Ch6
priming
If a researcher activates information in participants minds and the activation helps participants remember ... we would say the the researcher used ___ a type of implicit memory
Someone forgets an event that is a consequence of an emotional trauma A person forgets something that is anxiety - laden and painful
Illustrate motivated forgetting?
- look at the exam to find retrieval cues for the information that you have encoded - make sure your brain is well - rested and well - nourished - use retrieval cues to trigger you insights
Important strategies for successful test-taking
The prefrontal lobes The hippocampus
In an MRI study, participants viewed pictures while in an MRI scanner. The researchers found that greater activation in which brain regions resulted in better memory performance?
eyewitness testimony
In forensic psychology , most of the interest in ___ ___ focuses on distortion , bias , and inaccuracy of memory
imagery
In order to remember the way to the library Kareem created a mental picture of the campus man Kareem used mental ____ to remember the necessary route
processing
In terms of how we engage with information we are trying to remember the continue from shallow to intermediate to deep where deeper levels produce better memory is called levels of ___
semantic
Sandy has a lot of general knowledge, not tied to a particular time or place about international affairs this is an example of a type of explicit memory known as __
Bias may be involved Memory can fade Witnesses may share their thoughts Memory can be distorted by new information
Statements are true regarding eyewitness testimony
False
T or F: Memories in the brain are stored in a specific location
time & event
Taking a batch of muffins out of the oven in 20 minutes is an example of an__ based prospective .... whereas remembering to buy muffins at the bakery on the way home from work is an example of an ___ - based prospective memory task
three
The Atinkson -Shiffrin theory of memory proposed that there are ___ systems in memory
echoic
The term used to describe auditory sensory memory, which is retained for up to several seconds is __ memory
sensory
The three stages of memory in the Atkinson - Shiffrin theory; ___ memory, short-term , and long-term
retrieval
The tip-of-the tongue phenomenon is a failure of
prospective
The type of memory that involves remembering information about doing something in the future is ___ memory
short - term memory
___is a limited - capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for less than a minute unless strategies are used to retain it longer
elaboration
When ___ is extensive the person has attempted to make the to be remembered information meaningful and has engaged in detail processing
Hermann Ebbinghaus was the first person to conduct scientific research on .
forgetting
primacy
when considering the effects of serial portion , the ___ effect refers to better recall for items at the beginning
repressed
while in therapy, Lara remembers that she was sexually abused while she was a very young child... Laura may have uncovered a ___ memory
In terms of the effects of serial position, the Input Field 1 of 1 primary unavailable ________ effect refers to better recall for items at the beginning.
primary
A(n) _____ is a general mental framework that helps us to understand and organize information.
script No, a script is a schema for an event. association *schema nodeNo, a node is a location of neural activity_
A relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information is _____ memory.
sensory short-term visuospatial working *long-term
Alan had a list of items to buy at the hardware store, but when he arrived at the store, he found he had forgotten to bring his list. "Oh, well," he said, "I remember the first three, so I may as well get those." This illustrates the _____ effect.
No, the reminiscence bump is a discovery about autobiographical memory where adults remember more events from the second and third decades of life than from other decades. *primacy recencyRationale_No, this describes being able to remember items that are at the end of the list, not the beginning. chunkingRationale_No, chunking refers to arranging or grouping information that exceeds the 7 plus or minus 2 memory span into higher-order units that can be remembered_
5-9
Short-term memory can retain about ___ pieces of complex information
What is reasoning?
The mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions
- staying mentally active aids in memory - staying intellectually active may reduce the severity of Alzheimer - Staying physically active aids in memory
True in respect to memory in the aging process?
rehearsing
When one has completes a class or lecture, you should enhance encoding by ___ the material by rewriting or retyping the information
recall, recognition
___ is a memory task where the person has to retrieve previously learned information ___ is a memory task where the person has to identify learned. items
retrospective & prospective
___ memory involves remembering information from the past, whereas ___ memory involves remembering to do something in the future
interference
___ theory states that people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember
decay
___ theory states that the passage of time always increases forgetting
Allison lived in a foreign country for a year, and she didn't drive a car during that time. When she came back to the United States, she found it effortless to drive her car. Her ability to remember how to drive is an example of _____ memory.
procedural
Which of the following are levels of autobiographical memory? (Select all that apply.)
*Life time periods *Event-specific knowledge Prospective memory -Rationale:No, this is memory for intentions. *General events
prospective memory
Aaron has elaborate systems set up on his computer to remind him of all the things he has to do and when he has to do them. The computer is helping Aaron with:
organize
Before using memory processes, you must first ___ the information you are about to study
priming
Carolyn is given a set of words to study and dog is one of those words...Carolyn is more likely to make -og into "dog" than "hog" or "bog" because of the concept known as ___
_____ are mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics.
Concepts
explicit & implicit
Due to the neurosurgery that treated his severe form of epilepsy , H.M's __ memory was impaired, but his ___ memory was less affected
central executive
According to Baddeley's model of working memory, the component that is in charge of integrating information, planning, and organizing is the ____
memories
According to the connectionist network perspective , our __ reorganized sets of neurons that are activated together
retrograde
After David sustained a traumatic brain injury, he has discovered that can't remember anything that... David is likely experiencing ___ amnesia
context - dependent memory
Brenda was somwharr rattled when she discovered that the final exam for one of her classes... what principle would that be?
