Chapter 04-General Biology I
______ pressure is the force of water against a plant cell wall and helps maintain the shape of plant cells. Multiple choice question. Atmospheric Thermo Turgor Wilt
Turgor
The diffusion of water across a membrane down its own concentration gradient and toward the region with a higher solute concentration is called Multiple choice question. endocytosis. hydrolysis. active transport. osmosis.
osmosis
As a reaction's products accumulate, the reaction rate slows or stops due to negative __________________
feedback
Like the subunits of DNA and RNA, ATP is a type of Multiple choice question. fatty acid. monosaccharide. amino acid. nucleotide.
nucleotide.
Organisms transform energy from one form to another. Put the following forms of energy in the order that they are harvested and converted, starting at the top with a form of energy that is not in an organism. Sugars are broken down to liberate the energy that powers cellular activities. Sugars are synthesized in plants and microbes Sunlight is light is captured
1. Sunlight is light is captured 2. Sugars are synthesized in plants and microbes 3. Sugars are broken down to liberate the energy that powers cellular activities.
What happens during receptor-mediated endocytosis? Multiple choice question. A cell brings substances that bind to membrane receptors into the cell. A cell expels substances that bind to membrane receptors. A cell envelopes any substance at its outer surface. A cell expels any substance at its inner surface.
A cell brings substances that bind to membrane receptors into the cell.
ATP can be synthesized by the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule of ______, which is a reaction that requires energy. Multiple choice question. chlorophyll guanine ADP NADH
ADP
Adenosine diphosphate is also known as Multiple choice question. ADP. AMP. GTP. ATP.
ADP
When the endmost phosphate group is removed from ATP, what molecule is produced? Multiple choice question. ADP cAMP pDTP AMP
ADP
The energy molecule___________________is not stored in large quantities in cells because its high-energy phosphate bonds are too unstable.
ATP
The sodium-potassium pump uses energy in the form of ______ to move ions against their concentration gradients. Multiple choice question. NADH sunlight heat ATP
ATP
What molecule temporarily stores energy in cells? Multiple choice question. cholesterol ATP RNA DNA
ATP
Match each reaction type with the relative energy content of reactants and products. Energy-requiring reaction Energy-releasing reaction
Energy-requiring reaction Products contain more energy than reactants Energy-releasing reaction Reactants contain more energy than products
What process is occurring in the picture, reading from panel 1 at the top to panel 3 at the bottom? Multiple choice question. Exocytosis Receptor-mediated endocytosis Phagocytosis Pinocytosis
Exocytosis
What type of membrane transport is shown in the picture and requires a carrier molecule, but not ATP? Multiple choice question. Sodium-potassium pump Simple diffusion Active transport Facilitated diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
How do enzymes speed up biochemical reactions? Multiple choice question. Lower the activation energy Lower the pH Raise the pH Raise the activation energy
Lower the activation energy
In what process does a cell capture large particles in vesicles and bring them into the cell? Multiple choice question. Exocytosis Osmosis Phagocytosis Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
During what process does a cell engulf small amounts of fluids or dissolved substances using vesicles and bring the substances into the cell? Multiple choice question. Passive transport Diffusion Exocytosis Pinocytosis
Pinocytosis
What type of membrane transport is shown in the picture and lacks a carrier molecule? Multiple choice question. Simple diffusion Exocytosis Active transport Facilitated diffusion
Simple diffusion
What provides the constant stream of incoming energy that allows organisms to maintain their organization and stay alive? Multiple choice question. Fungi Plants The soil The sun
The sun
Select all of the following that may result when ATP transfers a phosphate group to a target molecule. Multiple select question. The target molecule changes shape. The target molecule becomes less energized. The target molecule becomes more likely to bond with other molecules. The target molecule becomes more likely to participate in an energy-requiring reaction.
The target molecule changes shape. The target molecule becomes more likely to bond with other molecules.
A phosphate group can be removed from ATP but cannot be replaced. True False
True
Living organisms would not be able to survive without enzymes because reactions would proceed too slowly. True False
True
True or false: Energy cannot be created or destroyed. True False
True
True or false: The more disordered a system is, the higher its entropy. True False
True
If a solute is more concentrated in one location than another, it forms Multiple choice question. a membrane. a concentration gradient. an enzyme-substrate complex. activation energy.
a concentration gradient.
