Chap 12
Which of these statements describes ways calcium bioavailability or absorption may be reduced?
- choosing calcium sources high in oxalates, like spinach - consuming large amounts of calcium at one time - eating a low-protein diet
Occurs when blood calcium is Low
- parathyroid glands increase secretion of PTH - kidneys convert more vitamin D to calcitriol - Parathyroid hormone and calcitriol stimulate the breakdown of bone
Occurs when blood calcium is high
- the thyroid glad secretes calcitonin - calcitonin takes calcium from the bloodstream and stimulates bone building - parathyroid glands decrease secretion of PTH
Major minerals are those needed in amounts greater than __________milligrams per day.
100
Who among the following is most likely to have low BMD? A
70
To improve mineral bioavailability of minerals, which vitamin should be consumed at every meal?
C
Edgar does not like drinking milk but likes cheese, yogurt, and ice cream. What can you tell about Edgar's calcium intake?
Edgar is getting adequate calcium from his diet. Cheese, yogurt, and ice cream are good sources of calcium.
Which of the following patients is at his or her peak bone mass?
a 25-yr old male graduate student.
Choose the statement below that correctly describes calcium supplements.
all calcium supplements should be consumed in amounts of 500 mgs or less at each dosage.
Oxalates and phytates which bind to iron in foods and reduce their bioavailability are called
binders
The degree to which a nutrient is absorbed from foods and available in the body is termed __________.
bioavailability
Phytates are acids in nuts, whole grains, and legumes which ________ mineral absorption.
block
Most of the body's magnesium can be found in the __________.
bones
Vitamin A in spinach is well absorbed, but only a small percentage of its________ is absorbed.
calcium
Adequate dietary intake of __________ can help reduce the risk of developing kidney stones.
calcium and potassium
Dietary intake of __________ is especially important in reducing osteoporosis risk.
calcium and vitamin D
The major anion in extracellular fluid is __________.
chloride
You will increase the overall amount of calcium you absorb by __________.
consuming a calcium-containing food in smaller and more frequent portions
Adults need 1,500 mg of sodium every
day
Individuals who consume fast foods, canned soups and deli meats regularly are likely to develop
high blood pressure
Too much calcium in the blood is called __________.
hypercalcemia
Which of the foods below have bioavailability of calcium greater than 40
kale, green cabbage
How would you describe the calcium bioavailability of spinach?
low
The process of adding minerals, including calcium and phosphorus, to the collagen matrix in the bone, which makes the bone strong and rigid is
mineralization
Sulfur-based substances called sulfites are used as __________ by food manufacturers.
preservatives
To reduce the risk of osteoporosis, adolescents and young adults can __________.
perform weight-bearing exercises
Although rare, deficiencies of what mineral can occur as a result of vomiting, diarrhea, or eating disorders (anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa), causing dangerous cardiac irregularities?
potassium
Dark green leafy vegetables are rich in
potassium
Individuals who consume diets which are adequate in ________ have optimal muscle function, nerve conduction, fluid and pH balance, bone health, recommended blood and are unlikely to have kidney stones.
potassium
The DASH diet, which provides ample dietary sources of __________, helps reduce hypertension.
potassium and calcium
Hyperkalemia symptoms—nausea, fatigue, muscle weakness, irregular heartbeat, and tingling in feet and hands-are likely to result from
potassium supplements.
Which of the following foods would provide the most potassium?
potatoes
Most dietary sodium (77 percent in American diets) comes from __________.
processed foods
Oxalates are acids in spinach which ________ calcium absorption.
reduce
One cup of skim milk has approximately 80 kcal. One ounce of low-fat cheddar cheese has approximately 50 kcal. How many kilocalories would need to be consumed to get approximately 300 mg of calcium from each of these two sources individually?
skim milk-80 kcal; low-fat cheddar cheese-125 kcal
High dietary intake of which major mineral is associated with hypertension?
sodium
The mineral which helps maintain fluid balance, transmits nerve impulses, participates in muscle contraction, and helps transport some nutrients across cell membranes is
sodium
Chloride helps maintain fluid balance, helps remove carbon dioxide from the blood, helps maintain pH balance, and participates in digestion as part of HCl in the
stomach
The mineral which is part of keratin found in hair, and skin, is responsible for the formation of collagen; and participates in in acid—base balance and cellular respiration is
sulfate
Which mineral provides shape to proteins and is part of the vitamins thiamin and biotin and the amino acids cysteine and methionine?
sulfur
Mineral toxicity symptoms are likely to emerge from
supplementation
People with kidney disease who can't excrete excess phosphorus may benefit from __________.
taking antacids