Chapter 04-General Biology I

______ pressure is the force of water against a plant cell wall and helps maintain the shape of plant cells. Multiple choice question. Atmospheric Thermo Turgor Wilt

Turgor

The diffusion of water across a membrane down its own concentration gradient and toward the region with a higher solute concentration is called Multiple choice question. endocytosis. hydrolysis. active transport. osmosis.

osmosis

As a reaction's products accumulate, the reaction rate slows or stops due to negative __________________

feedback

Like the subunits of DNA and RNA, ATP is a type of Multiple choice question. fatty acid. monosaccharide. amino acid. nucleotide.

nucleotide.

Organisms transform energy from one form to another. Put the following forms of energy in the order that they are harvested and converted, starting at the top with a form of energy that is not in an organism. Sugars are broken down to liberate the energy that powers cellular activities. Sugars are synthesized in plants and microbes Sunlight is light is captured

1. Sunlight is light is captured 2. Sugars are synthesized in plants and microbes 3. Sugars are broken down to liberate the energy that powers cellular activities.

What happens during receptor-mediated endocytosis? Multiple choice question. A cell brings substances that bind to membrane receptors into the cell. A cell expels substances that bind to membrane receptors. A cell envelopes any substance at its outer surface. A cell expels any substance at its inner surface.

A cell brings substances that bind to membrane receptors into the cell.

ATP can be synthesized by the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule of ______, which is a reaction that requires energy. Multiple choice question. chlorophyll guanine ADP NADH

ADP

Adenosine diphosphate is also known as Multiple choice question. ADP. AMP. GTP. ATP.

ADP

When the endmost phosphate group is removed from ATP, what molecule is produced? Multiple choice question. ADP cAMP pDTP AMP

ADP

The energy molecule___________________is not stored in large quantities in cells because its high-energy phosphate bonds are too unstable.

ATP

The sodium-potassium pump uses energy in the form of ______ to move ions against their concentration gradients. Multiple choice question. NADH sunlight heat ATP

ATP

What molecule temporarily stores energy in cells? Multiple choice question. cholesterol ATP RNA DNA

ATP

Match each reaction type with the relative energy content of reactants and products. Energy-requiring reaction Energy-releasing reaction

Energy-requiring reaction Products contain more energy than reactants Energy-releasing reaction Reactants contain more energy than products

What process is occurring in the picture, reading from panel 1 at the top to panel 3 at the bottom? Multiple choice question. Exocytosis Receptor-mediated endocytosis Phagocytosis Pinocytosis

Exocytosis

What type of membrane transport is shown in the picture and requires a carrier molecule, but not ATP? Multiple choice question. Sodium-potassium pump Simple diffusion Active transport Facilitated diffusion

Facilitated diffusion

How do enzymes speed up biochemical reactions? Multiple choice question. Lower the activation energy Lower the pH Raise the pH Raise the activation energy

Lower the activation energy

In what process does a cell capture large particles in vesicles and bring them into the cell? Multiple choice question. Exocytosis Osmosis Phagocytosis Pinocytosis

Phagocytosis

During what process does a cell engulf small amounts of fluids or dissolved substances using vesicles and bring the substances into the cell? Multiple choice question. Passive transport Diffusion Exocytosis Pinocytosis

Pinocytosis

What type of membrane transport is shown in the picture and lacks a carrier molecule? Multiple choice question. Simple diffusion Exocytosis Active transport Facilitated diffusion

Simple diffusion

What provides the constant stream of incoming energy that allows organisms to maintain their organization and stay alive? Multiple choice question. Fungi Plants The soil The sun

The sun

Select all of the following that may result when ATP transfers a phosphate group to a target molecule. Multiple select question. The target molecule changes shape. The target molecule becomes less energized. The target molecule becomes more likely to bond with other molecules. The target molecule becomes more likely to participate in an energy-requiring reaction.

The target molecule changes shape. The target molecule becomes more likely to bond with other molecules.