If a solute is more concentrated in one location than another, it forms Multiple choice question. a membrane. an enzyme-substrate complex. a concentration gradient. activation energy.
a concentration gradient.
Select all of the following that are examples of kinetic energy. Multiple select question. a rolling cart the movement of molecules a chemical bond an energy bar a stack of boxes light
a rolling cart the movement of molecules light
The amount of energy required to start a reaction is called the _____ energy. Multiple choice question. completion feedback activation entropy
activation
The region where a substrate (reactant) binds to an enzyme is called the ______ site. Multiple choice question. active complex energy cofactor
active
A substance is moved from an area where its concentration is low to an area where its concentration is high with the expenditure of energy in Multiple choice question. simple diffusion. facilitated diffusion. active transport. passive transport.
active transport
The sodium-potassium pump moving Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell against their concentration gradients is an example of ______. Multiple choice question. facilitated diffusion osmosis active transport simple diffusion
active transport
What type of membrane transport requires energy (ATP) and transport proteins? Multiple choice question. facilitated diffusion osmosis simple diffusion active transport
active transport
What type of movement across membranes is shown in the picture and requires a transport protein and ATP? Multiple choice question. active transport facilitated diffusion simple diffusion phagocytosis
active transport
Select all of the components of an ATP molecule. Multiple select question. three phosphate groups ribose deoxyribose three amino acids adenine
adenine ribose three phosphate groups
ATP stands for ______ triphosphate, which is a molecule that powers many cellular reactions. Multiple choice question. adenosine aspartame alkaline alpha
adenosine
The sodium-potassium pump requires energy because both sodium and potassium ions move ______ their concentration gradients. Multiple choice question. to dissipate down against to equalize
against
The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1οC is equal to 1 Multiple choice question. volt. milligram. Joule. calorie.
calorie.
At the end of a biochemical reaction, the enzyme Multiple choice question. remains with the products. is altered. can be reused. is consumed.
can be reused.
One energy law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only Multiple choice question. change forms. become potential energy. decrease in entropy. absorb heat.
change forms.
The potential energy stored in covalent bonds is also called ______ energy. Multiple choice question. light chemical heat kinetic
chemical
After a concentration gradient disappears, molecules Multiple choice question. stop moving completely. only move in one direction. continue to move randomly back and forth. continue to move to one side of a solution.
continue to move randomly back and forth.
In ______, ATP hydrolysis produces energy that drives a reaction that requires energy. Multiple choice question. competitive inhibition coupled reactions negative feedback positive feedback
coupled reactions
In ATP hydrolysis, the ______ between the phosphate groups in ATP are broken, and energy is released. Multiple choice question. covalent bonds electron shells hydrogen bonds ionic bonds
covalent bonds
Where is the most energy stored in an ATP molecule? Multiple choice question. covalent bonds in the five-carbon sugar covalent bonds between phosphate groups double bonds in the adenine molecule charged OH- groups on the five-carbon sugar
covalent bonds between phosphate groups
The spontaneous movement of a substance from an area where it is more concentrated to an area where it is less concentrated is called ______. Multiple choice question. diffusion ionization active transport endocytosis
diffusion
The spontaneous movement of a substance from an area where it is more concentrated to an area where it is less concentrated is called ______. Multiple choice question. endocytosis diffusion ionization active transport
diffusion
A group of proteins aligned in a membrane can form a(n) ______ transport chain, which releases energy at each step in the chain and plays a role in both photosynthesis and respiration. Multiple choice question. hydrogen amino peptide electron
electron
In oxidation-reduction reactions, energized ______ are transferred from one reactant to another. Multiple choice question. neutrons electrons protons cells
electrons
In a process called ______, a cell engulfs material and brings it into the cell in a vesicle pinched off the cell membrane. Multiple choice question. exocytosis endocytosis osmosis transpiration
endocytosis
What process is shown in the picture, reading it from the top panel to the bottom panel? Multiple choice question. endocytosis Turgor pressure facilitated diffusion exocytosis
endocytosis
Pinocytosis is a type of ______. Multiple choice question. exocytosis used by cells to release fluids from the inside of the cell to the exterior environment exocytosis used by cells to release large particles from the inside of the cell to the exterior environment endocytosis used by cells to engulf fluids and dissolved substances endocytosis used by cells to bring large particles or other debris into the cell
endocytosis used by cells to engulf fluids and dissolved substances
A concentration gradient will dissipate unless ______ is expended to maintain a higher concentration in one area compared to the other. Multiple choice question. entropy energy a cofactor oxygen
energy
ATP hydrolysis releases the endmost phosphate group from ATP, producing ADP, the free phosphate group, and Multiple choice question. water. carbon dioxide. glucose. energy.