Thinking may involve which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Data in any sensory modality Visual images
episodic
Explicit memory has two subtypes. Autobiographical memory a special form of __ memory
the frontal lobes
Explicit memory information, such as prospective and retrospective memories are transmitted from the hippocampus to which lobe?
declarative
Explicit memory is the conscious recollection of information and it is sometimes also referred to as ___ memory
anterograde amnesia
H.M could no remember things that happened after surgery to remove his hippocampus this is an example of
episodic & semantic
Her memory of being at the lecture is ___ memory. Her memory for the actual information in the periodic table is ___ memory
episodic semantic
Her memory of being at the lecture is ___ memory. Her memory for the actual information in the periodic table is ___ memory
forgetting
Hermann Ebbinghaus was the first person to conduct scientific research on ___
stored
Information must be encoded and ___ in order to be retrieved later
procedural memory
Jon hasn't ridden a bicycle for five years yet when he hops on he finds he can still ride this is an example of
reminiscence bump
Lee Anne is telling her children stories about when she was young... lee Anne's memories are consistent with the idea of the ___ ____
context - dependent memory
People remember better when they attempt to recall information in the same external circumstances in which they learned it this describes
encoding rehearsing retrieving organzing
Powerful took for processing memory
storage
Saving information for future use is called ___
________ memory holds information from the world in its original form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses.
Sensory
_____ memory is a limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for less than a minute unless strategies are used to retain it longer.
Sensory Rationale: No, sensory memory only holds information for an instant. *Short-term Rationale: *Yes, short-term memory only holds information for about 30 seconds unless specific steps, such as chunking, are used to retain it longer. Long-term Rationale: No, long-term memory is not limited in capacity, nor is it limited in duration. Iconic Rationale: No, iconic memory is sensory memory, which only holds information for an instant.
iconic
Sperling's classic study on sensory memory determined that information held in __ memory can be forgotten very quickly
implicit
The cerebellum is involved in the ___ memory required to perform skills
retrospective memory explicit memory prospective memory
The frontal lobes of the brain play an important role in
amnesia
The general term ___ refers to the loss of memory
connectionism
The memory of your grandmothers name is not just represented in a single spot in the brain but involves... this is an example of ___
storage
The process of retaining information for future use is called
- be anterograde or retrograde - can affect memories differentially - can affect the retention of new memories
The term amnesia refers to a loss of memory. This memory disorder can
- review notes that you are preparing to memorize - experiment with different organizational texhniques - organize the material in a way that will allow you to memorize
Tips for organizing for memory processes
cognitive store
Uncle Ken will be 88 this year yet he seems very sharp... This is an illustration of the ___ ____
anterograde
___ amnesia occurs when you cannot remember what happened after you fell down and hit your head
flashbulb
You have a very vivid memory of the events of September 11, 2001 ... The specific term for this kind of memory is a ___ memory
Thinking, language, memory, and reasoning are all part of Input Field psychology.
cognitive
Ari is watching a movie. Which initial memory process is Ari using?
encoding
failure occurs when the information has never entered into long-term memory.
encoding
was never entered into long term memory
encoding failure occurs when the information
Explicit memory has two subtypes. Autobiographical memory, a special form of memory (which is one of explicit memory's subtypes), is a person's recollections of his or her life experiences.
episodic
Jon hasn't ridden a bicycle for five years; yet, when he hops on, he finds he can still ride. This is an example of _____ memory.
explicit Rationale: No. This is an example of procedural memory, which is a type of implicit memory. episodic Rationale: No, this is a subtype of explicit memory, and it refers to remembering episodes of one's life. *procedural *Rationale: *Yes, this is a subtype of implicit memory, and it involves behavior that is affected by prior experience. semantic Rationale: No, this is a subtype of explicit memory, and it involves general knowledge.
You know how to tie your shoes, and when you do, the procedure can be carried out non-consciously. This is an example of _____ memory
implicit
You know how to tie your shoes, and when you do, the procedure can be carried out non-consciously. This is an example of _____ memory.
implicit
Memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience.
implicit memory (non-declarative memory)
life time periods general events event - specific knowledge
levels of autobiographical memory
Encoding failure occurs when the information was _____.
never entered into long-term memory
is the memory process by which information retained in memory is brought out of storage, that is, when we recall or remember something.
retrieval
Long-term memory is a _____ type of memory that stores huge amounts of information.
permanent
is a memory task in which the person has to retrieve previously learned information; is a memory task in which the person has to identify learned items.
recall recognition
a student takes multiple choice test a witnes has to identify a criminal from a page of photographs
recognition tasks
Jason is actively trying to remember his teammates' names, so he writes down the numbers from their jerseys and the position they play on the team, along with the first letter of their names. He is using the numbers as ______ cues to help his memory for the names of his teammates.
retrieval
it consists of three parts it is a mental blackboard it is an alternate conceptualization of the concept of short term memory
statements that apply to the concept of working memory
Neuroscientists studying memory have benefited greatly from the use of MRI scans. They are able to see brain activation while a person is remembering. This has led them to conclude that _____.
there is no one memory center in the brain
involves manipulating information mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions, and reflecting in a critical or creative manner.
thinking
Explicit memory is the _____ recollection of information such as facts and events.
unintentional non-conscious No, explicit memory involves intent, whereas it is implicit memory that is non-conscious classically conditioned *conscious Rationale - Yes! Explicit memory involves intent or deliberate remembering