A phosphate group can be removed from ATP but cannot be replaced. True False

True

Living organisms would not be able to survive without enzymes because reactions would proceed too slowly. True False

True

True or false: Energy cannot be created or destroyed. True False

True

True or false: The more disordered a system is, the higher its entropy. True False

True

If a solute is more concentrated in one location than another, it forms Multiple choice question. a membrane. a concentration gradient. an enzyme-substrate complex. activation energy.

a concentration gradient.

If a solute is more concentrated in one location than another, it forms Multiple choice question. a membrane. an enzyme-substrate complex. a concentration gradient. activation energy.

a concentration gradient.

Select all of the following that are examples of kinetic energy. Multiple select question. a rolling cart the movement of molecules a chemical bond an energy bar a stack of boxes light

a rolling cart the movement of molecules light

The amount of energy required to start a reaction is called the _____ energy. Multiple choice question. completion feedback activation entropy

activation

The region where a substrate (reactant) binds to an enzyme is called the ______ site. Multiple choice question. active complex energy cofactor

active

A substance is moved from an area where its concentration is low to an area where its concentration is high with the expenditure of energy in Multiple choice question. simple diffusion. facilitated diffusion. active transport. passive transport.

active transport

The sodium-potassium pump moving Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell against their concentration gradients is an example of ______. Multiple choice question. facilitated diffusion osmosis active transport simple diffusion

active transport

What type of membrane transport requires energy (ATP) and transport proteins? Multiple choice question. facilitated diffusion osmosis simple diffusion active transport

active transport

What type of movement across membranes is shown in the picture and requires a transport protein and ATP? Multiple choice question. active transport facilitated diffusion simple diffusion phagocytosis

active transport

Select all of the components of an ATP molecule. Multiple select question. three phosphate groups ribose deoxyribose three amino acids adenine

adenine ribose three phosphate groups

ATP stands for ______ triphosphate, which is a molecule that powers many cellular reactions. Multiple choice question. adenosine aspartame alkaline alpha

adenosine

The sodium-potassium pump requires energy because both sodium and potassium ions move ______ their concentration gradients. Multiple choice question. to dissipate down against to equalize

against

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1οC is equal to 1 Multiple choice question. volt. milligram. Joule. calorie.

calorie.

At the end of a biochemical reaction, the enzyme Multiple choice question. remains with the products. is altered. can be reused. is consumed.

can be reused.

One energy law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only Multiple choice question. change forms. become potential energy. decrease in entropy. absorb heat.

change forms.

The potential energy stored in covalent bonds is also called ______ energy. Multiple choice question. light chemical heat kinetic

chemical

After a concentration gradient disappears, molecules Multiple choice question. stop moving completely. only move in one direction. continue to move randomly back and forth. continue to move to one side of a solution.

continue to move randomly back and forth.

In ______, ATP hydrolysis produces energy that drives a reaction that requires energy. Multiple choice question. competitive inhibition coupled reactions negative feedback positive feedback

coupled reactions

In ATP hydrolysis, the ______ between the phosphate groups in ATP are broken, and energy is released. Multiple choice question. covalent bonds electron shells hydrogen bonds ionic bonds

covalent bonds

Where is the most energy stored in an ATP molecule? Multiple choice question. covalent bonds in the five-carbon sugar covalent bonds between phosphate groups double bonds in the adenine molecule charged OH- groups on the five-carbon sugar

covalent bonds between phosphate groups

The spontaneous movement of a substance from an area where it is more concentrated to an area where it is less concentrated is called ______. Multiple choice question. diffusion ionization active transport endocytosis

diffusion

The spontaneous movement of a substance from an area where it is more concentrated to an area where it is less concentrated is called ______. Multiple choice question. endocytosis diffusion ionization active transport

diffusion

A group of proteins aligned in a membrane can form a(n) ______ transport chain, which releases energy at each step in the chain and plays a role in both photosynthesis and respiration. Multiple choice question. hydrogen amino peptide electron

electron

In oxidation-reduction reactions, energized ______ are transferred from one reactant to another. Multiple choice question. neutrons electrons protons cells

electrons

In a process called ______, a cell engulfs material and brings it into the cell in a vesicle pinched off the cell membrane. Multiple choice question. exocytosis endocytosis osmosis transpiration

endocytosis

What process is shown in the picture, reading it from the top panel to the bottom panel? Multiple choice question. endocytosis Turgor pressure facilitated diffusion exocytosis

