chapter 1

Inferior

A body part is below another part

Proximal

A body part is closer to the point of attachment or closer to the trunk, Ex: the elbow is proximal to the hand

Lateral

A body part is farther away from the midline Ex: the eyes are lateral to the nose

Distal

A body part is farther from the point of attachment or father from the trunk or torso, Ex: the hand is distal to the elbow

Superior

A body part is located above another part

Superficial (external)

A body part is located near the surface, Ex: the skin is superficial to the muscles

Medial

A body part is nearer than another part to an imaginary midline of the body

Central

A body part is situated at the center of the body or an organ. Ex: the central nervous system is centrally located along the main axis of the body

Peripheral

A body part is situated away from the center of the body or an organ

Posterior (dorsal)

A body part located towards the back, Ex: the heart is posterior to the sternum

Anterior (ventral)

A body part towards the front, Ex: the windpipe is anterior to the esophagus

Which of the following does NOT describe the relationship between form and function at the level of microscopic anatomy?

An interlocking arrangement of bones in joints is stabilized by ligaments and surrounding muscles

Which characteristic of living organisms involves the movement of fluid within the organism?

Circulation

__ is described as maintaining a relatively constant internal environment.

Homeostasis

Which statement is true regarding receptors involved in the relationship between form and function at the microscopic level?

Receptors can be inside a cell or on the outer surface of the cell.

The attachment of a chemical messenger (ligand), released by one cell, to a receptor protein at another cell depends on which of the following?

The shape of both the receptor and the messenger, and how well the messenger and the receptor fit together

Deep (internal)

a body part is located away from the surface, Ex: the skin is superficial to the muscles

in the example of blood clotting that occurs after a severe cut

a positive feedback loop occurs

which scenarios exemplifies the relationship between form and function

all of the above * abnormally shaped hemoglobin leads to a reduce ability to carry oxygen * the "Thinning" of bone * weakened heart valves are unable to prevent blood from flowing backward in the heart

Gross anatomy

also called macroscopic anatomy, investigates the structure and relationships of body parts that are visible to the unaided eye, such as the intestines, stomach, brain, heart, and kidneys.

general storage of specific substances is one of the functions of which type of cells

bone cells and fat cells

levels of organization, lowest to highest

chemical (atoms, molecules) cellular tissue organ organ system organism

ground substance is a component of which tissue type

connective tissue

what is one major function of the lymphoid system

defense against infection and disease

in which process can the released chemicals be used to generate energy or to support growth?

digestion

blood cells

either flattened discs or roughly spherical in shape

which tissue type lines the inner surfaces of the blood vessels and heart; produces grandular secretions

epithelial tissue

Frontal Plane

extends lengthwise, but is perpendicular to a sagittal plane and divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior portions.

nerve cells

extensively branched to provide a huge surface area for communication with other cells of the same type

major function of white blood cells

fighting off infection

regarding the characteristics of living organisms, which must occur before reproduction

growth and development

which term refers to moving away from the body's midline

lateral

Which of the following is a direct example of the study of physiology

measuring heart rate and noting blood pressure

Transverse Plane

perpendicular to the body's long axis and therefore divides the body horizontally to produce a cross section. Cuts the organs into superior and inferior portions.

They study of the timing and sequence of events related to the heartbeat, such as the opening and closing of valves, is an example of which of the following?

physiology

reproduction

process that creates subsequent generations or similar, but not identical, organisms

moving one's hand away from a hot stove is an example of which basic function

responsiveness

Homeostasis is not/does not

result in the presence of an unstable internal envvionment

Major functions of muscle tissue include which of the following?

stabilization of normal body temperature; soft tissue support; and blood flow maintenance

describe the process of cellular respiration

usually refers to the absorption and utilization of oxygen, and the generation and release of carbon dioxide