MICRO-CHAPTER 6 SMARTBOOK QUESTIONS
Most enveloped viruses are which of the following? Animal viruses Anti-viral Bacterial viruses
Animal viruses
Typically, what is the immunological response against viral capsid and viral envelope antigens? Multiple choice question. Chills Fever Phagocytosis Antibody production
Antibody production
What term is used to describe viruses which infect bacteria? Multiple choice question. Prions Proviruses Viroids Bacteriophages
Bacteriophages
_________________ and __________________ are the names of two different types of capsids.
Blank 1: Helical Blank 2: Icosahedral
Tropisms are tissue specificities of animal viruses for certain body cells, e.g., the hepatitis B virus targets the ______________ and the mumps virus targets ___________ glands.
Blank 1: liver Blank 2: salivary or saliva
Which is a naturally produced antiviral protein in humans? Lysozyme Penicillin Interferon
Interferon
Which preformed enzyme is involved in the synthesis of DNA from RNA in retroviruses, such as HIV? Multiple choice question. Reverse transcriptase RNA polymerase Gyrase Helicase DNA polymerase
Reverse transcriptase
Which of the following describes the size of most viruses? Multiple choice question. Smaller than 0.2 micrometers Smaller than 0.2 nanometers Smaller than 0.2 picometers
Smaller than 0.2 micrometers
Which of the following viral structures must be specific for adsorption? Multiple choice question. Envelope Capsid Spike proteins Nucleic acid
Spike proteins
Which of the following viral structures must be specific for adsorption? Multiple choice question. Envelope Nucleic acid Capsid Spike proteins
Spike proteins
What term is used to describe the viral proteins which protrude from the envelope and aid in attachment to host receptors?
Spikes
Which best describes the shape of a helical virus? Multiple choice question. Icosahedral Cuboidal Spiral
Spiral
Which of the following diseases is caused by prions? Spongiform encephalopathy Rocky mountain spotted fever Rheumatoid arthritis Pneumonia
Spongiform encephalopathy
What is the purpose of vaccines? Prevent viruses from entering host cells Kill viruses that infect a host Stimulate host immune system
Stimulate host immune system
Viruses are classified into families based on genetic makeup and which of the following? Multiple choice question. Pathogenic potential Structure Geographic distribution
Structure
Which is not a reason that eggs provide an excellent in vivo viral cultivation system? Multiple choice question. The interior environment of the egg is sterile. The egg is self-supporting. The egg contains a tissue monolayer.
The egg contains a tissue monolayer.
Which is not a reason that eggs provide an excellent in vivo viral cultivation system? The interior environment of the egg is sterile. The egg contains a tissue monolayer. The egg is self-supporting.
The egg contains a tissue monolayer.
What is common to replicase and reverse transcriptase? They are capsomer proteins. They are proteins that virally infected host cells produce. They are preformed viral proteins.
They are preformed viral proteins.
Which of the following best explains why viruses have so few genes? Multiple choice question. Viruses do not have metabolic pathways. Viruses only need to infect the next cell. Viruses do not have to exist outside of the cell. Viruses must assemble virions
Viruses do not have metabolic pathways.
What does "obligate" mean in regard to viruses?
Viruses must have a host cell.
Any virus that specifically infects bacteria is called a(n) ____________________.
bacteriophage
A(n)______________is a protein subunit that forms the viral capsid.
capsomer
A general concept of all viruses is that they require a host __________________ in order to replicate.
cell
The term _______________ refers to "cell disease."
cytopathic
The _________________ agent is a naked strand of RNA that is only expressed in the presence of hepatitis B virus.
delta
__________________ is a name given to a disease-causing agent composed only of protein.
prion
Which of the following is used to describe the phage DNA that is latently incorporated into the bacterial host genome? Multiple choice question. Temperate Lysogenic Bacteriophage Persistent infection Prophage
prophage
What is the primary function of the viral capsid and envelope?
protection
HIV is described as a(n) __________________ because it synthesizes DNA from RNA using reverse transcription.
retrovirus
Most viral _____________ in the capsid or envelope are composed of glycoproteins and are used to attach to cells.
spikes
The peplomers or _______________ of a virus are protruding glycoproteins, responsible for binding to a host cell.
spikes
A(n) __________________ phage is a bacteriophage that incorporates itself into the host genome as a lysogenic prophage.
temperate
Which of the following is not effective treatment for viral infections? Multiple choice question. Vaccines Anti-serum (administration of specific antibodies) Antibiotics
Antibiotics
Why do antiviral drugs often have side effects in host cells?