endocytosis

Pinocytosis is a type of ______. Multiple choice question. exocytosis used by cells to release fluids from the inside of the cell to the exterior environment exocytosis used by cells to release large particles from the inside of the cell to the exterior environment endocytosis used by cells to engulf fluids and dissolved substances endocytosis used by cells to bring large particles or other debris into the cell

endocytosis used by cells to engulf fluids and dissolved substances

A concentration gradient will dissipate unless ______ is expended to maintain a higher concentration in one area compared to the other. Multiple choice question. entropy energy a cofactor oxygen

energy

ATP hydrolysis releases the endmost phosphate group from ATP, producing ADP, the free phosphate group, and Multiple choice question. water. carbon dioxide. glucose. energy.

energy

In a coupled reaction, the ______ released from one reaction can be used to drive another reaction. Multiple choice question. energy water Na+ adenine

energy

In an electron transport chain, ______ is captured from electrons as they are passed between proteins called electron carriers. Multiple choice question. energy ATP an ion a proton

energy

In passive transport, no ____________ is spent to pass a substance across a membrane.

energy

The ability to do work is called ______. Multiple choice question. energy mass entropy matter

energy

Living organisms are able to increase in complexity due to a constant input of ______ from the sun, but because the universe as a whole is also decreasing in complexity by a greater amount, the ______ in the universe is always increasing. Multiple choice question. entropy; kinetic energy heat; potential energy kinetic energy; potential energy energy; entropy

energy; entropy

The measure of randomness or disorder in a system is called Multiple choice question. voltage. fitness potential energy. entropy.

entropy

After a product is released from its active site, a(n) ______ can be used again in another reaction because it is not consumed or altered in the reaction. Multiple choice question. monosaccharide lipid photon enzyme

enzyme

Without ______, many reactions would occur too slowly for an organism to survive. Multiple choice question. cell junctions cholesterol turgor enzymes

enzymes

At equilibrium, molecules continue to move back and forth between areas of solution at ______ rates, creating ______ concentrations throughout a solution. Multiple choice question. different; unequal equal; unequal equal; equal different; equal

equal; equal

In a membrane transport process called ______, a cell transports large molecules to the cell membrane in vesicles and releases them to the outside of the cell. Multiple choice question. exocytosis pinocytosis oxidation endocytosis

exocytosis

Membrane proteins assist ions and polar molecules across membranes down their concentration gradient in Multiple choice question. simple diffusion. facilitated diffusion. exocytosis. active transport.

facilitated diffusion

Membrane proteins called aquaporins allow ______ of water across membranes, as the movement of water solely by osmosis can be slow. Multiple choice question. exocytosis active transport facilitated diffusion catalysis

facilitated diffusion

Select all types of molecules that cells use for long-term energy storage. Multiple select question. proteins starch ATP glycogen fats

glycogen fats starch

A concentration ______ occurs when there are unequal amounts of a solute in neighboring regions. Multiple choice question. matrix gradient junction stasis

gradient

According to the laws of thermodynamics, all energy transformations are inefficient because every reaction loses some energy to the surroundings as Multiple choice question. heat. sound. entropy. light.

heat

All energy eventually becomes ______, which is disordered energy that results from the random movements of molecules. Multiple choice question. light a concentration gradient heat ATP

heat

Hydrogen ions moving through a membrane protein release energy that is used to synthesize ATP. In this example of the potential energy in a concentration gradient, hydrogen ions are moving from a ______________ concentration to a _________________ concentration via facilitated diffusion.

higher lower

If a solution has a higher solute concentration than a cell, then the solution is ______ compared to the cell. Multiple choice question. catatonic hypertonic hypotonic isotonic

hypertonic

According to physical laws, energy transformations overall lead to ______ disorder. Multiple choice question. decreased increased

increased

In an isotonic solution, the solute concentration Multiple choice question. in one area is higher relative to that in a neighboring area. in one area is lower relative to that in a neighboring area. is equal between two neighboring areas. is higher inside the cell and results in turgor pressure.

