CH.3 PREP U

When caring for a client who has just been diagnosed with a chronic illness, the nurse understands the importance of promoting health by highlighting which concept?

- Focus on what is possible. Explanation: When a client has a chronic illness, the nurse needs to make every effort to promote health with a focus of care that emphasizes what is possible rather than what can no longer be. The focus should not be on the altered functioning or what can no longer be as this does not assist the client to move to promoting health in the current state. The basis for the change or why the client has an illness is not easy to determine.

Chronic illness may be characterized by periods of remission. Remission is best defined as:

- the presence of a disease with the absence of symptoms. Explanation: Remission is defined as the presence of a disease, but the person does not experience the symptoms. Exacerbation is the reappearance of symptoms of a disease. Disease is a pathologic change in the structure of function of the body or mind. Illness is the response of a person to a disease.

The nurse provided teaching to a client newly diagnosed with gout. Which behavior observed by the nurse indicates the client understood the teaching?

- Selects foods low in purine from the dinner menu Explanation: Gout is arthritic-type pain exacerbated by purine in the diet. As such, selecting foods low in purine while filling out the dinner menu indicates the client understood the teaching. Performing range-of-motion exercises on painful, swelling joints should not be done, as this exacerbates the symptoms. Ice, not heat, should be applied to painful joints. Seafood is high in purine and red meat is high in fat; both should be avoided with gout.

A client, who has just been diagnosed with a chronic condition, asks the nurse what a "chronic condition" means. What would be the nurse's best response?

- "Chronic conditions usually come on slowly and may have periods of remission and exacerbation." Explanation: Chronic conditions usually come on slowly and may have periods of remission and exacerbation. Saying chronic diseases come and go is not the best answer, as they are long-term, permanent conditions. Chronic diseases are usually managed in the home environment, not in extended-care facilities. Chronic conditions are not always associated with disabilities nor do they always require hospitalization.

When admitting an adolescent to the hospital, the nurse anticipates that the client will respond to questions about the client's health beliefs based primarily on the client's:

- age and developmental stage. Explanation: Age and developmental stage are important considerations in the health belief model. Other factors are influential, but age and developmental stage are paramount.

A client has a Staphylococcus infection in a decubitus ulcer. In this case, Staphylococcus is the:

- agent. Explanation: The agent is any factor that leads to illness. The client is the host of the infection. The environment is setting in which the infection occurs. The disease is a pathological process that can result from the infection.

The client is admitted with a gastrointestinal bleed. The health care provider ordered a colonoscopy. Which level of care encompasses this procedure?

Secondary Explanation: Secondary care delivery is when primary caregivers refer clients for consultation and additional testing. Therefore, this scenario portrays secondary level of care. Primary care delivery is provided by the first healthcare provider or agency a person contacts. Quaternary care is an extension of tertiary care and includes experimental medicine and procedures and highly uncommon, specialized surgeries. Tertiary care is health services provided at hospitals or medical centers that have complex technology and specialists.

What is a misconception about chronic disease?

- Chronic illnesses cannot be prevented. Explanation: A misconception regarding chronic disease is that chronic illnesses cannot be prevented. Almost half of chronic deaths occur prematurely in people under 70 years of age. Chronic illness typically does not result in sudden death. The major cause of chronic disease is known.

A nurse is planning a health fair in the community to highlight promotion and prevention of the leading cause of death in the United States. Which disease process should the nurse address?

- Coronary artery disease Explanation: Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. Lung cancer, emphysema, and cerebrovascular accidents are not the leading causes of death in the United States.

The nurse's community outreach class is giving a presentation on seat belts and child safety seats at the local firehouse every weekend in October. Which level of health promotion is this an example of?

- Primary Explanation: Primary health promotion and illness prevention is directed toward promoting good health and preventing the development of disease process or injury. Primary-level activities include immunization clinics, providing poison-control information, and education about seat belt and child-safety seat use. Secondary-level activities include screening programs and early identification of disease. Tertiary-level prevention is concerned with returning the client to the optimal function after diagnosis. Medical is not a level of health promotion or illness prevention.

The nurse is caring for a client admitted to the hospital with pneumonia and associated pleuritic chest pain. Which would be a priority when creating the nursing care plan?

