that specifically infects bacteria is called a(n) ____________________.

bacteriophage

A(n)______________is a protein subunit that forms the viral capsid.

capsomer

A general concept of all viruses is that they require a host __________________ in order to replicate.

cell

The term _______________ refers to "cell disease."

cytopathic

The _________________ agent is a naked strand of RNA that is only expressed in the presence of hepatitis B virus.

delta

__________________ is a name given to a disease-causing agent composed only of protein.

prion

Which of the following is used to describe the phage DNA that is latently incorporated into the bacterial host genome? Multiple choice question. Temperate Lysogenic Bacteriophage Persistent infection Prophage

prophage

What is the primary function of the viral capsid and envelope?

protection

HIV is described as a(n) __________________ because it synthesizes DNA from RNA using reverse transcription.

retrovirus

Most viral _____________ in the capsid or envelope are composed of glycoproteins and are used to attach to cells.

spikes

The peplomers or _______________ of a virus are protruding glycoproteins, responsible for binding to a host cell.

spikes

A(n) __________________ phage is a bacteriophage that incorporates itself into the host genome as a lysogenic prophage.

temperate

Which of the following is not effective treatment for viral infections? Multiple choice question. Vaccines Anti-serum (administration of specific antibodies) Antibiotics

Antibiotics

Why do antiviral drugs often have side effects in host cells?

Antiviral drugs block viral replication by targeting host cell functions

Which of the following describes the process of various viral "parts" coming together to produce complete virions? Multiple choice question. Release Assembly Absorption Penetration

Assembly

Which of the following activities are not characteristics of viruses? Multiple select question. Metabolize food Maintain homeostasis Replicate independently React to environmental factors Dependent on host for replication

Metabolize food Maintain homeostasis Replicate independently React to environmental factors

Which of the following are not found in viroids? Mitochondrion Metabolic pathways Nucleic acid Capsid Envelope

Mitochondrion Metabolic pathways Capsid Envelope

Which of the following describes viruses? Multiple choice question. Non-living and some are not infectious and some are infectious Living microorganisms Non-living, infectious agent

Non-living, infectious agent

Which of the following tests can detect and amplify minute amounts of viral nucleic acid in a sample? Multiple choice question. PCR Immunofluorescence Gram stain Negative staining

PCR

Which of the following tests can detect and amplify minute amounts of viral nucleic acid in a sample? Negative staining PCR Immunofluorescence Gram stain

PCR

A cell harboring a virus that is not causing cytopathic effects is characteristic of which type of infection? Multiple choice question. Acute infection Persistent infection Active infection

Persistent infection

Which of the following is a preformed viral protein that synthesizes DNA and RNA? Multiple choice question. Protease Reverse transcriptase Polymerase

Polymerase

The cause of viral infections remained unknown for many years longer than other types of infections due to which of the following reasons? Multiple select question. Most viral infections mimicked other congenital diseases. Scientists in the 1800s did not believe that unseen life existed. The techniques used to observe other pathogens were useless with viruses. Viruses are not visualized by light microscopes.

The techniques used to observe other pathogens were useless with viruses. Viruses are not visualized by light microscopes.

True or false: The number of viruses released by an infected host cell can vary in the thousands. True False

True

Who discovered bacteriophages in 1915? Multiple choice question. Lister Koch Twort and d'Herelle Watson and Crick Pasteur

Twort and d'Herelle

Which term best describes viruses? Multiple choice question. Microscopic Ultramicroscopic Macroscopic

Ultramicroscopic

Which term describes the process of a virus losing its capsid and exposing viral nucleic acids to the immediate environment? Multiple choice question. Uncoating Release Absorption Shedding

Uncoating

It is well known that _________________ have no effect on treating viral infections.

antibiotics

During the ________________ step in the viral multiplication cycle, the genetic material is packaged into capsids to make virions.

assembly

In describing the release of mature enveloped viruses from host cells, the terms ________________ and exocytosis are interchangeable.