Antiviral drugs block viral replication by targeting host cell functions
Which of the following describes the process of various viral "parts" coming together to produce complete virions? Multiple choice question. Release Assembly Absorption Penetration
Assembly
Which of the following activities are not characteristics of viruses? Multiple select question. Metabolize food Maintain homeostasis Replicate independently React to environmental factors Dependent on host for replication
Metabolize food Maintain homeostasis Replicate independently React to environmental factors
Which of the following are not found in viroids? Mitochondrion Metabolic pathways Nucleic acid Capsid Envelope
Mitochondrion Metabolic pathways Capsid Envelope
Which of the following describes viruses? Multiple choice question. Non-living and some are not infectious and some are infectious Living microorganisms Non-living, infectious agent
Non-living, infectious agent
Which of the following tests can detect and amplify minute amounts of viral nucleic acid in a sample? Multiple choice question. PCR Immunofluorescence Gram stain Negative staining
PCR
Which of the following tests can detect and amplify minute amounts of viral nucleic acid in a sample? Negative staining PCR Immunofluorescence Gram stain
PCR
A cell harboring a virus that is not causing cytopathic effects is characteristic of which type of infection? Multiple choice question. Acute infection Persistent infection Active infection
Persistent infection
Which of the following is a preformed viral protein that synthesizes DNA and RNA? Multiple choice question. Protease Reverse transcriptase Polymerase
Polymerase
The cause of viral infections remained unknown for many years longer than other types of infections due to which of the following reasons? Multiple select question. Most viral infections mimicked other congenital diseases. Scientists in the 1800s did not believe that unseen life existed. The techniques used to observe other pathogens were useless with viruses. Viruses are not visualized by light microscopes.
The techniques used to observe other pathogens were useless with viruses. Viruses are not visualized by light microscopes.
True or false: The number of viruses released by an infected host cell can vary in the thousands. True False
True
Who discovered bacteriophages in 1915? Multiple choice question. Lister Koch Twort and d'Herelle Watson and Crick Pasteur
Twort and d'Herelle
Which term best describes viruses? Multiple choice question. Microscopic Ultramicroscopic Macroscopic
Ultramicroscopic
Which term describes the process of a virus losing its capsid and exposing viral nucleic acids to the immediate environment? Multiple choice question. Uncoating Release Absorption Shedding
Uncoating
It is well known that _________________ have no effect on treating viral infections.
antibiotics
During the ________________ step in the viral multiplication cycle, the genetic material is packaged into capsids to make virions.
assembly
In describing the release of mature enveloped viruses from host cells, the terms ________________ and exocytosis are interchangeable.
budding
Which is a simple translation of cytopathic? Multiple choice question. Cell lysis Cell cancer Cell disease
cell disease
The agent _________________ is a naked strand of RNA that is only expressed in the presence of hepatitis B virus.
delta
Poliovirus and adenovirus have a capsid arranged in a symmetrical polygon structure called a(n) ________________________.
icosahedral
Viruses with single-stranded RNA genomes that can be directly translated into proteins are called _________________-strand RNA viruses.
positive
The influenza virus has an RNA genome that is referred to as, _______________________ because individual genes exist in separate RNA molecules.
segmented
A poiliovirus-infected cell can release how many virions? Multiple choice question. Millions About 100,000 Hundreds Billions Tens of Thousands
About 100,000
What are viruses called when they are infectious?
Active
The acronym for cytopathic effects is _________________.
CPE
Which structure immediately encloses viral nucleic acid? Multiple choice question. Capsid Envelope Cell wall
Capsid
Identify all of the components of a nucleocapsid. Multiple select question. Polymerase Envelope Capsid Nucleic acid
Capsid Nucleic acid
Which is the main test done to diagnose an HIV infection? Detection of specific antibodies in a patient's blood Look at sample with an electron microscope Immunofluorescence Polymerase chain reaction
Detection of specific antibodies in a patient's blood
Which is the main test done to diagnose an HIV infection? Multiple choice question. Polymerase chain reaction Detection of specific antibodies in a patient's blood Look at sample with an electron microscope Immunofluorescence
Detection of specific antibodies in a patient's blood
Which bird eggs are the most common choices for viral propagation? Select all that apply: Hawk Duck Geese Turkey Chicken
Duck Turkey Chicken
Which of the following is a term used to describe the different host cells which a virus can infect? Multiple choice question. Spread Compatible range Virus range Host range
Host range
Different viruses can infect which of the following? Multiple choice question. Animal cells only Plant cells only Human cells only Human, bacterial, or plant cells Bacterial cells only
Human, bacterial, or plant cells
What term is used to describe the capsid of a virus which has 20 equally spaced panels of capsomers forming a symmetrical structure? Spike Helical Icosahedral Enveloped
Icosahedral
Using laboratory animals for experimentation is considered which of the following? Multiple choice question. In vivo In vitro
In vivo
Which Latin phrase describes the cultivation or testing within a living organism or tissues? Multiple choice question. In situ In vitro In vivo
In vivo
When viruses are exposed to compounds or UV-light which make them non-infectious what are they called? Multiple choice question. Inert Dead Unstable Inactive
Inactive
Some animal viruses can insert their genomes into a host cell's DNA. This process is called which of the following? Multiple choice question. Latency Lysogeny Transformation Chronic
Latency
Which describes the number of vaccines available against viral infections? Limited number of vaccines Most viral diseases have an effective vaccine
Limited number of vaccines
The discovery of the light microscope had what type of impact on the observation of viruses?
