Chap 3&4
reasons for Macedonia's rise to power and its triumph over the Greek polis.
Macedonian phalanx Theban Sacred Band
Milesian philosophical concept was considered blasphemous by many Greeks.
Many Greeks disagreed with the philosophical idea that the natural world could be explained by physical rules and relationships, rather than divine intervention.
Hellenistic scholarship strongly influenced later European ideas about
astronomy and physics.
The Theban Sacred Band was
an elite military unit composed entirely of male couples.
Greek poleis develop in chronological order
After Mycenaean civilization crumbled, Greeks began to focus less on divine intervention, and more on the power of individual people. After 1000 B.C.E., Greek settlements engaged in more trade and Greek artisans produced sought-after goods. A new elite class arose, based on wealth rather than on military prowess or birth. Contact with Phoenicians led Greeks to rediscover written language and seafaring. As the Greek population grew larger and denser, communities formed poleis.
Ch4Proskynesis was a behavior that angered
Alexander's Greek followers, not a technological advance."bowing deeply or fully prostrating oneself on the ground"
4Alexander's life in chronological order.
Alexander's armies began conquest of Persia with a victory at a river near Issus.Alexander gained control of cities all over Syria and Palestine, using a combination of negotiation and force.Egyptians welcomed Alexander as a liberator.Alexander's armies won their easternmost battle at Hydaspes, modern India. angered soldiers by adopting numerous Persian customs.
4 Alexander the great never mentions ideological motivations, instead focusing on wealth and pleasure.
Alexander's soldiers were motivated by the economic opportunities of war. Alexander believed his soldiers should be grateful to him for his skilled leadership.
4Which leader supported the Stoic idea that kingship was a form of servitude, rather than an elite privilege?
Antigonus
How did the epics of Homer transmit the values of the Bronze Age to the aristocracy of the new Greek poleis
Aristoi practiced Xenia(guest friendship like in Iliad
Polis
Community of ppl not physical place
What caused the Peloponnesian War?
Athenian imperial expansion,Sparta was politically and militarily overextended,Persia was more regionally powerful.
victory at Plataea
Athens
Alliance prevailed w greek city states in Persian war then
Athens begins building empire after war bc of alliances and tensions w Sparta and Corinth increase, alliances broken for Peloponnesian war
historical circumstances of developing Athens Sparta and Miletus
Athens: Atticas prosperity, 1st polis agricultural economy, aristo invest in land, trade harbors Archaic period areopagus-archons,slavery,solon Sparta:5 villages made up polis, dual monarchy, helot revolt Miletus:cities of ionia in central anatolia coast, near east influence, ionian league, colonized trade, physical explanations, ionian revolutions
Match each tactic in the Peloponnesian War with the polis that used it. Athens and sparta
Athens: the destruction of Melos/successfully encouraging the enemy's slaves to rebel/preemptive attack on Syracuse Sparta: looking to Persia for money and training /laying siege to the capital city of the enemy
4 depicts Ptolemy I of Egypt.The following statement introduced proclamations by the second Seleucid king: I am Antiochus, Great King, legitimate king, ... king of Babylon, king of all countries.
Both show that Hellenistic kings adapted to the cultures of the people they rule.
Which of these were Athenian political reforms during the Archaic Period?
Debt slavery was forbidden. All free-born Athenian men had political rights. Ostracism was established as an official punishment.
4wha happened Alexander gained control of Egypt
Egyptians welcomed him, and he adopted their millennia-old institution of pharaoh.
4Euclid
Elements of Geometry hellenistic mathematician
Socrates
Examine your prejudices, identify principles for ethical conduct, then live by those principles.
As a result of Solon's reforms, all Athenian men over the age of eighteen could hold political office.
False All men over the age of eighteen could participate in government through the ekklesia, but only property-holders could hold office.
4What political structure did the United States adopt from the Aetolian League and the Achaean League?
Federalism
4Alexander's Conquests
First victory against Persia meditterenean. defeat of Darius, soldiers mutiny
4What factors contributed to the urbanization of the Hellenistic world?