budding

Which is a simple translation of cytopathic? Multiple choice question. Cell lysis Cell cancer Cell disease

cell disease

The agent _________________ is a naked strand of RNA that is only expressed in the presence of hepatitis B virus.

delta

Poliovirus and adenovirus have a capsid arranged in a symmetrical polygon structure called a(n) ________________________.

icosahedral

Viruses with single-stranded RNA genomes that can be directly translated into proteins are called _________________-strand RNA viruses.

positive

The influenza virus has an RNA genome that is referred to as, _______________________ because individual genes exist in separate RNA molecules.

segmented

A poiliovirus-infected cell can release how many virions? Multiple choice question. Millions About 100,000 Hundreds Billions Tens of Thousands

About 100,000

What are viruses called when they are infectious?

Active

The acronym for cytopathic effects is _________________.

CPE

Which structure immediately encloses viral nucleic acid? Multiple choice question. Capsid Envelope Cell wall

Capsid

Identify all of the components of a nucleocapsid. Multiple select question. Polymerase Envelope Capsid Nucleic acid

Capsid Nucleic acid

Which is the main test done to diagnose an HIV infection? Detection of specific antibodies in a patient's blood Look at sample with an electron microscope Immunofluorescence Polymerase chain reaction

Detection of specific antibodies in a patient's blood

Which is the main test done to diagnose an HIV infection? Multiple choice question. Polymerase chain reaction Detection of specific antibodies in a patient's blood Look at sample with an electron microscope Immunofluorescence

Detection of specific antibodies in a patient's blood

Which bird eggs are the most common choices for viral propagation? Select all that apply: Hawk Duck Geese Turkey Chicken

Duck Turkey Chicken

Which of the following is a term used to describe the different host cells which a virus can infect? Multiple choice question. Spread Compatible range Virus range Host range

Host range

Different viruses can infect which of the following? Multiple choice question. Animal cells only Plant cells only Human cells only Human, bacterial, or plant cells Bacterial cells only

Human, bacterial, or plant cells

What term is used to describe the capsid of a virus which has 20 equally spaced panels of capsomers forming a symmetrical structure? Spike Helical Icosahedral Enveloped

Icosahedral

Using laboratory animals for experimentation is considered which of the following? Multiple choice question. In vivo In vitro

In vivo

Which Latin phrase describes the cultivation or testing within a living organism or tissues? Multiple choice question. In situ In vitro In vivo

In vivo

When viruses are exposed to compounds or UV-light which make them non-infectious what are they called? Multiple choice question. Inert Dead Unstable Inactive

Inactive

Some animal viruses can insert their genomes into a host cell's DNA. This process is called which of the following? Multiple choice question. Latency Lysogeny Transformation Chronic

Latency

Which describes the number of vaccines available against viral infections? Limited number of vaccines Most viral diseases have an effective vaccine

Limited number of vaccines

The discovery of the light microscope had what type of impact on the observation of viruses?

Little to none

Which of the following is not associated with Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease? Presence of prions in nervous tissues Transmission from the handling of autopsy tissues Lysogenic conversion due to bacteriophages

Lysogenic conversion due to bacteriophages

Which of the following activities are NOT characteristics of viruses? Multiple select question. Maintain homeostasis Metabolize food Replicate independently React to environmental factors Dependent on host for replication

Maintain homeostasis Metabolize food Replicate independently React to environmental factors

Viruses with single-stranded RNA genomes that have to be converted to the the "other strand of RNA" before it can be translated into proteins are called __________________ --strand RNA viruses.

Negative

The term "naked" used in describing viruses implies which of the following? No nucleic acid No lipid envelope No capsid

No lipid envelope

If a virus were to infect a host cell but the cell's enzymes had been denatured, could the virus still replicate?

No, because the virus relies on host enzymes and machinery.

Which of the following describes viruses? Multiple choice question. Living microorganisms Non-living, infectious agent Non-living and some are not infectious and some are infectious Reason: All viruses are infectious to some living organism.