- Monitoring airway clearance. Explanation: Priority management, according to Maslow's hierarchy, starts at physiological needs, such as the need for oxygen, food, water, rest, and elimination. Therefore, difficulty breathing is the priority issue that the nurse must manage because it affects the ability of the client to get adequate oxygen. Symptoms such as pain, thirst, and needing to urinate, although important, are not a priority over difficulty breathing. Likewise, infection control is important but is not priority.

Which needs are being met when a nurse recommends a senior citizen community center for an older client who is living alone?

- Sociocultural needs Explanation: Increased social interaction, as would be provided by visiting a senior citizen community center, would primarily address a client's sociocultural needs. Emotional needs address how the mind affects body functions and responds to body conditions. Long-term stress affects body systems, and anxiety affects health habits; conversely, calm acceptance and relaxation can actually change the body's responses to illness. The intellectual dimension encompasses cognitive abilities, educational background, and past experiences. Spiritual beliefs and values are assessed when addressing spiritual needs.

A nurse refers an HIV-positive client to a local support group. This is an example of what level of preventive care?

- Tertiary Explanation: Tertiary health promotion and illness prevention begins after an illness is diagnosed and treated, with the goal of reducing disability and helping rehabilitate clients to a maximum level of functioning. Referring an HIV-positive client to a local support group would be an example of tertiary preventive care. - Primary health promotion and illness prevention are directed toward promoting health and preventing the development of disease processes or injury. Secondary health promotion and illness prevention focus on screening for early detection of disease, with prompt diagnosis and treatment of any found. The term chronic is not related to health promotion.

Which model is most useful in examining the cause of disease in an individual, based upon external factors?

- The Agent-Host-Environment Model Explanation: The Agent-Host-Environment Model is useful for examining the cause of disease in an individual. The agent, host, and environment interact in ways that create risk factors. The Health-Illness Continuum is a way to measure a person's level of health. The High-Level Wellness Model is characterized by functioning to one's maximum potential while maintaining balance and purposeful direction in the environment. The Health Belief Model is used to describe health behaviors.

An older adult client has been recently diagnosed with vascular dementia. Because the client lives alone and has poorly controlled hypertension, the client has begun to receive home healthcare. This new aspect of the client's care is characteristic of which stage of illness?

- Assuming a dependent role Explanation: The stage of assuming a dependent role often requires assistance in carrying out activities of daily living. As well, the client often requires care, which may be provided in the home. Experiencing symptoms and assuming a sick role may precede (or accompany) this process. Recovery and rehabilitation are not evident in the client's present circumstances.

An adolescent client reports having diarrhea before every test in school. The nurse recognizes that this client needs to focus on which dimension of health?

- Emotional dimension Explanation: This is an example of the emotional dimension. Long-term stress affects body systems, and anxiety affects health habits. The intellectual dimension encompasses cognitive abilities and past experiences Physical dimension includes factors such as genetics, gender, and race. The socio-cultural dimension relates to a client's economic level, lifestyle, family, and culture.

Why are health promotion and illness prevention a key responsibility of nurses?

- Chronic illnesses are the leading health problem in the world. Explanation: Because chronic illnesses are the leading health problems in the world, health promotion and illness prevention activities are vital to nursing care. By endorsing health promotion and illness prevention, the nurse can assist the client to achieve optimal health even with a chronic illness. It is true that treating chronic illnesses can be expensive, they do cause pain and suffering, and people do not like to be sick, but these are not the most important reasons for promoting health and preventing illnesses.

A pregnant client at 10 weeks' gestation is receiving education by the nurse about the importance of abstaining from alcohol while pregnant. What statement made by the client demonstrates an understanding of the education provided?

- "I should abstain from alcohol to prevent the development of a fetal alcohol spectrum disorder." Explanation: Congenital disorders such as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders may be prevented by the client abstaining from alcohol while pregnant. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are congenital disorders caused by an undetermined amount of alcohol ingested by the mother which affects the fetus in the developmental stages of growth. Abstaining from alcohol will not prevent all types of congenital disorders, but clients should be educated about a variety of preventative measures in order to prevent interruption of the growth and development of the fetus. An idiopathic illness is one in which the cause is undetermined. A hereditary disorder is genetic and not altered by substance intake during pregnancy.

A mammogram represents which level of prevention?