is equal between two neighboring areas

If an equal amount of water enters and exits a human red blood cell, then the cell's interior is ______ to the cell's exterior. Multiple choice question. ionic hypertonic hypotonic isotonic

isotonic

One food Calorie (with an uppercase "C") is actually one ______, which is equal to 1,000 calories (with a lowercase "c"). Multiple choice question. Newton kilocalorie Joule photon

kilocalorie

The energy being used to do work is called _____________ energy and is the energy of motion.

kinetic

Photosynthesis converts the ______ energy in sunlight into the ______ energy in sugars. Multiple choice question. kinetic; potential potential; kinetic potential; potential kinetic; kinetic

kinetic; potential

In diffusion, a chemical concentration gradient dissipates, and thus diffusion represents the ______ of potential energy and does not require energy input. Multiple choice question. formation gain loss increase

loss

The concentrations of solutes between the interior and the exterior of a cell or organelle may be chemically different because the ______ is selectively permeable. Multiple choice question. ATP membrane DNA cytoplasm

membrane

The production of new molecules and the breakdown of old molecules in the cell is called Multiple choice question. entropy. diffusion. chemical equilibrium. metabolism.

metabolism

_________________is the term that describes all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell, including the building of molecules and breaking down of molecules.

metabolism

Competitive and noncompetitive inhibition are two mechanisms of Multiple choice question. speeding up chemical reactions. negative feedback. reducing activation energy.

negative feedback

Competitive and noncompetitive inhibition are two mechanisms of Multiple choice question. negative feedback. speeding up chemical reactions. reducing activation energy.

negative feedback.

The process in which a reaction's products inhibit the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction is called Multiple choice question. positive feedback. negative feedback. selective permeability. enzyme catalysis.

negative feedback.

A product molecule blocks enzyme activity by binding to a location other than the active site during ______ inhibition; on the other hand, a product molecule blocks enzyme activity by binding directly to the active site during ______ inhibition. Multiple choice question. passive; active noncompetitive; competitive competitive; noncompetitive active; passive

noncompetitive; competitive

The image shows the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, which is called ______. Multiple choice question. osmosis hydrogen pump active transport pinocytosis

osmosis

A(n) ______ reaction occurs when an atom or molecule loses an electron, along with a corresponding loss of energy. Multiple choice question. oxidation reduction dehydration synthesis equilibrium

oxidation

The loss of an electron from an atom or a molecule is called ______. Multiple choice question. chemical equilibrium reduction hydrolysis oxidation

oxidation

Redox reactions occur simultaneously: for every molecule that is reduced (gains electrons), another molecule is ______ (loses electrons). Multiple choice question. oxidized converted to light energy reduced phosphorylated

oxidized

Select all of the cellular conditions that affect enzyme activity. Multiple select question. pH salt concentration size of cell temperature

pH salt concentration temperature

What is the process whereby an ion, an atom, or a molecule crosses a membrane without using energy? Multiple choice question. active transport passive transport endocytosis exocytosis

passive transport

In diffusion, a substance moves by ______. Multiple choice question. passive transport to a region where the substance is more concentrated passive transport to a region where the substance is less concentrated active transport to a region where the substance is more concentrated active transport to a region where the substance is less concentrated

passive transport to a region where the substance is less concentrated

_______________ is a type of endocytosis used by cells to engulf bulk matter, including debris and other cells.

phaygocytosis

An ATP molecule is unstable and primed to release energy because its ______ groups are negatively charged and repel each other. Multiple choice question. R phosphate amino carboxyl

phosphate

An example of an energy-requiring reaction is __________________ , which uses energy from the sun to produce sugars; an example of an energy-releasing reaction is cellular _______________________ , which releases the energy in sugars.

photosynthesis respiration

A concentration gradient is a form of ______ energy because energy that can be used to drive molecular motion is stored in the gradient. Multiple choice question. potential light kinetic heat

potential

The stored energy available to do work is called ______ energy. Multiple choice question. potential sound light kinetic

potential

The stored energy available to do work is called ______ energy. Multiple choice question. sound kinetic potential light

potential

The energy contained in the covalent bonds of molecules is a form of ______, which can be converted to kinetic energy that the cell can use to do work. Multiple choice question. heat light potential energy heat energy

potential energy

Match the energy form to its correct examples. potential energy- kinetic energy-

potential energy a sandwich; a concentration gradient of a chemical that has not dissipated kinetic energy fish swimming; the sound of a horn