Non-living, infectious agent

Where are most DNA viruses replicated and assembled within the host? Multiple choice question. Cytoplasm Nucleus Rough ER

Nucleus

Which of the following characteristics are correct for viruses?

Obligate intracellular parasites Infects very specific cell types Acellular

_____________________ is a name given to a disease-causing agent composed only of protein.

Prion

Why must living cells carry a larger genome than viruses? Multiple choice question. *They must be able to carry out metabolic processes that sustain independent life. *They need a large genome for greater diversity within a species. *They need to carry genes that allow them to invade other organisms to sustain life. *They have more complex nutritional requirements.

They must be able to carry out metabolic processes that sustain independent life.

It is possible for a lysogenized bacteria to produce which of the following that are harmful to people? Multiple choice question. Antibodies Viruses Toxins

Toxins

Genes for toxin production and drug resistance can be transferred by bacteriophages between bacteria during which process? Multiple choice question. Mitosis Transduction Binary fission Conjugation

Transduction

Which term describes the tissue specificities of animal viruses for certain body cells?

Tropisms

True or false: It is common for some antiviral drugs to have negative side effects in people because the drugs target host cell metabolic functions. True False

True

True or false: Prions are resistant to high temperatures. True False

True

Which 3 of the following are usual choices for live animal inoculation with viruses? Select all that apply: White mice Rats Cats Hamsters Dogs

White mice Rats Hamsters

AAV can only replicate in cells infected with _______________.

adenovirus

AAV can only replicate in cells infected with _________________.

adenovirus

Which of these terms does not belong in this group? Tissue culture Cell culture Embryonic culture

embryonic culture

The two main processes by which viruses penetrate host cells are engulfment, also known as ____________________ , and direct fusion.

endocytosis

The process of penetration occurs when viruses are taken into the cell followed by engulfment in a vesicle called a(n) ____________________.

endosome

The process of penetration occurs when viruses are taken into the cell followed by engulfment in a vesicle called a(n) ______________________.

endosome

The total nucleic acid content of a virus can be referred to as the viral _________________________.

genome

Influenza, measles, and rabies are viruses that have a(n) _____________________shaped capsid.

helical

The _______________ range defines the limitations of the type of cell that a virus can invade.

host

_________________ are natural antiviral proteins produced in humans that have shown some potential for prevention of viral infection and cancer treatment.

interferons

__________________________ is the persistence of bacteriophage DNA within a host chromosome.

is the persistence of bacteriophage DNA within a host chromosome.

Bacterial host cells undergo _______________ due to the splitting open and release of bacteriophages.

lysis

________________ is the persistence of bacteriophage DNA within a host chromosome.

lysogeny

The herpes zoster virus goes into latency in ______________ cells.

nerve

Together the viral capsid and nucleic core is referred to as the_____________.

nucleocapsid

Which of the following is considered an in vitro method for virus propagation? Tissue culture Animals Bird eggs

tissue culture

Bacteria that are lysogenized with phage may produce ______________ that are harmful to the host.

toxins

Bacteria that are lysogenized with phage may produce _________________ that are harmful to the host.

toxins

Phages can serve as transporters of bacterial genes from one bacterium to another in a a process called ______________________.

transduction

Phages can serve as transporters of bacterial genes from one bacterium to another in a a process called _______________________.

transduction

The process of ___________________ occurs when viruses lose their envelope during penetration into a host cell or when the envelope/capsid is are dissolved within a vacuole.

uncoating

Cell (tissue) culture is considered an "in _________" method to propagate virus.

vitro

Which of the following characteristics are correct for viruses? Multiple select question. Acellular Can replicate independently Capable of responding to external stimuli Infects very specific cell types Capable of independent metabolism Obligate intracellular parasites

Acellular Infects very specific cell types Obligate intracellular parasites

Diagnostically, if cytopathic effects are seen, what does this indicate? Multiple choice question. Active viral infection No viral infection Persistent viral infection