- Secondary prevention Explanation: Secondary prevention includes screening for those at risk to develop illness, or those who could be diagnosed early in the process, and thus receive prompt treatment. Primary prevention refers to health promotion and illness prevention. Tertiary prevention refers to rehabilitation or prevention of complications after diagnosis with a disease. Medical is not a level of prevention.

A client has had a total knee replacement and is receiving care that includes learning to walk with a walker. What level of prevention is most applicable to this client?

- Tertiary prevention Explanation: Tertiary prevention in health care deals with rehabilitation of the client. Teaching the client to walk with a walker is tertiary prevention. Primary prevention refers to health promotion or illness prevention. Secondary prevention refers to screening and early detection of disease.

Which are factors that impact how a client defines health? Select all that apply. - Family - Culture - Community - Society - Music

- Family - Culture - Community - Society Explanation: Each client defines health in terms of the client's own values and beliefs. The person's family, culture, community, and society also influence this personal perception of health. Music does not affect how a person defines health.

A client has been admitted to the hospital for treatment of pancreatitis secondary to alcoholism. The client states that it is nearly impossible to quit drinking because of the deep entrenchment of alcohol use in the client's circle of friends and line of work. As well, the client claims to have thought that drinking only beer and foregoing hard alcohol would prevent health problems. This client is exhibiting health consequences rooted in which human dimensions?

- Sociocultural and intellectual Explanation: That the client is situated in a context that normalizes heavy alcohol use is an example of the sociocultural dimension. The client's ignorance of the health consequences of drinking beer rather than spirits is a component of the intellectual dimension.

A nurse is caring for a client who has COPD, a chronic illness of the lungs. The client is in remission. Which statement best describes a period of remission in a client with a chronic illness?

- Symptoms are not experienced. Explanation: Chronic illnesses usually have a slow onset and many have periods of remission (the disease is present but the client does not experience symptoms). Exacerbation is when the symptoms of the disease reappear. Chronic illnesses do not go away; the disease continues to be present.

A nurse is caring for a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The nurse explains to the client that COPD is a chronic disease. Why is COPD considered a chronic disease?

-It has a gradual onset and lasts for a long time. Explanation: Chronic illness has a gradual onset and lasts for a long time. It is usually seen in old age. It may or may not be due to acute illness. Chronic diseases are a major cause of morbidity in the population

Risk factors for illness are divided into six categories. Working with carcinogenic chemicals is an example of which type of risk factor?

- Environmental risk factor Explanation: Working and living environments may contribute to disease. Working with cancer-causing chemicals is an example of an environmental risk factor for illness. Physiologic risk factors are those relating to an individual's body or biology. Lifestyle risk factors are habits or behaviors people choose to engage in. A health habit risk factor is any attribute, characteristic, or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury.

Which of these is not a factor in the Agent-Host-Environment Model of health and illness, as developed by Leavell and Clark (1965)?

- Evil spirit Explanation: In the Agent-Host-Environment Model of health and illness as developed by Leavell and Clark (1965), an agent is an environmental factor or stressor that must be present or absent for an illness to occur. The factor may be bacteria, virus, chemical substance, or a form or radiation whose presence, excessive presence, or absence is necessary for an illness to take hold. Evil spirits do not play into this particular model of health and illness.

A client has been admitted to the hospital for the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis, with a random blood glucose reading of 575 mg/dL (31.91 mmol/L), vomiting, and shortness of breath. This client has experienced which phenomenon?

- Exacerbation Explanation: This client has experienced a significant exacerbation of a chronic disease (diabetes mellitus), which has manifested as an acute threat to the client's health. Morbidity is an epidemiological statistic of the frequency of a disease. The client's problem does not have an infectious etiology. A risk factor is any attribute, characteristic, or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury.

Which client growth needs are included in the love and belonging level of Maslow's hierarchy? - Family - Self-respect - Intimacy - Status - Friendships

- Family - Intimacy - Friendships Love and belonging includes the need for affection, belonging, and meaningful relations with others (family, intimacy, friendships). Self-esteem includes self-respect and status.

Which client growth needs are included in the love and belonging level of Maslow's hierarchy? - Family - Self-respect - Intimacy - Status - Friendships

- Family - Intimacy - Friendship Explanation: Love and belonging includes the need for affection, belonging, and meaningful relations with others (family, intimacy, friendships). Self-esteem includes self-respect and status.