Greek diaspora/expansion of commerce migration from rural to urban areas
accurately describe Greek theater?
Greek drama addressed the complexity of universal human struggles. Satire play. Comedies made fun of political corruption, intellectual developments, and sex scandals. Comedy vehicle for cultural critique
Which factors led to the expansion of the Greek culture between 800 and 500 B.C.E.?
Greek population growth growing Greek trade networks
4The Hellenistic world was cosmopolitan, meaning its network of urban areas shared a transregional set of commercial networks and social institutions.
Greek was the common language of Hellenistic cities. Religions were disconnected from specific locations and spread far beyond their points of origin, becoming more personal.
Greeks and Phoenicians probably competed with one another for territory and trade opportunities.
Greeks and Phoenicians often settled near one another in strategic trade locations.
As literacy became more common, people like... began to use writing, rather than oral poetry, to express important ideas
Herodotus and Thucydides
Foundations of Athenian Democracy
Ironically, the suffering of Athenian slaves made Athenian democracy possible. They enabled citizens to engage in politics and intellectual pursuits while they produced food and other necessary goods.
Athens
Located in Attica, polis was known for its (comparatively) widespread political participation.
Sparta
Located in Peloponnesus, polis was known for its military culture, conservatism, and widespread slavery.
Miletus
Located in modern-day Turkey, polis known for its philosophical tradition and for instigating the war with Persia.
4Identify features of the Greek poleis in the early fourth century B.C.E.
Ongoing warfare destroyed farmland, which decreased agricultural productivity. increased debt slavery and homelessness high taxes
How did the spread of Panhellenic greek culture transform the Mediterranean, even as the adoption of Hoplite military tactics transformed greek politics
Panhellenic greek culture, temples and Olympic Games used as tool to bring together greeks and hoplites military tactic of the phalanx demonstrated the power of common goal, as hoplites sided w certain aristocrats tyrannies formed
the thetes(plebs) gained political power through their support of
Pericles
What were the results of the Peloponnesian War?
Persia was more regionally powerful. Athenian democracy was compromised. Sparta was politically and militarily overextended.
Ch4 The philosophies of Plato and Aristotle both derived from the teachings of Socrates but they diverge in some important ways what are those main differences
Plato believed that concepts had a universal form, an ideal form, which leads to his idealistic philosophy. Aristotle believed that universal forms were not necessarily attached to each object or concept, and that each instance of an object or a concept had to be analyzed on its own.
4Plato
Plato's Republic suggested that only a few people were really suited, by natural ability and temperament, to rule.
4Hellenistic kingdom Seleucid
Politically disunited Despite its less-than-perfect bureaucracy, this gigantic, wealthy territory was home to dozens of Hellenistic cities. Correct label: Despite its less-than-perfect bureaucracy, this gigantic, wealthy territory was home to dozens of Hellenistic cities.
Under Pericles' leadership, attendees at the citizens' assembly earned a day's wage for their participation in government. What was the effect of this reform?
Poorer citizens could participate in government.lessening power of aristocracy
4Which Hellenistic center of scholarship was indispensable to our modern knowledge of ancient Mediterranean history and philosophy?
Ptolemaic Alexandria"
Protagoras
Since all our knowledge is based on our individual perceptions, there is no such thing as objective truth or justice.
Ch4 why is the Hellenistic world described as cosmopolitan how did this urban culture differ from that of the Greek poleis
The HellenisticAge marks the transformation of Greek society from the localized and introverted city-states to an open, cosmopolitan, and at times exuberant culture that permeated the entire eastern Mediterranean, and Southwest Asia.
pg 69 Spartas worry/Spartiates could not/relied on who to do what?
Sparta constantly worried about slave rebellion bc there were ten times as many helots as there were Spartans. Sparta reluctant to send its army abroad, but Spartiates also could not engage in trade, limiting their exposure to outside ideas and peoples. Spartiates didn't farm. relying on helots and the perioikoi, non-citizen residents,
How did the Peloponnesian War transform Athens and affect balance of power in Mediterranean
Sparta defeats Athens, by making a deal with the Persian Empire. Spartans gave the Persians some Greek territory in Asia Minor in exchange for money to build a navy. Out-battled, Athenians eventually surrendered.