Active viral infection

What term is used to describe when a virus initially "sticks" to the host cell? Multiple choice question. Adhesion Adsorption Penetration Uncoating

Adsorption

What term is used to describe when a virus initially "sticks" to the host cell? Penetration Uncoating Adhesion Adsorption

Adsorption

Which viral stage occurs first? Multiple choice question. Penetration Release Assembly Adsorption Uncoating Synthesis

Adsorption

List the correct order of viral life cycle phases, starting with the first at the top Penetration/Uncoating Release Synthesis Adsorption Assembly

Adsorption Penetration/Uncoating Synthesis Assembly Release

A persistent infection could last how long in a host? Multiple choice question. All of the these Several years Several days Several weeks

All of the these

Identify the different environments in which some viruses can replicate.

Bacterial cells Human cells Animal cells

Viruses with negative-strand RNA molecules must first be converted to which of the following in the process of replication. Multiple choice question. Be converted to double-stranded DNA Be converted to a single strand of DNA Be converted into a positive-strand of RNA

Be converted into a positive-strand of RNA

Where are most RNA viruses replicated and assembled within the host? Multiple choice question. Nucleus Nucleolus Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm

Which term is used to describe the phospholipid bilayer found surrounding the capsid of some viruses? Multiple choice question. Envelope Vacuole Phagosome Cell membrane

Envelope

Which types of viruses are released by budding? Multiple choice question. RNA viruses Naked viruses Enveloped viruses DNA viruses

Enveloped viruses

Which of the following relate to all viruses? Multiple select question. Capsid Cellular DNA RNA Nucleic acid Acellular

Capsid Nucleic acid Acellular

Which of the following relate to all viruses? Select all that apply: Capsid Nucleic acid Cellular DNA Acellular RNA

Capsid Nucleic acid Acellular

At minimum, viruses are composed of which of the following?

Capsid and nucleic acid

At minimum, viruses are composed of which of the following? Multiple choice question. Capsid, nucleic acid, and lipid membrane Capsid and nucleic acid RNA Lipid membrane Capsid Nucleic acid

Capsid and nucleic acid

Which of the following is the monomeric unit for a viral capsid? Multiple choice question. Protein Capsomer Facet Amino acid Fiber

Capsomer

Prions affect the normal proteins in the cell membranes of eukaryotic cells in which of the following ways? Breaking covalent bonds Causing transformation Causing abnormal folding

Causing abnormal folding

Which are the criteria used in classifying viruses into families? Select all that apply. Chemical composition Pathogenic potential Structure Geographic distribution Genetic makeup

Chemical composition Structure Genetic makeup

Which of the following describes bacteriophages? Select all that apply. Complex Flexible tail Enveloped Polyhedral capsid head Covered by a dense layer of lipoproteins

Complex Flexible tail Polyhedral capsid head

Which is the typical route of infection for mad cow disease? Insect borne: mosquito Insect borne: tick Insect borne: fly Bite from an infected animal Consumption of contaminated food

Consumption of contaminated food

Which disease is associated with prions? Human papilloma virus (HPV) Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD)

Using a microscope, you observe some cells which have multiple nuclei because a virus has caused normal cells to fuse together. What is this observation called? Multiple choice question. Latent infection Cytopathic effect Persistent infection

Cytopathic effect

Most _____________ viruses will assemble their virions within the host cell's nucleus.