energy
In a coupled reaction, the ______ released from one reaction can be used to drive another reaction. Multiple choice question. energy water Na+ adenine
energy
In an electron transport chain, ______ is captured from electrons as they are passed between proteins called electron carriers. Multiple choice question. energy ATP an ion a proton
energy
In passive transport, no ____________ is spent to pass a substance across a membrane.
energy
The ability to do work is called ______. Multiple choice question. energy mass entropy matter
energy
Living organisms are able to increase in complexity due to a constant input of ______ from the sun, but because the universe as a whole is also decreasing in complexity by a greater amount, the ______ in the universe is always increasing. Multiple choice question. entropy; kinetic energy heat; potential energy kinetic energy; potential energy energy; entropy
energy; entropy
The measure of randomness or disorder in a system is called Multiple choice question. voltage. fitness potential energy. entropy.
entropy
After a product is released from its active site, a(n) ______ can be used again in another reaction because it is not consumed or altered in the reaction. Multiple choice question. monosaccharide lipid photon enzyme
enzyme
Without ______, many reactions would occur too slowly for an organism to survive. Multiple choice question. cell junctions cholesterol turgor enzymes
enzymes
At equilibrium, molecules continue to move back and forth between areas of solution at ______ rates, creating ______ concentrations throughout a solution. Multiple choice question. different; unequal equal; unequal equal; equal different; equal
equal; equal
In a membrane transport process called ______, a cell transports large molecules to the cell membrane in vesicles and releases them to the outside of the cell. Multiple choice question. exocytosis pinocytosis oxidation endocytosis
exocytosis
Membrane proteins assist ions and polar molecules across membranes down their concentration gradient in Multiple choice question. simple diffusion. facilitated diffusion. exocytosis. active transport.
facilitated diffusion
Membrane proteins called aquaporins allow ______ of water across membranes, as the movement of water solely by osmosis can be slow. Multiple choice question. exocytosis active transport facilitated diffusion catalysis
facilitated diffusion
Select all types of molecules that cells use for long-term energy storage. Multiple select question. proteins starch ATP glycogen fats
glycogen fats starch
A concentration ______ occurs when there are unequal amounts of a solute in neighboring regions. Multiple choice question. matrix gradient junction stasis
gradient
According to the laws of thermodynamics, all energy transformations are inefficient because every reaction loses some energy to the surroundings as Multiple choice question. heat. sound. entropy. light.
heat
All energy eventually becomes ______, which is disordered energy that results from the random movements of molecules. Multiple choice question. light a concentration gradient heat ATP
heat
Hydrogen ions moving through a membrane protein release energy that is used to synthesize ATP. In this example of the potential energy in a concentration gradient, hydrogen ions are moving from a ______________ concentration to a _________________ concentration via facilitated diffusion.
higher lower
If a solution has a higher solute concentration than a cell, then the solution is ______ compared to the cell. Multiple choice question. catatonic hypertonic hypotonic isotonic
hypertonic
According to physical laws, energy transformations overall lead to ______ disorder. Multiple choice question. decreased increased
increased
In an isotonic solution, the solute concentration Multiple choice question. in one area is higher relative to that in a neighboring area. in one area is lower relative to that in a neighboring area. is equal between two neighboring areas. is higher inside the cell and results in turgor pressure.