Sparta disbanded the Delian League at the end of the Peloponnesian War.
Sparta disbanded the Delian League at the end of the Peloponnesian War.
Who were the Gerousia?
Spartiate elders, which was the main seat of power in Sparta.
4two main schools of Greek philosophical thought in the Hellenistic world? Stoicism Epicureanism Both
Stoicism:You can't change your fate, but you can choose how you react to the things that happen to you. . Epicureanism: The highest good is individual pleasure. both:This philosophy addressed individuals, not whole societies./Human beings are essentially the same across cultures.
Philip 2nd of Macedonia
The Macedonian phalanx was modeled on the Greek hoplite phalanx, but was more mobile and had longer reach because of their use of extra-long spears, called sarissas.
4Hellenistic Ptolemaic Kingdom
The capital city of this wealthy kingdom became a hub of scholarship, science, and commerce.
4Which factors gave rise to differences among the Hellenistic kingdoms?
The leaders adopted cultural practices of the people they governed. The leaders' options were strongly influenced by the geography and resources within their territories.
4writing during the Hellenistic era.
The literary genre that rose to prominence in the Hellenistic era was pastoral verse. This style of writing focused on rural life. Readers were invited to feel nostalgia for an imaginary world of simple shepherds and mythical wood nymphs. The style strongly contrasted with the increasingly urban experience of the Hellenistic period.
What were the different motives for the invasions of Darius and Xerxes/ what methods did the greek poles manage to emerge victorious from the Persian wars
The motive for darious was punishement for the ionian revolt where athens sent troops from there and eritria, eritria burned then battle of marathon. after that the persians retaliates w successor Xerxes avenging father
4Hellenistic kingdom Antigonid
This small kingdom had the most effective army in the Hellenistic world, which it used to maintain control the Greek poleis.
4how Alexander attempted to consolidate control over his empire.
Though Alexander claimed a great deal of territory, his control over his empire was tenuous.This was especially true in the eastern part of his territory. One way he solidified his power was through strategic marriage. He also established many new cities to enforce military and political control in his growing empire.
Archons
Though they were supposed to be elected for one year at a time, the archons had become lifetime leaders.
Today Ionia is part of
Turkey
4Seleucid Kingdom.
Unlike the Ptolemaic Kingdom, which was protected by its geographic location, Seleucus gained control of a sprawling disunited territory. This was especially a problem in the east. Chandragupta gave Seleucus war elephants in exchange for control of the Indus Valley, and Bactria broke away from Seleucid control as well. Located far from the disunity in the East, the Seleucid capital was the Mediterranean city Antioch.
Greek war with Persia in the correct chronological order.
W/help from other Greek poleis, leader of Miletus led Ionia in a revolt against Persian rule-Darius of Persia attacked and destroyed Greek Eretria, moved on to attack Athens-Athens defeated the Persians at the Battle of Marathon, then began building up their navy for future defense-Greek poleis formed the Hellenic League, to defend against Persian attack-Spartan forces held off the Persians at Thermopylae, then the Greeks defeated the Persians at Salamis and Plataea.
Medea Themes
Women and Femininity. Medea sharply criticizes the male-dominated society of its time. Revenge. Medea's relentless pursuit of vengeance is legendary. Betrayal. All the violence and terror in Medea is caused by Jason's betrayal of his wife Medea. Exile. Foreignness Marriage.Cunning and Cleverness.Love.
