CH.7 Thinking and Intelligence

The mean score for a person with an average IQ is ________.

100

Baby Aiden is born with an ability to learn any and all languages, but will grow to have a difficult time discriminating between phonemes used in other languages besides his native English at around

12 months old

An IQ score of 70 would be described as

2 standard deviations below the mean

In order for a test to be normed and standardized it must be tested on ________.

A representative sample

________ was asked by the French government to develop an intelligence test to use with children to determine which ones might have difficulty in school.

Alfred Binet . At the request of the French government, Binet developed an intelligence test in the 1900s to help determine which children might have difficulty in school.

A specific formula for solving a problem is called ________.

Algorithm

How does an algorithm save you time and energy when solving a problem?

An algorithm is a proven formula for achieving a desired outcome. It saves time because if you follow it exactly, you will solve the problem without having to figure out how to solve the problem. It is a bit like not reinventing the wheel.

A mental shortcut in the form of a general problem-solving framework is called ________.

Heuristic

Which is the faster technique for solving a problem?

Heuristics Heuristics are general "mental shortcuts" used to solve problems, and they may be faster than other approaches.

Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of ________.

Human thinking

________ provides general principles for organizing words into meaningful sentences.

Syntax

Which of the following is an example of a prototype for the concept of leadership on an athletic team?

Team captain

Which of the following statements is true?

There are many factors working together to influence an individual's intelligence level.

Margot doesn't feel like explaining all of the events from her day to her mom because she would need to explain too many of the details in order to set the stage for her stories. In this instance, Margot

and her mother do not share common ground.

Officially, insects are a class of invertebrates with a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae. This description is a

artificial concept.

When talking to a stranger about your sister, Ramona, you probably don't mention her by name and instead say, "my younger sister." This is because of

audience design.

Shianne tells the group of people at the table at her workshop that she's from Salt Lake City. A young man replies that he is also from Salt Lake, so he asks Shianne what area she's from. Shianne admits that she is really from Bountiful, which is north of Salt Lake City. The fact that she gives this additional information is an example of

audience design. Audience design involves shifting and shaping one's use of language in response to who is listening. In this case, Shianne provided more detail about where is from when she learned that the listener (her "audience") was from Salt Lake City.

Demarco was good at every sport growing up, but decided to focus on just baseball and the discus once he got to college. What area of intelligence does he exemplify?

bodily kinesthetic Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence refers to the ability to control the movements of the body and perform physical tasks with balance and coordination, skills that are required to play sports.

Where does high intelligence come from?

both genetics and environment

If you think baseball is boring and reluctantly agree to join your friend at the ballpark, chances are good you will be ready to go by the seventh inning stretch, even though it has been a high-scoring game. This is an example of

confirmation bias. Confirmation bias occurs when we look for or focus on information that confirms beliefs we already have, and we do not take into account information that goes against our pre-existing beliefs. In this case, your thinking that baseball is boring is a pre-existing belief, and even though a high-scoring game is not likely to be boring, you do not take that into account when making your decision to leave.

Colton is an average middle school student who has a good group of friends and enjoys practicing the drums and playing baseball. Despite this, he struggles with writing and has a hard time putting his thoughts on paper. Which learning disability does he have?

dysgraphia Dysgraphia is a learning disability that causes extreme difficulty in writing legibly and putting one's thoughts down on paper.

Tyler is learning to read and write but having a difficult time. He sometimes switches up the letters and words in the sentences and almost always writes his name backwards. Which learning disability does he have?

dyslexia Dyslexia is characterized by an inability to correctly process letters and sound-letter correspondence.

Someone who understands their own emotions, shows empathy, and understands social relationships and cues would have high ________ intelligence.

emotional The ability to understand others' emotions and social relationships (interpersonal) and the ability to understand one's own emotions (intrapersonal) are thought to reflect emotional intelligence.

As people age, they hold on to their accumulated knowledge and memories and tend to increase in emotional intelligence. There is typically a decline, however, in their ability to see complex relationships and solve problems. This is a decline in ________ intelligence.

fluid Fluid intelligence helps you see complex relationships and tackle novel challenges.

Learning how to operate new program on your computer would require ________ intelligence.

fluid Fluid intelligence helps you tackle complex and novel challenges.

Using algorithms to solve problems can be compared to

following the instruction manual.

Arthur Jensen believed that ________.

genetics was solely responsible for intelligence

A bell curve relies on a ________ sample.

large To create a bell curve, it is necessary to use a large sample size. Without a large sample size, it is less likely that the bell curve will represent the wider population.

Caleb uses the words "sofa," "soda," and "dinner," instead of "couch," "soft drink," and "supper." When others use the same words in conversation, they have adopted the same

lexicon. Lexicon refers to the words and expressions that make up a language.

Words and expressions are known as ________, but the rules that explain how they go together are called ________.

lexicon; syntax

Chinese speakers

may be more prone to think of time on a vertical or horizontal plane.

________ are the smallest unit of language that carry meaning.

morphemes

What is a learning disability?

neurological disorder

What is the basic sound unit of a language?

phoneme

The units of language from the smallest unit to the largest are

phoneme, morpheme, syntax.

Which type of intelligence is sometimes called "street smarts"?

practical You use practical intelligence when you solve everyday problems with information that you already know based on your experiences.

The best example of a concept is a

prototype A prototype reflects the best example, or representation, of a concept.

What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ________.

revealed a genetic component to intelligence. Findings from this study support a genetic component to intelligence.

The meaning of words and phrases is determined by applying the rules of ________.

semantics

Rylee has moved to a new city and is visiting the doctor for the first time. Even though she's never been before, she goes to the check-in counter first and then waits patiently in the waiting room chairs. She does this because

she already has a concept for doctors offices and automatically applies that to the new office. Correct. Even though Rylee has never been to this doctor's office, she has a concept in mind for medical offices and the objects in them that allows her to know what to do.