is equal between two neighboring areas
If an equal amount of water enters and exits a human red blood cell, then the cell's interior is ______ to the cell's exterior. Multiple choice question. ionic hypertonic hypotonic isotonic
isotonic
One food Calorie (with an uppercase "C") is actually one ______, which is equal to 1,000 calories (with a lowercase "c"). Multiple choice question. Newton kilocalorie Joule photon
kilocalorie
The energy being used to do work is called _____________ energy and is the energy of motion.
kinetic
Photosynthesis converts the ______ energy in sunlight into the ______ energy in sugars. Multiple choice question. kinetic; potential potential; kinetic potential; potential kinetic; kinetic
kinetic; potential
In diffusion, a chemical concentration gradient dissipates, and thus diffusion represents the ______ of potential energy and does not require energy input. Multiple choice question. formation gain loss increase
loss
The concentrations of solutes between the interior and the exterior of a cell or organelle may be chemically different because the ______ is selectively permeable. Multiple choice question. ATP membrane DNA cytoplasm
membrane
The production of new molecules and the breakdown of old molecules in the cell is called Multiple choice question. entropy. diffusion. chemical equilibrium. metabolism.
metabolism
_________________is the term that describes all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell, including the building of molecules and breaking down of molecules.
metabolism
Competitive and noncompetitive inhibition are two mechanisms of Multiple choice question. speeding up chemical reactions. negative feedback. reducing activation energy.
negative feedback
Competitive and noncompetitive inhibition are two mechanisms of Multiple choice question. negative feedback. speeding up chemical reactions. reducing activation energy.
negative feedback.
The process in which a reaction's products inhibit the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction is called Multiple choice question. positive feedback. negative feedback. selective permeability. enzyme catalysis.
negative feedback.
A product molecule blocks enzyme activity by binding to a location other than the active site during ______ inhibition; on the other hand, a product molecule blocks enzyme activity by binding directly to the active site during ______ inhibition. Multiple choice question. passive; active noncompetitive; competitive competitive; noncompetitive active; passive
noncompetitive; competitive
The image shows the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, which is called ______. Multiple choice question. osmosis hydrogen pump active transport pinocytosis
osmosis
A(n) ______ reaction occurs when an atom or molecule loses an electron, along with a corresponding loss of energy. Multiple choice question. oxidation reduction dehydration synthesis equilibrium
oxidation
The loss of an electron from an atom or a molecule is called ______. Multiple choice question. chemical equilibrium reduction hydrolysis oxidation
oxidation
Redox reactions occur simultaneously: for every molecule that is reduced (gains electrons), another molecule is ______ (loses electrons). Multiple choice question. oxidized converted to light energy reduced phosphorylated
oxidized
Select all of the cellular conditions that affect enzyme activity. Multiple select question. pH salt concentration size of cell temperature
pH salt concentration temperature
What is the process whereby an ion, an atom, or a molecule crosses a membrane without using energy? Multiple choice question. active transport passive transport endocytosis exocytosis
passive transport
In diffusion, a substance moves by ______. Multiple choice question. passive transport to a region where the substance is more concentrated passive transport to a region where the substance is less concentrated active transport to a region where the substance is more concentrated active transport to a region where the substance is less concentrated
passive transport to a region where the substance is less concentrated
_______________ is a type of endocytosis used by cells to engulf bulk matter, including debris and other cells.
phaygocytosis
An ATP molecule is unstable and primed to release energy because its ______ groups are negatively charged and repel each other. Multiple choice question. R phosphate amino carboxyl
phosphate
An example of an energy-requiring reaction is __________________ , which uses energy from the sun to produce sugars; an example of an energy-releasing reaction is cellular _______________________ , which releases the energy in sugars.
