Ch6

priming

If a researcher activates information in participants minds and the activation helps participants remember ... we would say the the researcher used ___ a type of implicit memory

Someone forgets an event that is a consequence of an emotional trauma A person forgets something that is anxiety - laden and painful

Illustrate motivated forgetting?

- look at the exam to find retrieval cues for the information that you have encoded - make sure your brain is well - rested and well - nourished - use retrieval cues to trigger you insights

Important strategies for successful test-taking

The prefrontal lobes The hippocampus

In an MRI study, participants viewed pictures while in an MRI scanner. The researchers found that greater activation in which brain regions resulted in better memory performance?

eyewitness testimony

In forensic psychology , most of the interest in ___ ___ focuses on distortion , bias , and inaccuracy of memory

imagery

In order to remember the way to the library Kareem created a mental picture of the campus man Kareem used mental ____ to remember the necessary route

processing

In terms of how we engage with information we are trying to remember the continue from shallow to intermediate to deep where deeper levels produce better memory is called levels of ___

semantic

Sandy has a lot of general knowledge, not tied to a particular time or place about international affairs this is an example of a type of explicit memory known as __

Bias may be involved Memory can fade Witnesses may share their thoughts Memory can be distorted by new information

Statements are true regarding eyewitness testimony

False

T or F: Memories in the brain are stored in a specific location

time & event

Taking a batch of muffins out of the oven in 20 minutes is an example of an__ based prospective .... whereas remembering to buy muffins at the bakery on the way home from work is an example of an ___ - based prospective memory task

three

The Atinkson -Shiffrin theory of memory proposed that there are ___ systems in memory

echoic

The term used to describe auditory sensory memory, which is retained for up to several seconds is __ memory

sensory

The three stages of memory in the Atkinson - Shiffrin theory; ___ memory, short-term , and long-term

retrieval

The tip-of-the tongue phenomenon is a failure of

prospective

The type of memory that involves remembering information about doing something in the future is ___ memory

short - term memory

___is a limited - capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for less than a minute unless strategies are used to retain it longer

elaboration

When ___ is extensive the person has attempted to make the to be remembered information meaningful and has engaged in detail processing

Hermann Ebbinghaus was the first person to conduct scientific research on .

forgetting

primacy

when considering the effects of serial portion , the ___ effect refers to better recall for items at the beginning

repressed

while in therapy, Lara remembers that she was sexually abused while she was a very young child... Laura may have uncovered a ___ memory

In terms of the effects of serial position, the Input Field 1 of 1 primary unavailable ________ effect refers to better recall for items at the beginning.

primary

A(n) _____ is a general mental framework that helps us to understand and organize information.

script No, a script is a schema for an event. association *schema nodeNo, a node is a location of neural activity_

A relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information is _____ memory.

sensory short-term visuospatial working *long-term

Alan had a list of items to buy at the hardware store, but when he arrived at the store, he found he had forgotten to bring his list. "Oh, well," he said, "I remember the first three, so I may as well get those." This illustrates the _____ effect.

No, the reminiscence bump is a discovery about autobiographical memory where adults remember more events from the second and third decades of life than from other decades. *primacy recencyRationale_No, this describes being able to remember items that are at the end of the list, not the beginning. chunkingRationale_No, chunking refers to arranging or grouping information that exceeds the 7 plus or minus 2 memory span into higher-order units that can be remembered_

5-9

Short-term memory can retain about ___ pieces of complex information

What is reasoning?

The mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions

- staying mentally active aids in memory - staying intellectually active may reduce the severity of Alzheimer - Staying physically active aids in memory

True in respect to memory in the aging process?

rehearsing

When one has completes a class or lecture, you should enhance encoding by ___ the material by rewriting or retyping the information

recall, recognition

___ is a memory task where the person has to retrieve previously learned information ___ is a memory task where the person has to identify learned. items

retrospective & prospective

___ memory involves remembering information from the past, whereas ___ memory involves remembering to do something in the future

interference

___ theory states that people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember

decay

___ theory states that the passage of time always increases forgetting

Allison lived in a foreign country for a year, and she didn't drive a car during that time. When she came back to the United States, she found it effortless to drive her car. Her ability to remember how to drive is an example of _____ memory.

procedural

Which of the following are levels of autobiographical memory? (Select all that apply.)

*Life time periods *Event-specific knowledge Prospective memory -Rationale:No, this is memory for intentions. *General events

prospective memory

Aaron has elaborate systems set up on his computer to remind him of all the things he has to do and when he has to do them. The computer is helping Aaron with:

organize

Before using memory processes, you must first ___ the information you are about to study

priming

Carolyn is given a set of words to study and dog is one of those words...Carolyn is more likely to make -og into "dog" than "hog" or "bog" because of the concept known as ___

_____ are mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics.

Concepts

explicit & implicit

Due to the neurosurgery that treated his severe form of epilepsy , H.M's __ memory was impaired, but his ___ memory was less affected

central executive

According to Baddeley's model of working memory, the component that is in charge of integrating information, planning, and organizing is the ____

memories

According to the connectionist network perspective , our __ reorganized sets of neurons that are activated together

retrograde

After David sustained a traumatic brain injury, he has discovered that can't remember anything that... David is likely experiencing ___ amnesia

context - dependent memory

Brenda was somwharr rattled when she discovered that the final exam for one of her classes... what principle would that be?