Little to none
Which of the following is not associated with Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease? Presence of prions in nervous tissues Transmission from the handling of autopsy tissues Lysogenic conversion due to bacteriophages
Lysogenic conversion due to bacteriophages
Which of the following activities are NOT characteristics of viruses? Multiple select question. Maintain homeostasis Metabolize food Replicate independently React to environmental factors Dependent on host for replication
Maintain homeostasis Metabolize food Replicate independently React to environmental factors
Viruses with single-stranded RNA genomes that have to be converted to the the "other strand of RNA" before it can be translated into proteins are called __________________ --strand RNA viruses.
Negative
The term "naked" used in describing viruses implies which of the following? No nucleic acid No lipid envelope No capsid
No lipid envelope
If a virus were to infect a host cell but the cell's enzymes had been denatured, could the virus still replicate?
No, because the virus relies on host enzymes and machinery.
Which of the following describes viruses? Multiple choice question. Living microorganisms Non-living, infectious agent Non-living and some are not infectious and some are infectious Reason: All viruses are infectious to some living organism.
Non-living, infectious agent
Where are most DNA viruses replicated and assembled within the host? Multiple choice question. Cytoplasm Nucleus Rough ER
Nucleus
Which of the following characteristics are correct for viruses?
Obligate intracellular parasites Infects very specific cell types Acellular
_____________________ is a name given to a disease-causing agent composed only of protein.
Prion
Why must living cells carry a larger genome than viruses? Multiple choice question. *They must be able to carry out metabolic processes that sustain independent life. *They need a large genome for greater diversity within a species. *They need to carry genes that allow them to invade other organisms to sustain life. *They have more complex nutritional requirements.
They must be able to carry out metabolic processes that sustain independent life.
It is possible for a lysogenized bacteria to produce which of the following that are harmful to people? Multiple choice question. Antibodies Viruses Toxins
Toxins
Genes for toxin production and drug resistance can be transferred by bacteriophages between bacteria during which process? Multiple choice question. Mitosis Transduction Binary fission Conjugation
Transduction
Which term describes the tissue specificities of animal viruses for certain body cells?
Tropisms
True or false: It is common for some antiviral drugs to have negative side effects in people because the drugs target host cell metabolic functions. True False
True
True or false: Prions are resistant to high temperatures. True False
True
Which 3 of the following are usual choices for live animal inoculation with viruses? Select all that apply: White mice Rats Cats Hamsters Dogs
White mice Rats Hamsters
AAV can only replicate in cells infected with _______________.
adenovirus
AAV can only replicate in cells infected with _________________.
adenovirus
Which of these terms does not belong in this group? Tissue culture Cell culture Embryonic culture
embryonic culture
The two main processes by which viruses penetrate host cells are engulfment, also known as ____________________ , and direct fusion.
endocytosis
The process of penetration occurs when viruses are taken into the cell followed by engulfment in a vesicle called a(n) ____________________.
endosome
The process of penetration occurs when viruses are taken into the cell followed by engulfment in a vesicle called a(n) ______________________.
endosome
The total nucleic acid content of a virus can be referred to as the viral _________________________.
genome
Influenza, measles, and rabies are viruses that have a(n) _____________________shaped capsid.
helical
The _______________ range defines the limitations of the type of cell that a virus can invade.
host
_________________ are natural antiviral proteins produced in humans that have shown some potential for prevention of viral infection and cancer treatment.
interferons
__________________________ is the persistence of bacteriophage DNA within a host chromosome.
is the persistence of bacteriophage DNA within a host chromosome.