DNA

A single virion could contain a genome of which of the following? Select all that apply: both RNA and DNA DNA only RNA only neither RNA or DNA

DNA only RNA only

Viruses are composed of which of the following? Select all that apply: DNA and RNA Cell wall DNA or RNA Protein capsid

DNA or RNA Protein capsid

Which of the following describes viral DNA genomes? Multiple choice question. Either single or double-stranded Single-stranded only Double-stranded only

Either single or double-stranded

Which type of microscope is usually used to examine viruses? Multiple choice question. Atomic force Dark field Electron Bright field

Electron

Which term is used to describe the process in which a virus is engulfed by a cell in a vacuole or vesicle? Multiple choice question. Exocytosis Lysis Budding Endocytosis

Endocytosis

Which term is used to describe the process in which a virus is engulfed by a cell in a vacuole or vesicle? Multiple choice question. Lysis Endocytosis Budding Exocytosis

Endocytosis

Identify all the methods that a virus can use to gain entry into an animal cell. Select all that apply: Engulfment/phagocytosis of the virus Injection of viral nucleic acids across the cell membrane Fusion of the viral envelope and the cell membrane

Engulfment/phagocytosis of the virus Fusion of the viral envelope and the cell membrane

Many animal viruses will acquire which of the following from the host cell's membrane? Multiple choice question. Ribosomes Spike proteins Envelope Capsid

Envelope

True or false: Viral DNA, but not viral RNA, can be double-stranded.

False

Lysogeny is best described as which of the following? Multiple choice question. Replication of virions Lysis of the host cell Integration of the viral genome into the host chromosome Fragmentation of the host chromosome

Integration of the viral genome into the host chromosome

During the lytic cycle of bacteriophages, the ultimate destiny of a phage-infected bacterial cell is which of the following? Multiple choice question. Fusion Lysis Mitosis Budding

Lysis

Naked viruses are released from animal cells by which of the following methods? Multiple choice question. Budding Endocytosis Lysis Pinocytosis

Lysis

Naked viruses are released from animal cells by which of the following methods? Multiple choice question. Lysis Budding Endocytosis Pinocytosis

Lysis

Prions are composed of what molecule? Nucleic Acid Neither protein nor nucleic acid Protein

Protein

Prions are composed of what molecule? Nucleic Acid Protein Neither protein nor nucleic acid

Protein

Which of the following best describes a prion? RNA-based infectious agent Obligate intracellular parasite Obligate aerobe Proteinaceous-infectious agent

Proteinaceous-infectious agent

Capsomers are composed of which macromolecule? Multiple choice question. Lipids

Proteins

A single virion could contain a genome of which of the following? Select all that apply: RNA only DNA only neither RNA or DNA both RNA and DNA

RNA only DNA only

In which stage of viral multiplication would you expect to see "budding" occur? Multiple choice question. Penetration Assembly Synthesis Absorption Release

Release

Which is false regarding the viral envelope and the membrane of its host? Multiple choice question *The viral envelope may contain proteins from the host nuclear membrane. *Spikes may be present on the viral envelope. *Viral glycoproteins are present in the host membrane but not in the viral envelope.

Viral glycoproteins are present in the host membrane but not in the viral envelope.

The viral envelope is compositionally different from a non-infected host cell because of the presence of which of the following?

Viral proteins

Which is most important for attachment of a virus to a host cell? Multiple choice question. Number of genes carried by the virus Viral shape and size Viral specificity for host receptors

Viral specificity for host receptors

Which is most important for attachment of a virus to a host cell? Multiple choice question. Viral specificity for host receptors Number of genes carried by the virus Viral shape and size

Viral specificity for host receptors

Which of the following is a fully formed virus that is able to establish an infection in a host cell? Multiple choice question. Prion Virion Serotype Hapten

Virion

Which of the following is composed of only RNA? Prion Viroid Virus Bacterium

Viroid

Which of the following is the smallest in relative size? Multiple choice question. Plant cell Virus Bacteria Yeast Animal cell

Virus

Which of the following enables some viruses to propagate better in a particular animal compared to others? Multiple choice question. Animal age Animal diet Virus-specific animal receptors Animal immunocompetence Animal behavior

Virus-specific animal receptors

What does "obligate" mean in regard to viruses? Multiple choice question. Viruses are infectious. Viruses must have a host cell. Viruses are airborne. Viruses are composed of proteins and nucleic acids.

Viruses must have a host cell.


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