4What did mystery religions, like the cult of Dionysus and the cult of Isis, have in common with Stoicism and Epicureanism?
a focus on individual experiences rather than communal duty a distance from political participation
4How long did it take the Ptolemaic, Seleucid, and Antigonid Kingdoms to coalesce and stabilize after Alexander's death?
about 50 years
4Eratosthenes of Alexandria
accurate calculation of the circumference of the earth
Most Greek cities were built around the
agora, where markets and meetings were held.
symposium
banquet that took place after the meal, when drinking for pleasure was accompanied by music, dancing, recitals, or conversation.
kalos
beautiful honorable
4In what ways did the Ptolemies adopt Egyptian leadership customs? To what extent did they remain Macedonian or meld the two cultures? Match the behavior to the appropriate culture or cultures.
both:considered all agricultural wealth the property of the leader Egyptian: married their sisters, called themselves pharaohs Macedonian: did not speak Egyptian, emphasized Hellenistic culture in Alexandria
4What did Hellenistic leaders do to increase commerce?
built new transportation infrastructure hired geographers to map new trade routes encouraged manufacturing
Ch4Drama in fourth century
continued, but since private patrons funded performances, the plays moved away from political and social criticism.
4 Erasistratus
discovery that the heart is a pump
If he survived his infancy, a typical male citizen of Sparta would have gone through these life stages. Put them in chronological order.
educated and trained alongside female citizens-lived in barracks and practiced his military training-lived in barracks with his "brothers," though he took a Spartiate woman as a mate-He moved home to live with his family and joined the apella-could be elected for public office
When was the golden age of Athenian cultural achievements?
fifth century B.C.E., when Athens was the leader of the Delian League
agathos
good brave manly
What did an ideal Athenian woman do in the golden age of Athens?
have children spin thread and weave cloth
Ch4how Philip came to rule Macedonia:
he was forced by the people to take the government upon himself.
Which groups of people significantly affected Athenian and Spartan society and governance, even though they initially had little power?
helots/hoplites
Which of these would have been common activities for a middle-aged Greek male aristocrat in the sixth century B.C.E.?
holding political office/attending a symposium having a young male lover/protégé
Citizen-soldiers who made up local standing militias in the Greek poleis were known as
hoplites
Xenia
hospitality specifically between aristocrats from different cities
The Peloponnesian War began
in 431 B.C.E. It was a conflict between the Greek poleis.
4empirical" knowledge?
information learned through sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch
What problems led to the birth of Athenian democracy?
instability and violence among the aristocracy the archons' increasing monopoly on power extensive debt slavery
land surrounding the urban settlement of polis was known as the
khora
4Which of these assets was most useful to Philip in gaining control of the Greek poleis?
mineral wealth from the Balkans"
What were the triumphs and limitations of democracy in Periclean Athens
one hand, no government in history had been as direct a democracy as Athens under the leadership of Pericles. However the money that made it possible for poor citizens to serve their turn in public office was drawn from the imperial tribue that Athens forced out of the city-states that it dominated. Only about a quarter of the inhabitants of Athens actually participated in the democracy
Aischros
shameful ugly mean
4Which Hellenistic philosophy was most strongly influenced by Aristotle's emphasis on empirical knowledge?
skepticism
How did the hoplites gain political power?
support of Solon and Cleisthenes/Aristocrats who lost power, allied with the hoplites and overthrew old aristocracies, forming tyrannies.
Greek dense urban settlement of the polis was called
the asty
4Archimedes of Syracuse
the compound pulley and the propeller
Ch4 explain how the three Hellenistic kingdoms reflect the differences among the three main civilizations we have studied so far
three Hellenistic Kingdoms reflected three main civilization in different ways. The first of three kingdoms is the Ptolemaic Egypt which was the most stable on out of the rest and also the most influential. It was the most stable due to alexander former general Ptolemy. It was thanks to Ptolemy that alexander body was taken to Egypt. The second kingdom is the Seleucid Asia, its heartland became northern Syria, such parts as Anatolia, Mesopotamia and western half of Persia. Around the third Seleucid had more than enough cash, to defend themselves and borders. The third is the Antigonid and Greece, they did not have a lot of wealth as the others but they had intelligence above all. Antigonus was influence by a philosopher called stoicism. Macedonia, mostly gained strength from natural selections
The Panhellenic region was not a centralized empire. How did Greeks express their shared identity?
through shared holy sites, like the temple of Apollo at Delphi/through Panhellenic festivals like the Olympic Games
Ch4 diaspora
transregional migration
rhapsodes
weavers of songs, like the epic poet Homer
