Chap 12

Which of these statements describes ways calcium bioavailability or absorption may be reduced?

- choosing calcium sources high in oxalates, like spinach - consuming large amounts of calcium at one time - eating a low-protein diet

Occurs when blood calcium is Low

- parathyroid glands increase secretion of PTH - kidneys convert more vitamin D to calcitriol - Parathyroid hormone and calcitriol stimulate the breakdown of bone

Occurs when blood calcium is high

- the thyroid glad secretes calcitonin - calcitonin takes calcium from the bloodstream and stimulates bone building - parathyroid glands decrease secretion of PTH

Major minerals are those needed in amounts greater than __________milligrams per day.

100

Who among the following is most likely to have low BMD? A

70

To improve mineral bioavailability of minerals, which vitamin should be consumed at every meal?

C

Edgar does not like drinking milk but likes cheese, yogurt, and ice cream. What can you tell about Edgar's calcium intake?

Edgar is getting adequate calcium from his diet. Cheese, yogurt, and ice cream are good sources of calcium.

Which of the following patients is at his or her peak bone mass?

a 25-yr old male graduate student.

Choose the statement below that correctly describes calcium supplements.

all calcium supplements should be consumed in amounts of 500 mgs or less at each dosage.

Oxalates and phytates which bind to iron in foods and reduce their bioavailability are called

binders

The degree to which a nutrient is absorbed from foods and available in the body is termed __________.

bioavailability

Phytates are acids in nuts, whole grains, and legumes which ________ mineral absorption.

block

Most of the body's magnesium can be found in the __________.

bones

Vitamin A in spinach is well absorbed, but only a small percentage of its________ is absorbed.

calcium

Adequate dietary intake of __________ can help reduce the risk of developing kidney stones.

calcium and potassium

Dietary intake of __________ is especially important in reducing osteoporosis risk.

calcium and vitamin D

The major anion in extracellular fluid is __________.

chloride

You will increase the overall amount of calcium you absorb by __________.

consuming a calcium-containing food in smaller and more frequent portions

Adults need 1,500 mg of sodium every

day

Individuals who consume fast foods, canned soups and deli meats regularly are likely to develop

high blood pressure

Too much calcium in the blood is called __________.

hypercalcemia

Which of the foods below have bioavailability of calcium greater than 40

kale, green cabbage

How would you describe the calcium bioavailability of spinach?

low

The process of adding minerals, including calcium and phosphorus, to the collagen matrix in the bone, which makes the bone strong and rigid is

mineralization

Sulfur-based substances called sulfites are used as __________ by food manufacturers.

preservatives

To reduce the risk of osteoporosis, adolescents and young adults can __________.

perform weight-bearing exercises

Although rare, deficiencies of what mineral can occur as a result of vomiting, diarrhea, or eating disorders (anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa), causing dangerous cardiac irregularities?

potassium

Dark green leafy vegetables are rich in

potassium

Individuals who consume diets which are adequate in ________ have optimal muscle function, nerve conduction, fluid and pH balance, bone health, recommended blood and are unlikely to have kidney stones.

potassium

The DASH diet, which provides ample dietary sources of __________, helps reduce hypertension.

potassium and calcium

Hyperkalemia symptoms—nausea, fatigue, muscle weakness, irregular heartbeat, and tingling in feet and hands-are likely to result from

potassium supplements.

Which of the following foods would provide the most potassium?

potatoes

Most dietary sodium (77 percent in American diets) comes from __________.

processed foods

Oxalates are acids in spinach which ________ calcium absorption.

reduce

One cup of skim milk has approximately 80 kcal. One ounce of low-fat cheddar cheese has approximately 50 kcal. How many kilocalories would need to be consumed to get approximately 300 mg of calcium from each of these two sources individually?

skim milk-80 kcal; low-fat cheddar cheese-125 kcal

High dietary intake of which major mineral is associated with hypertension?

sodium

The mineral which helps maintain fluid balance, transmits nerve impulses, participates in muscle contraction, and helps transport some nutrients across cell membranes is

sodium

Chloride helps maintain fluid balance, helps remove carbon dioxide from the blood, helps maintain pH balance, and participates in digestion as part of HCl in the

stomach

The mineral which is part of keratin found in hair, and skin, is responsible for the formation of collagen; and participates in in acid—base balance and cellular respiration is

sulfate

Which mineral provides shape to proteins and is part of the vitamins thiamin and biotin and the amino acids cysteine and methionine?

sulfur

Mineral toxicity symptoms are likely to emerge from

supplementation

People with kidney disease who can't excrete excess phosphorus may benefit from __________.

taking antacids