Bacterial host cells undergo _______________ due to the splitting open and release of bacteriophages.
lysis
________________ is the persistence of bacteriophage DNA within a host chromosome.
lysogeny
The herpes zoster virus goes into latency in ______________ cells.
nerve
Together the viral capsid and nucleic core is referred to as the_____________.
nucleocapsid
Which of the following is considered an in vitro method for virus propagation? Tissue culture Animals Bird eggs
tissue culture
Bacteria that are lysogenized with phage may produce ______________ that are harmful to the host.
toxins
Bacteria that are lysogenized with phage may produce _________________ that are harmful to the host.
toxins
Phages can serve as transporters of bacterial genes from one bacterium to another in a a process called ______________________.
transduction
Phages can serve as transporters of bacterial genes from one bacterium to another in a a process called _______________________.
transduction
The process of ___________________ occurs when viruses lose their envelope during penetration into a host cell or when the envelope/capsid is are dissolved within a vacuole.
uncoating
Cell (tissue) culture is considered an "in _________" method to propagate virus.
vitro
Which of the following characteristics are correct for viruses? Multiple select question. Acellular Can replicate independently Capable of responding to external stimuli Infects very specific cell types Capable of independent metabolism Obligate intracellular parasites
Acellular Infects very specific cell types Obligate intracellular parasites
Diagnostically, if cytopathic effects are seen, what does this indicate? Multiple choice question. Active viral infection No viral infection Persistent viral infection
Active viral infection
What term is used to describe when a virus initially "sticks" to the host cell? Multiple choice question. Adhesion Adsorption Penetration Uncoating
Adsorption
What term is used to describe when a virus initially "sticks" to the host cell? Penetration Uncoating Adhesion Adsorption
Adsorption
Which viral stage occurs first? Multiple choice question. Penetration Release Assembly Adsorption Uncoating Synthesis
Adsorption
List the correct order of viral life cycle phases, starting with the first at the top Penetration/Uncoating Release Synthesis Adsorption Assembly
Adsorption Penetration/Uncoating Synthesis Assembly Release
A persistent infection could last how long in a host? Multiple choice question. All of the these Several years Several days Several weeks
All of the these
Identify the different environments in which some viruses can replicate.
Bacterial cells Human cells Animal cells
Viruses with negative-strand RNA molecules must first be converted to which of the following in the process of replication. Multiple choice question. Be converted to double-stranded DNA Be converted to a single strand of DNA Be converted into a positive-strand of RNA
Be converted into a positive-strand of RNA
Where are most RNA viruses replicated and assembled within the host? Multiple choice question. Nucleus Nucleolus Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
Which term is used to describe the phospholipid bilayer found surrounding the capsid of some viruses? Multiple choice question. Envelope Vacuole Phagosome Cell membrane
Envelope
Which types of viruses are released by budding? Multiple choice question. RNA viruses Naked viruses Enveloped viruses DNA viruses
Enveloped viruses
Which of the following relate to all viruses? Multiple select question. Capsid Cellular DNA RNA Nucleic acid Acellular
Capsid Nucleic acid Acellular
Which of the following relate to all viruses? Select all that apply: Capsid Nucleic acid Cellular DNA Acellular RNA
Capsid Nucleic acid Acellular
At minimum, viruses are composed of which of the following?
Capsid and nucleic acid
At minimum, viruses are composed of which of the following? Multiple choice question. Capsid, nucleic acid, and lipid membrane Capsid and nucleic acid RNA Lipid membrane Capsid Nucleic acid
Capsid and nucleic acid
Which of the following is the monomeric unit for a viral capsid? Multiple choice question. Protein Capsomer Facet Amino acid Fiber
Capsomer
Prions affect the normal proteins in the cell membranes of eukaryotic cells in which of the following ways? Breaking covalent bonds Causing transformation Causing abnormal folding
Causing abnormal folding
Which are the criteria used in classifying viruses into families? Select all that apply. Chemical composition Pathogenic potential Structure Geographic distribution Genetic makeup
Chemical composition Structure Genetic makeup
Which of the following describes bacteriophages? Select all that apply. Complex Flexible tail Enveloped Polyhedral capsid head Covered by a dense layer of lipoproteins
Complex Flexible tail Polyhedral capsid head
Which is the typical route of infection for mad cow disease? Insect borne: mosquito Insect borne: tick Insect borne: fly Bite from an infected animal Consumption of contaminated food
Consumption of contaminated food
Which disease is associated with prions? Human papilloma virus (HPV) Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD)
Using a microscope, you observe some cells which have multiple nuclei because a virus has caused normal cells to fuse together. What is this observation called? Multiple choice question. Latent infection Cytopathic effect Persistent infection
Cytopathic effect
Most _____________ viruses will assemble their virions within the host cell's nucleus.
