chapter 1
Inferior
A body part is below another part
Proximal
A body part is closer to the point of attachment or closer to the trunk, Ex: the elbow is proximal to the hand
Lateral
A body part is farther away from the midline Ex: the eyes are lateral to the nose
Distal
A body part is farther from the point of attachment or father from the trunk or torso, Ex: the hand is distal to the elbow
Superior
A body part is located above another part
Superficial (external)
A body part is located near the surface, Ex: the skin is superficial to the muscles
Medial
A body part is nearer than another part to an imaginary midline of the body
Central
A body part is situated at the center of the body or an organ. Ex: the central nervous system is centrally located along the main axis of the body
Peripheral
A body part is situated away from the center of the body or an organ
Posterior (dorsal)
A body part located towards the back, Ex: the heart is posterior to the sternum
Anterior (ventral)
A body part towards the front, Ex: the windpipe is anterior to the esophagus
Which of the following does NOT describe the relationship between form and function at the level of microscopic anatomy?
An interlocking arrangement of bones in joints is stabilized by ligaments and surrounding muscles
Which characteristic of living organisms involves the movement of fluid within the organism?
Circulation
__ is described as maintaining a relatively constant internal environment.
Homeostasis
Which statement is true regarding receptors involved in the relationship between form and function at the microscopic level?
Receptors can be inside a cell or on the outer surface of the cell.
The attachment of a chemical messenger (ligand), released by one cell, to a receptor protein at another cell depends on which of the following?
The shape of both the receptor and the messenger, and how well the messenger and the receptor fit together
Deep (internal)
a body part is located away from the surface, Ex: the skin is superficial to the muscles
in the example of blood clotting that occurs after a severe cut
a positive feedback loop occurs
which scenarios exemplifies the relationship between form and function
all of the above * abnormally shaped hemoglobin leads to a reduce ability to carry oxygen * the "Thinning" of bone * weakened heart valves are unable to prevent blood from flowing backward in the heart
Gross anatomy
also called macroscopic anatomy, investigates the structure and relationships of body parts that are visible to the unaided eye, such as the intestines, stomach, brain, heart, and kidneys.
general storage of specific substances is one of the functions of which type of cells
bone cells and fat cells
levels of organization, lowest to highest
chemical (atoms, molecules) cellular tissue organ organ system organism
ground substance is a component of which tissue type
connective tissue
what is one major function of the lymphoid system
defense against infection and disease
in which process can the released chemicals be used to generate energy or to support growth?
digestion
blood cells
either flattened discs or roughly spherical in shape
which tissue type lines the inner surfaces of the blood vessels and heart; produces grandular secretions
epithelial tissue
Frontal Plane
extends lengthwise, but is perpendicular to a sagittal plane and divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior portions.
nerve cells
extensively branched to provide a huge surface area for communication with other cells of the same type
major function of white blood cells
fighting off infection
regarding the characteristics of living organisms, which must occur before reproduction
growth and development
which term refers to moving away from the body's midline
lateral
Which of the following is a direct example of the study of physiology
measuring heart rate and noting blood pressure
Transverse Plane
perpendicular to the body's long axis and therefore divides the body horizontally to produce a cross section. Cuts the organs into superior and inferior portions.
They study of the timing and sequence of events related to the heartbeat, such as the opening and closing of valves, is an example of which of the following?
physiology
reproduction
process that creates subsequent generations or similar, but not identical, organisms
moving one's hand away from a hot stove is an example of which basic function
responsiveness
Homeostasis is not/does not
result in the presence of an unstable internal envvionment
Major functions of muscle tissue include which of the following?
stabilization of normal body temperature; soft tissue support; and blood flow maintenance
describe the process of cellular respiration
usually refers to the absorption and utilization of oxygen, and the generation and release of carbon dioxide