Simple diffusion does not require energy because it is a result of ______ molecular motion. Multiple choice question. random controlled ATP-powered

random

One way that enzymes speed up reactions is to bring the ______ of the reaction together. Multiple choice question. reactants cells protons microns

reactants

In a process called ______, molecules to be brought into the cell first bind to receptor proteins on the cell's surface, and then a vesicle forms and brings the molecules into the cell. Multiple choice question. complex hydrolysis feedback-facilitated diffusion receptor-mediated endocytosis sodium-potassium pump loading

receptor-mediated endocytosis

When an atom or a molecule has gained an electron, it has been ______. Multiple choice question. oxidized induced cleaved reduced

reduced

A(n) ______ reaction occurs when an atom or a molecule gains an electron, and its energy. Multiple choice question. anaerobic reduction oxidation hydrolysis

reduction

Select all of the following that are true about the sodium-potassium pump. Multiple select question. requires ATP moves sodium into the cell down its concentration gradient produces ATP moves potassium out of the cell up its concentration gradient moves sodium out of the cell up its concentration gradient moves potassium into the cell up its concentration gradient

requires ATP moves sodium out of the cell up its concentration gradient

Membranes of organelles and cells only allow specific ions, atoms, and molecules to pass because membranes are Multiple choice question. impermeable. unevenly calcified. water soluble. selectively permeable.

selectively permeable

The movement of substances down their concentration gradient without the use of transport proteins is called ______. Multiple choice question. facilitated diffusion simple diffusion endocytosis active transport

simple diffusion

Match the methods of membrane transport with the correct descriptions. simple diffusion facilitated diffusion osmosis active transport

simple diffusion-movement of solutes from high to low concentration without a transport protein facilitated diffusion-movement of solutes from high to low concentration with a transport protein osmosis-movement of water from areas of high water concentration (low solute concentration) to areas of low water concentration (high solute concentration) active transport-movement of solutes from low to high concentration with a transport protein

Select all of the substances that can pass freely through the membrane by simple diffusion. Multiple select question. polar molecules ions small, nonpolar molecules lipids glucose carbon dioxide oxygen

small, nonpolar molecules lipids carbon dioxide oxygen

Warmer temperatures generally ______ enzymatic activity, but when temperatures increase too much, enzymes denature. Multiple choice question. speed up do not affect slow down

speed up

Only specific ______ can bind to an enzyme's active site, and each particular enzyme can only catalyze specific chemical reactions. Multiple choice question. energy organelles entropy substrates

substrates

Select all of the following cellular processes or reactions that are powered by ATP. Multiple select question. synthesis of large molecules osmosis moving chromosomes diffusion of oxygen gas muscle contraction

synthesis of large molecules moving chromosomes muscle contraction

Energy is defined as Multiple choice question. counting calories. the ability to do work or move matter. providing nutrition. anything that has mass and takes up space.

the ability to do work or move matter.

The active site is the place on an enzyme where Multiple choice question. a channel allows ions to pass through. noncompetitive inhibitors bind. activation energy is increased. the substrates bind.

the substrates bind.

Highly organized organisms do not conflict with the principle that entropy always increases because Multiple choice question. the sun increases in complexity as it releases energy. they use incoming energy to maintain organization. DNA is disorganized. organisms are isolated systems of energy, which recycles within the organism.

they use incoming energy to maintain organization.

Plant cells are hypertonic compared to the surrounding soil. This helps to promote water movement into the cell, which generates Multiple choice question. active transport. hydrolysis. turgor pressure. lysis.

turgor pressure

Select all of the following that are examples of potential energy. Multiple select question. ball at the top of a hill chemical energy stored in bonds compressed spring movement of atoms or molecules muscles contracting

-ball at the top of a hill -chemical energy stored in bonds -compressed spring

Stored energy that can be used to do work is called _______________ energy, while energy of motion that is being used to do work is called ____________________ energy.

-potential -kinetic