What is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity?

- Health Explanation: The World Health Organization defines health as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." Wellness is a dynamic and conscious process of making choices to achieve one's highest level of potential. Holism is care that addresses all dimensions of a person, including mind, body, and spirit. Host is the person who experiences an infection.

Which definition of health is the best?

- Health is a state of complete well-being. Explanation: A classic definition of health is that health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or physical symptoms. Health encompasses a state of mind and not just how a client feels.

A client comes to the emergency room complaining of abdominal pain, fever, chills, and nausea. Upon further examination the client is diagnosed with appendicitis. What type of illness does the nurse identify this client to have?

- Acute Explanation: Acute illness has a rapid onset and lasts only a short time. Chronic illness is a term that encompasses many different physical and mental alterations in health, and usually requires a long period of care and support. Appendicitis is not contagious. Tertiary is not a term used for illnesses.

The nurse instructor has completed a session detailing major factors differentiating exacerbations from remissions. The instructor determines the session is successful when the students point out which factor(s) can contribute to exacerbations? Select all that apply. - immune system is functioning poorly - sleep has been disrupted due to family issues - client is facing a potential eviction - dietary log shows improvement on food choices - skin turgor indicates good hydration status

- immune system is functioning poorly - sleep has been disrupted due to family issues - client is facing a potential eviction Explanation: Exacerbations of illnesses are often related to how poorly the immune system is functioning, the stressors the client is facing and overall health status (e.g., nutrition, sleep, hydration). Remission is the opposite and usually indicates how well the immune system is acting, how well the client is handling stressors, and his or her overall health status. Improving food choices and good hydration status are indications the individual is recovering and showing improvement in his or her health status.

A client who has recently been diagnosed with a chronic illness appears to be depressed. When the nurse asks if there is something wrong, the client states, "Nothing will ever be the same for me since I have this disease." What is the most appropriate response for the nurse?

- "If you maintain a positive self-concept, you can live as normally as possible." Explanation: To successfully adapt to a chronic illness a person must learn to live as normally as possible and maintain a positive self-concept and sense of hope. Telling the person that he or she will never be able to do what was done before (such as caring for themselves or living normally) is not appropriate or therapeutic. Telling the client that other people can take care of them is also nontherapeutic.

The nurse is planning care for several clients in an outpatient clinic. Which client requires follow-up care due to a chronic condition?

- A client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who is wheezing and coughing Explanation: Chronic illnesses have expected symptoms, such as the client with COPD who has damage to the lungs that cannot be reversed. Symptoms of this chronic condition include shortness of breath, wheezing, and a chronic cough. The other clients all have new or recent injuries that are acute in nature and require immediate care rather than long-term follow-up (note that diabetes mellitus, although a chronic condition itself, can be associated with complications that are acute, such as an injury to the toes).

What is the definition of wellness?

- An active state of being healthy Explanation: Wellness, a reflection of health, is an active state of being healthy by living a lifestyle that promotes good physical, mental, and emotional health. It is not simply an absence of disease or a desire to be without disease, nor is it maximizing the state in which one lives.

When providing holistic care to a client, the nurse recognizes that which behaviors are necessary? - Understand and respect each person's definition of health. - Understand and respect each person's responses to illness. - Focus on a standard definition of health and beliefs. - Apply the model of health that is most popular. - Instruct the client that health is an inactive process.

- Understand and respect each person's definition of health. - Understand and respect each person's responses to illness. To give holistic care, the nurse must understand and respect each person's own definition of health and responses to illness and should be familiar with models of health and illness. Health is an active process in which a person moves toward maximum potential. Focusing on a standard definition of health and beliefs does not address the individuality of the client. Applying the model of health that is most popular does not address the individuality of the client.

An older adult client who has been hospitalized due to a stroke is about to be discharged from a rehabilitation center where the client had to relearn how to perform activities of daily living, including feeding and dressing. The client has often voiced a desire to be as active as possible. The client now expresses a strong desire to go home. The nurse recognizes that these statements made by the client indicate that the client is:

- giving up the dependent role. Explanation: By stating that the client wants to be as active as possible, as well as healthy, the client is reflecting a desire to give up a dependent role and become more independent. Therefore, when at home, the client wants to resume normal activities and responsibilities. The client seems hopeful and not hopeless.

