Chapter 1, 2, & 3: Whole Numbers, Fractions, & Decimals

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Whole Numbers

The set { 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}

Counting Numbers

The set { 1, 2, 3, ...}

Least Common Denominator (LCD)

The smallest denominator possible for two or more fractions which we want to write in equivalent forms, all with the same denominator.

Average

The sum of the quantities divided by the number of quantities.

Multiplication

This is a short method of adding a number to itself a given number of times.

Subtraction

This is the process of finding the difference between two numbers.

Addition

This is the process of finding the sum of two or more numbers.

Lowest Terms

When a fraction is written with the smallest possible numbers for both its numerator and denominator.

Distributive Law of Multiplication

a x (b + c) = a x b + a x c

Associative Law of Multiplication

a x (b x c) = (a x b) x c

Commutative Law of Multiplication

a x b = b x a

Order of Operations (def.)

The rules for priority must be followed when we simplify expressions which involve more than one operation.

List of the Order of Operations

1) Perform operations inside parentheses 2) Evaluate powers and roots from left to right 3) Multiplication and division from left to right 4) Addition and subtraction from left to right

Simple Fraction

A fraction where both the numerator and the denominator are whole numbers.

Complex Fraction

A fraction where either the numerator or the denominator, or both, are fractions or mixed numbers.

Improper Fraction

A fraction with a value greater than 1.

Proper Fraction

A fraction with a value less than 1.

Decimal Fraction

A fraction written as a multiple of 10, using a decimal point.

Prime Number

A natural number bigger than 1 whose only divisors are 1 and itself.

Composite Number

A natural number greater than 1 that is not prime.

Prime Factorization

A number written as a product of prime factors.

Estimation

A way of approximating the answer to a question quickly.

Mixed Number

A whole number and a fraction written together with the understanding that they are to be added together.

Multiplicand

In multiplication, a quantity that is to be multiplied by another.

Minuend

In subtraction, a quantity or number from which another is to be subtracted.

Subtrahend

In subtraction, a quantity or number to be subtracted from another.

Commutative Law of Addition

Numbers may be added in any order and the sum will be exactly the same. a + b = b + a

Factors

Numbers or expressions that are multiplied together to form a product.

Relatively Prime Numbers

Numbers such that there is no whole number other than 1 that divides the numbers without leaving a remainder.

Associative Law of Addition

Tells us that the way numbers are grouped does not affect the sum. (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)

Remainder

The amount left over after a division when the divisor does not divide into a dividend exactly.

Numerator

The dividend in a fraction.

Denominator

The divisor in a fraction.

Greatest Common Divisor (GCD)

The largest number that exactly divides two or more other numbers.

Recipricol

The multiplicative inverse of a fraction or whole number.

Multiplier

The number of times the multiplicand is to be multiplied.

Divisor

The number that divided the dividend.

Dividend

The number that is divided by the divisor.

Addends

The numbers that are added together.

Decimal Point

The period before the digits in a decimal.

Division

The process of finding out how many times the divisor goes into the dividend.

Power

The product obtained by multiplying a number by itself a given number of times.

Fraction

The quotient of two whole numbers.

Quotient

The result of the division of the dividend by the divisor.

Product

The result of the multiplication of the multiplicand and the multiplier.

Arithmetic

The science of numbers.


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