photosynthesis respiration
A concentration gradient is a form of ______ energy because energy that can be used to drive molecular motion is stored in the gradient. Multiple choice question. potential light kinetic heat
potential
The stored energy available to do work is called ______ energy. Multiple choice question. potential sound light kinetic
potential
The stored energy available to do work is called ______ energy. Multiple choice question. sound kinetic potential light
potential
The energy contained in the covalent bonds of molecules is a form of ______, which can be converted to kinetic energy that the cell can use to do work. Multiple choice question. heat light potential energy heat energy
potential energy
Match the energy form to its correct examples. potential energy- kinetic energy-
potential energy a sandwich; a concentration gradient of a chemical that has not dissipated kinetic energy fish swimming; the sound of a horn
Simple diffusion does not require energy because it is a result of ______ molecular motion. Multiple choice question. random controlled ATP-powered
random
One way that enzymes speed up reactions is to bring the ______ of the reaction together. Multiple choice question. reactants cells protons microns
reactants
In a process called ______, molecules to be brought into the cell first bind to receptor proteins on the cell's surface, and then a vesicle forms and brings the molecules into the cell. Multiple choice question. complex hydrolysis feedback-facilitated diffusion receptor-mediated endocytosis sodium-potassium pump loading
receptor-mediated endocytosis
When an atom or a molecule has gained an electron, it has been ______. Multiple choice question. oxidized induced cleaved reduced
reduced
A(n) ______ reaction occurs when an atom or a molecule gains an electron, and its energy. Multiple choice question. anaerobic reduction oxidation hydrolysis
reduction
Select all of the following that are true about the sodium-potassium pump. Multiple select question. requires ATP moves sodium into the cell down its concentration gradient produces ATP moves potassium out of the cell up its concentration gradient moves sodium out of the cell up its concentration gradient moves potassium into the cell up its concentration gradient
requires ATP moves sodium out of the cell up its concentration gradient
Membranes of organelles and cells only allow specific ions, atoms, and molecules to pass because membranes are Multiple choice question. impermeable. unevenly calcified. water soluble. selectively permeable.
selectively permeable
The movement of substances down their concentration gradient without the use of transport proteins is called ______. Multiple choice question. facilitated diffusion simple diffusion endocytosis active transport
simple diffusion
Match the methods of membrane transport with the correct descriptions. simple diffusion facilitated diffusion osmosis active transport
simple diffusion-movement of solutes from high to low concentration without a transport protein facilitated diffusion-movement of solutes from high to low concentration with a transport protein osmosis-movement of water from areas of high water concentration (low solute concentration) to areas of low water concentration (high solute concentration) active transport-movement of solutes from low to high concentration with a transport protein
Select all of the substances that can pass freely through the membrane by simple diffusion. Multiple select question. polar molecules ions small, nonpolar molecules lipids glucose carbon dioxide oxygen
small, nonpolar molecules lipids carbon dioxide oxygen
Warmer temperatures generally ______ enzymatic activity, but when temperatures increase too much, enzymes denature. Multiple choice question. speed up do not affect slow down
speed up
Only specific ______ can bind to an enzyme's active site, and each particular enzyme can only catalyze specific chemical reactions. Multiple choice question. energy organelles entropy substrates
substrates
Select all of the following cellular processes or reactions that are powered by ATP. Multiple select question. synthesis of large molecules osmosis moving chromosomes diffusion of oxygen gas muscle contraction
synthesis of large molecules moving chromosomes muscle contraction
Energy is defined as Multiple choice question. counting calories. the ability to do work or move matter. providing nutrition. anything that has mass and takes up space.
the ability to do work or move matter.
The active site is the place on an enzyme where Multiple choice question. a channel allows ions to pass through. noncompetitive inhibitors bind. activation energy is increased. the substrates bind.
the substrates bind.
Highly organized organisms do not conflict with the principle that entropy always increases because Multiple choice question. the sun increases in complexity as it releases energy. they use incoming energy to maintain organization. DNA is disorganized. organisms are isolated systems of energy, which recycles within the organism.
they use incoming energy to maintain organization.
Plant cells are hypertonic compared to the surrounding soil. This helps to promote water movement into the cell, which generates Multiple choice question. active transport. hydrolysis. turgor pressure. lysis.
turgor pressure
Select all of the following that are examples of potential energy. Multiple select question. ball at the top of a hill chemical energy stored in bonds compressed spring movement of atoms or molecules muscles contracting
-ball at the top of a hill -chemical energy stored in bonds -compressed spring
Stored energy that can be used to do work is called _______________ energy, while energy of motion that is being used to do work is called ____________________ energy.
-potential -kinetic