Thinking may involve which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Data in any sensory modality Visual images

episodic

Explicit memory has two subtypes. Autobiographical memory a special form of __ memory

the frontal lobes

Explicit memory information, such as prospective and retrospective memories are transmitted from the hippocampus to which lobe?

declarative

Explicit memory is the conscious recollection of information and it is sometimes also referred to as ___ memory

anterograde amnesia

H.M could no remember things that happened after surgery to remove his hippocampus this is an example of

episodic & semantic

Her memory of being at the lecture is ___ memory. Her memory for the actual information in the periodic table is ___ memory

episodic semantic

Her memory of being at the lecture is ___ memory. Her memory for the actual information in the periodic table is ___ memory

forgetting

Hermann Ebbinghaus was the first person to conduct scientific research on ___

stored

Information must be encoded and ___ in order to be retrieved later

procedural memory

Jon hasn't ridden a bicycle for five years yet when he hops on he finds he can still ride this is an example of

reminiscence bump

Lee Anne is telling her children stories about when she was young... lee Anne's memories are consistent with the idea of the ___ ____

context - dependent memory

People remember better when they attempt to recall information in the same external circumstances in which they learned it this describes

encoding rehearsing retrieving organzing

Powerful took for processing memory

storage

Saving information for future use is called ___

________ memory holds information from the world in its original form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses.

Sensory

_____ memory is a limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for less than a minute unless strategies are used to retain it longer.

Sensory Rationale: No, sensory memory only holds information for an instant. *Short-term Rationale: *Yes, short-term memory only holds information for about 30 seconds unless specific steps, such as chunking, are used to retain it longer. Long-term Rationale: No, long-term memory is not limited in capacity, nor is it limited in duration. Iconic Rationale: No, iconic memory is sensory memory, which only holds information for an instant.

iconic

Sperling's classic study on sensory memory determined that information held in __ memory can be forgotten very quickly

implicit

The cerebellum is involved in the ___ memory required to perform skills

retrospective memory explicit memory prospective memory

The frontal lobes of the brain play an important role in

amnesia

The general term ___ refers to the loss of memory

connectionism

The memory of your grandmothers name is not just represented in a single spot in the brain but involves... this is an example of ___

storage

The process of retaining information for future use is called

- be anterograde or retrograde - can affect memories differentially - can affect the retention of new memories

The term amnesia refers to a loss of memory. This memory disorder can

- review notes that you are preparing to memorize - experiment with different organizational texhniques - organize the material in a way that will allow you to memorize

Tips for organizing for memory processes

cognitive store

Uncle Ken will be 88 this year yet he seems very sharp... This is an illustration of the ___ ____

anterograde

___ amnesia occurs when you cannot remember what happened after you fell down and hit your head

flashbulb

You have a very vivid memory of the events of September 11, 2001 ... The specific term for this kind of memory is a ___ memory

Thinking, language, memory, and reasoning are all part of Input Field psychology.

cognitive

Ari is watching a movie. Which initial memory process is Ari using?

encoding

failure occurs when the information has never entered into long-term memory.

encoding

was never entered into long term memory

encoding failure occurs when the information

Explicit memory has two subtypes. Autobiographical memory, a special form of memory (which is one of explicit memory's subtypes), is a person's recollections of his or her life experiences.

episodic

Jon hasn't ridden a bicycle for five years; yet, when he hops on, he finds he can still ride. This is an example of _____ memory.

explicit Rationale: No. This is an example of procedural memory, which is a type of implicit memory. episodic Rationale: No, this is a subtype of explicit memory, and it refers to remembering episodes of one's life. *procedural *Rationale: *Yes, this is a subtype of implicit memory, and it involves behavior that is affected by prior experience. semantic Rationale: No, this is a subtype of explicit memory, and it involves general knowledge.

You know how to tie your shoes, and when you do, the procedure can be carried out non-consciously. This is an example of _____ memory

implicit

You know how to tie your shoes, and when you do, the procedure can be carried out non-consciously. This is an example of _____ memory.

implicit

Memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience.

implicit memory (non-declarative memory)

life time periods general events event - specific knowledge

levels of autobiographical memory

Encoding failure occurs when the information was _____.

never entered into long-term memory

is the memory process by which information retained in memory is brought out of storage, that is, when we recall or remember something.

retrieval

Long-term memory is a _____ type of memory that stores huge amounts of information.

permanent

is a memory task in which the person has to retrieve previously learned information; is a memory task in which the person has to identify learned items.

recall recognition

a student takes multiple choice test a witnes has to identify a criminal from a page of photographs

recognition tasks

Jason is actively trying to remember his teammates' names, so he writes down the numbers from their jerseys and the position they play on the team, along with the first letter of their names. He is using the numbers as ______ cues to help his memory for the names of his teammates.

retrieval

it consists of three parts it is a mental blackboard it is an alternate conceptualization of the concept of short term memory

statements that apply to the concept of working memory

Neuroscientists studying memory have benefited greatly from the use of MRI scans. They are able to see brain activation while a person is remembering. This has led them to conclude that _____.

there is no one memory center in the brain

involves manipulating information mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions, and reflecting in a critical or creative manner.

thinking

Explicit memory is the _____ recollection of information such as facts and events.

unintentional non-conscious No, explicit memory involves intent, whereas it is implicit memory that is non-conscious classically conditioned *conscious Rationale - Yes! Explicit memory involves intent or deliberate remembering