DNA
A single virion could contain a genome of which of the following? Select all that apply: both RNA and DNA DNA only RNA only neither RNA or DNA
DNA only RNA only
Viruses are composed of which of the following? Select all that apply: DNA and RNA Cell wall DNA or RNA Protein capsid
DNA or RNA Protein capsid
Which of the following describes viral DNA genomes? Multiple choice question. Either single or double-stranded Single-stranded only Double-stranded only
Either single or double-stranded
Which type of microscope is usually used to examine viruses? Multiple choice question. Atomic force Dark field Electron Bright field
Electron
Which term is used to describe the process in which a virus is engulfed by a cell in a vacuole or vesicle? Multiple choice question. Exocytosis Lysis Budding Endocytosis
Endocytosis
Which term is used to describe the process in which a virus is engulfed by a cell in a vacuole or vesicle? Multiple choice question. Lysis Endocytosis Budding Exocytosis
Endocytosis
Identify all the methods that a virus can use to gain entry into an animal cell. Select all that apply: Engulfment/phagocytosis of the virus Injection of viral nucleic acids across the cell membrane Fusion of the viral envelope and the cell membrane
Engulfment/phagocytosis of the virus Fusion of the viral envelope and the cell membrane
Many animal viruses will acquire which of the following from the host cell's membrane? Multiple choice question. Ribosomes Spike proteins Envelope Capsid
Envelope
True or false: Viral DNA, but not viral RNA, can be double-stranded.
False
Lysogeny is best described as which of the following? Multiple choice question. Replication of virions Lysis of the host cell Integration of the viral genome into the host chromosome Fragmentation of the host chromosome
Integration of the viral genome into the host chromosome
During the lytic cycle of bacteriophages, the ultimate destiny of a phage-infected bacterial cell is which of the following? Multiple choice question. Fusion Lysis Mitosis Budding
Lysis
Naked viruses are released from animal cells by which of the following methods? Multiple choice question. Budding Endocytosis Lysis Pinocytosis
Lysis
Naked viruses are released from animal cells by which of the following methods? Multiple choice question. Lysis Budding Endocytosis Pinocytosis
Lysis
Prions are composed of what molecule? Nucleic Acid Neither protein nor nucleic acid Protein
Protein
Prions are composed of what molecule? Nucleic Acid Protein Neither protein nor nucleic acid
Protein
Which of the following best describes a prion? RNA-based infectious agent Obligate intracellular parasite Obligate aerobe Proteinaceous-infectious agent
Proteinaceous-infectious agent
Capsomers are composed of which macromolecule? Multiple choice question. Lipids
Proteins
A single virion could contain a genome of which of the following? Select all that apply: RNA only DNA only neither RNA or DNA both RNA and DNA
RNA only DNA only
In which stage of viral multiplication would you expect to see "budding" occur? Multiple choice question. Penetration Assembly Synthesis Absorption Release
Release
Which is false regarding the viral envelope and the membrane of its host? Multiple choice question *The viral envelope may contain proteins from the host nuclear membrane. *Spikes may be present on the viral envelope. *Viral glycoproteins are present in the host membrane but not in the viral envelope.
Viral glycoproteins are present in the host membrane but not in the viral envelope.
The viral envelope is compositionally different from a non-infected host cell because of the presence of which of the following?
Viral proteins
Which is most important for attachment of a virus to a host cell? Multiple choice question. Number of genes carried by the virus Viral shape and size Viral specificity for host receptors
Viral specificity for host receptors
Which is most important for attachment of a virus to a host cell? Multiple choice question. Viral specificity for host receptors Number of genes carried by the virus Viral shape and size
Viral specificity for host receptors
Which of the following is a fully formed virus that is able to establish an infection in a host cell? Multiple choice question. Prion Virion Serotype Hapten
Virion
Which of the following is composed of only RNA? Prion Viroid Virus Bacterium
Viroid
Which of the following is the smallest in relative size? Multiple choice question. Plant cell Virus Bacteria Yeast Animal cell
Virus
Which of the following enables some viruses to propagate better in a particular animal compared to others? Multiple choice question. Animal age Animal diet Virus-specific animal receptors Animal immunocompetence Animal behavior
Virus-specific animal receptors
What does "obligate" mean in regard to viruses? Multiple choice question. Viruses are infectious. Viruses must have a host cell. Viruses are airborne. Viruses are composed of proteins and nucleic acids.
Viruses must have a host cell.