Amira came to the United States for college. She has near perfect English, but her roommates tease her when she accidentally asks, "Did you shower yourself today?" instead of, "Did you take a shower?" This is an example of incorrect ________ structure.

syntax In this case, Amira organized words in a way that went against the rules that govern how words and phrases are arranged to form sentences.

Mental sets occur

when you approach a problem the same way, even if it is ineffective.

Learning disabilities often affect children

with average to above-average intelligence. Learning disabilities tend to affect children with average to above-average intelligence. Their difficulties are often inconsistent with their IQ test scores.

Which of the following is an example of an artificial concept?

A triangle's area

When you are examining data to look for trends, which type of intelligence are you using most?

Analytical

Which type of bias involves becoming fixated on a single trait of a problem?

Anchoring bias

What statement is true of gossip and story-telling?

As a story is retold, the stereotypical information is likely to be dropped out of the retelling. . After the retelling of this story, much of the counter-stereotypical information was dropped, and stereotypical information was more likely to be retained. Because stereotypes are part of the common ground shared by the community, this finding too suggests that conversational retellings are likely to reproduce conventional content.

How could grammatical errors actually be indicative of language acquisition in children?

Children may identify a grammatical rule and try applying that rule in all instances, known as overgeneralization. An example is adding an "s" to any word to make it plural, which demonstrates that a rule has been identified even if mistakenly applied.

Who developed the IQ test most widely used today?

David Wechsler

Kayla's research group is thinking of every possible use for a pancake for their marketing project. This requires some

Divergent thinking

Researchers ________ concluded that language determines thoughts.

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf

Explain why event schemata have so much power over human behavior.

Event schemata are rooted in the social fabric of our communities. We expect people to behave in certain ways in certain types of situations, and we hold ourselves to the same social standards. It is uncomfortable to go against an event schema—it feels almost like we are breaking the rules.

The ________ shows that each generation tends to have a higher IQ than the last generation.

Flynn Effect Flynn was a researcher who observed that each generation has higher intelligence scores than the last, which came to be known as the Flynn effect.

Describe the relationship between learning disabilities and intellectual disabilities to intelligence.

Learning disabilities are specific neurological problems within the brain and are separate from intelligence. Intellectual disabilities are pervasive and related to intelligence.

________ concepts are the ones we know through experience.

Natural Correct. Natural concepts are formed through indirect and/or direct experience that shapes our understanding of those concepts.

In order for something to be classified as creative, it should be useful,

Original, and surprising

How do words not only represent our thoughts but also represent our values?

People tend to talk about the things that are important to them or the things they think about the most. What we talk about, therefore, is a reflection of our values.

________ is (are) the basic sound units of a spoken language.

Phoneme

Which type of bias involves relying on a false stereotype to make a decision?

Representative bias

An event schema is also known as a cognitive _______

Script

What is a major problem with intelligence tests mentioned in the text?

Some ethnic and socioeconomic groups perform better than others on IQ tests. This is considered a problem with intelligence tests. It is likely that a number of factors contribute to intelligence, not just those factors measured by IQ tests.

Which theorist put forth the triarchic theory of intelligence?

Sternberg

Tyler and Eric agree that spiders have eight legs, but Tyler thinks spiders are scary and gross, while Eric finds them nice and interesting. What explains the differences between what Tyler thinks and what Eric thinks?

Tyler and Eric have different concepts of spiders. Concepts can be personal and individualized and based on life experiences. If Tyler and Eric have different personal experiences with spiders (direct or indirect), then they are likely to extend that experience to other spiders they encounter, which becomes part of their concept of spiders.

Hwan is extremely afraid of flying but is looking forward to a Spring Break trip to the coast with his friends. He decides that driving would be safer, so he convinces his roommate to cancel his flight to join him in the car. He is making this decision based on a/an

availability heuristic. The availability heuristic refers to making a decision based on readily available examples in your mind, even though it might not be the best or accurate information. In this case, Hwan is making an assumption that driving is safer than flying, likely because it is easier for him to think of examples of plane crashes, so he assumes they occur more often.

Fluid intelligence is characterized by ________.

being able to see complex relationships and solve problems

Pronoun drop is more likely to occur in ________ cultures.

collectivist Research indicates that people living in more collectivist cultures tend to drop pronouns like "I" from their sentences.

Thinking outside of the box is considered

divergent thinking. Divergent thinking reflects the capacity to produce multiple possibilities for solving a problem and unusual uses for something.

Two-thirds of typical conversations are about ________.

gossip.

Miranda has to make a decision, but has a ton of information and not a lot of time. Which problem-solving strategy should she use?

heuristics. Using heuristics as a general problem solving approach is useful when there is a lot of information to manage and time is limited.

Lewis Terman did research on those with ________ IQs and found them to be well-adjusted adults.

high

Identical twins raised together and identical twins raised apart exhibit ________ between their IQ scores than siblings or fraternal twins raised together.

higher correlation . Research indicates that identical twins raised together and identical twins raised apart show a higher correlation between their IQ scores than siblings or fraternal twins raised together. These findings support a genetic component to intelligence.

The DSM-5 now uses ________ as a diagnostic label for what was once referred to as mental retardation.

intellectual disability

Oprah is known for her ability to understand others and help them feel comfortable. What type of intelligence does she have a lot of?

interpersonal Interpersonal intelligence involves the ability to understand and be sensitive to others' emotions, which Oprah demonstrates.

In order for something to be classified as creative, it should be original

useful, and surprising.