The recognition of health as an ongoing process toward a person's highest potential of functioning is defined as:

- high-level wellness. Explanation: High-level wellness is defined as recognizing health as an ongoing process toward a person's highest potential of functioning. The Health Belief Model focuses on how the client's beliefs about health influence the client's health and response to health and health care. Illness is a person's response to disease. the Agent-Host-Environment model explores the factors that contribute to infection in a client.

The concept of holism is based on the belief that:

- individuals cannot be seen apart from the environment. Explanation: Holism is based on the belief that people cannot be fully understood if examined solely in pieces apart from their environment. The opposite of holism is the view that individuals can be treated atomistically or can achieve health through medical care or physicians.

What level of prevention is represented by educating a group of clients on carseat safety?

- Primary prevention Explanation: Primary prevention focuses on the health of a person with the goal of preventing disease or illness. Carseat safety education is primary prevention. Secondary prevention refers to screening and early detection of disease. Tertiary prevention refers to rehabilitation and prevention of complications after diagnosis with a disease. Educational is not a level of prevention.

Which nursing intervention is an example of tertiary preventive care?

- Assisting with speech therapy a client with a traumatic brain injury Explanation: Tertiary prevention begins after the illness and is used to help rehabilitate clients. Speech therapy is an example of tertiary preventive care. The administration of immunizations and teaching stress reduction classes are examples of primary preventive care. Blood pressure screening is an example of secondary preventive care.

A parent brings a 2-year-old child for a well-baby visit. Which actions address primary prevention strategies for the nurse to discuss with the parent? Select all that apply. - Discussing healthy meal choices for a 2-year-old child - Adhering to the immunization schedule - Reviewing appropriate discipline for a 2-year-old child - Performing a lead screening - Using a child safety seat appropriately

- Discussing healthy meal choices for a 2-year-old child - Adhering to the immunization schedule - Reviewing appropriate discipline for a 2-year-old child - Using a child safety seat appropriately Explanation: Discussing healthy meal choices, adhering to the immunization schedule, reviewing appropriate discipline, and using a child safety seat are primary prevention activities. Performing a lead screening is a secondary prevention activity.

A client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is admitted to the hospital for the second time in 2 months with wheezing, dyspnea, and use of accessory muscles when breathing. Which type of situation does the nurse identify is occurring with this client?

- The client is having an exacerbation of the COPD. Explanation: COPD is a chronic illness that has periods when the client goes from a chronic state to an acute state such as an acute onset of symptoms. The client will experience periods of exacerbation according to certain precipitating circumstances. Remission occurs in illnesses such as cancer when the symptoms or clinical manifestations disappear. A secondary illness is caused by complications from a primary illness. Clients with a terminal illness have no hope of recovery.

A nurse is providing care for client who experienced a stroke. Which nursing intervention reflects the tertiary level of prevention?

- provide care transition at discharge for speech therapy Explanation: Tertiary prevention minimizes the consequences of a disorder through aggressive rehabilitation or appropriate management of the disease. An example is speech therapy to help restore ability. Blood pressure and mental status exams are examples of secondary prevention associated with the acute stroke. Discussing family history is also secondary prevention in terms of assessing for further risk factors.

Which nursing activity reflects secondary prevention?

- Making a referral for a mammogram Explanation: Secondary prevention involves screening for early detection of disease, such as a mammogram. Discussions about wearing helmets, using seat belts, and drugs and alcohol are all examples of primary prevention, which focuses on promoting health and preventing disease.

The nurse is giving a talk to a local community group on the harms of smoking. The nurse tells the group that a risk factor is something that increases a person's chances for illness or injury. What type of risk factor is smoking?

- Modifiable Explanation: Risk factors are defined as modifiable (things a person can change, such as quitting smoking) and nonmodifiable (things that cannot be changed, such as a family history of cancer). Primary and secondary are not associated with risk factors.

When providing care to a client, the nurse integrates knowledge that a client's beliefs and actions are related and influenced by the client's personal expectations in relation to health and illness. The nurse is demonstrating an understanding of which health model?

- Health belief model Explanation: According to the health belief model, a client's beliefs and actions are related and influenced by the client's personal expectations in relation to health and illness. According to the clinical model, health is defined narrowly as the absence of signs and symptoms of disease or injury. The holistic model views individuals as ever-changing systems of energy, and the interaction of a person's mind, body, and spirit within the environment. The high-level wellness model is the recognition of health as an ongoing process toward a person's highest potential of functioning.

A client comes to the health center for a routine visit. During the visit, the client tells the nurse, "I'm motivated to do things now to make sure I'm the healthiest I can be." When planning this client's care, the nurse should focus on which area?

- Health promotion Explanation: Health promotion is the behavior of a person who is motivated by a personal desire to increase well-being and health potential. In contrast, illness/disease prevention, also called health protection, is behavior motivated by a desire to avoid or detect disease or to maintain functioning within the constraints of an illness or disability. Self-concept incorporates both how people feel about themselves (self-esteem) and the way they perceive their physical self (body image). Diagnosis of disease involves a medical aspect such that a disease is traditionally diagnosed—and treatment is prescribed—by a health care provider or advanced practice nurse, whereas nurses focus on the person with an illness.

The nurse is working in an acute care setting and performs primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. Which activity performed by the nurse is classified as tertiary prevention?

- Instructing a client on how to use crutches Explanation: Tertiary prevention is used after an injury or sickness to help rehabilitate the client or to decrease potential risk and further damage, such as instructing the client on how to use crutches. Promoting safety in the home and counseling a client about a low-sodium diet are examples of primary prevention (preventing a disease from occurring in the first place). Assessing blood glucose level is an example of secondary prevention (screening to detect a disease early).

Which behaviors are necessary for a person to successfully adapt to a chronic illness? Select all that apply. - Learn to live as normally as possible - Accept dependence and adjust to it - Maintain a positive self-concept - Maintain a sense of hope - Give up control of one's life

- Learn to live as normally as possible - Maintain a positive self-concept - Maintain a sense of hope Explanation: To successfully adapt to a chronic illness, the person must learn to live as normally as possible and maintain a positive self-concept and sense of hope, despite symptoms and treatments. It is important that the person maintain a feeling of being in control of his or her life, as well as in control of the prescribed treatments. The client needs to maintain independence and not dependence on chronic illness outcomes.

Which is an example of tertiary health promotion?

- Rehabilitation Explanation: Tertiary health promotion and disease prevention begin after an illness is diagnosed and treated to reduce disability and to help rehabilitate clients to a maximum level of functioning. Therefore, rehabilitation is an example of tertiary health promotion. Family counseling and Pap tests are examples of secondary health promotion. Water treatment is an example of primary health promotion.

The nurse is holding a cholesterol screening at a local pharmacy this Saturday morning. What level(s) of health promotion is this screening an example of?

- Secondary Explanation: Screenings, such as those for blood pressure, cholesterol, glaucoma, HIV, and skin cancer, are considered nursing activities that fall under the category of secondary health promotion. Secondary health promotion and illness prevention focus on screening for early detection of disease, with prompt diagnosis and treatment of those found. Secondary health promotion involves measures that actually help prevent disease from occurring in the first place, such as a presentation to school children about healthy food choices and the importance of being active. Tertiary health promotion involves rehabilitation following the development of a chronic condition, to help prevent further progression and associated complications of the condition, such as cardiac exercise classes for clients recovering from a heart attack.

Consultation and diagnostic tests are included in which level of health care?

- Secondary care Explanation: - Consultation and diagnostic tests are included in the secondary level of health care. The first contact with a general health care provider is the primary care the referral to a highly specialized facility for desensitization is the tertiary care level. The secondary and tertiary care facilities are equipped to provide highly specialized care. Extended care is care provided to clients who no longer require acute hospital care.

What have the models of health promotion and illness prevention been used for?

- To help health care providers understand health-related behaviors. Explanation: Several models of health promotion and illness prevention have been used to help health care providers understand health-related behaviors and adapt care to people from diverse economic and cultural backgrounds. The models include: - health belief model - the health promotion model - the health-illness continuum model, - the agent-host-environment model. These models do not define a medical framework in the care of the disabled, these models do not create a forum for improving rehabilitative care; and these models do not formulate care plans for use with the disabled.