Chapter 1

When evaluating the three different forms of intelligence described in his triarchic theory of intelligence, Sternberg would disagree with which statement

Individuals with high componential intelligence are more intelligent than individuals with either experiential or contextual intelligence

Which of the following is probably true for Ashley, an early-maturing girl who was short and stocky as a child?

After puberty, she will be shorter and heavier than her late-maturing peers.

According to Vygotsky, adolescents learn best when:

All of the above

Jillian's family is moving to another town. Her parents are concerned that Jillian will have a difficult time adjusting to the new school. In which of the following areas should they anticipate disruptions for Jillian?

All of the above

The power of the adolescent as a consumer has increased as a result of:

All of the above

Which of the following youth programs around today bear a striking resemblance to the stated goals of positive youth development programs

All of the above

Why are adolescents better than children at abstract, multidimensional, and hypothetical thinking?

All of the above

Why are children who have spent time in the foster care system more at risk for emotional and behavioral problems?

All of the above are reasons that foster care children and adolescents may have more problems than other children and adolescents

Graduated driver-licensing programs were designed to:

All of the above.

Growing up, Jessica's parents had a lot of marital conflict. At times Jessica was even exposed to some domestic violence. Jessica is likely to develop which of the following problems?

All of the above.

Which of the following is not associated with disordered eating in the United States?

All of the following are associated with disordered eating.

Why is it hard to know whether exposure to messages about drinking and smoking actually change adolescents' behaviors?

All of these statements are true

Generally speaking, why are part-time jobs less common in European countries

As the school day lasts well into the late afternoon, the scheduling of part-time jobs in most European countries is not well suited to the daily routines of students.

Which of the following girls would probably be least susceptible to feelings of body dissatisfaction due to the rapid increase in body fat in early adolescence?

Beth, a Black adolescent girl

Based on research addressing ethnic differences in the timing and rate of pubertal maturation, which American girl would be expected to be the earliest to mature?

Brandy, a middle-income Black adolescent

All of the following statements accurately reflect research on adolescent-sibling relationships, except

adolescent-sibling relationships are characterized by a large increase in sibling rivalry

Today, _____ of high school graduates enroll in college immediately after graduation.

more than two-thirds

The average American adolescent sends _____ text messages a day

more then 100

Which of the following is not a benefit that small schools offer

more varied instruction

What thought process helps adolescents appreciate the sarcasm and satire of Family Guy and The Simpsons

multidimensional thinking

One aspect of brain maturation that is associated with increases in the speed of neural impulses and improvements in information transmission is:

myelination

New technologies and social innovations have

not changed the fact that adolescents continue to need the love, support and guidance of adults who care about them

What is a policy that focuses on policies designed to improve achievement by holding schools and students to a predetermined set of standards measured by achievement tests

standards-based reform

Experts are likely to express all of the following reasons for the failure of school reform, except:

the explosion of job opportunities in inner-city communities has left many students leaving school to pursue careers

Compared to jocks, adolescents from which of the following crowds experience more peer pressure to misbehave?

"druggies"

Who coined the term adolescent egocentrism

Elkind

Henry believes that the rise of adolescent peer groups has contributed to the rise of adolescent crime and drug use. Which of the following statements refutes this belief?

Even though society has continued to become increasingly age segregated, the rates of many adolescent problem behaviors have fluctuated considerably over the past few decades.

What is the paradox of dropping out of school

Students who drop out are typically the ones who are most harmed by doing so

What is a scientifically valid concern regarding adolescents' media use

The amount of time adolescents spend watching TV and playing video games is inversely linked to the amount of time they spend in physical activity, which can have detrimental effects on adolescents' physical health.

Which of the following statements about the production of hormones at puberty is false?

The body begins to produce several hormones that have not been present in the body up until this time.

Which of the following statements about the history of the student worker is not true?

The proportion of American High school students holding part-time jobs increased dramatically during the first decade of the twenty-first century.

How are nonworking students affected when large numbers of students in their school work?

The quality of their education suffers because many teachers lower classroom expectations and assign less homework.

Teenagers may become self-conscious because they believe that people are talking about them. Which characteristic are they exhibiting

an imaginary audience

The simultaneous release of growth hormones, thyroid hormones, and _________ stimulates rapid acceleration in height and weight during puberty.

androgens

Karen has been known to exercise excessively, count calories, and diet obsessively. She is currently depriving herself of food even though she is 20 pounds underweight. Karen is probably suffering from:

anorexia nervosa

Non-White adolescents are relatively more likely than White adolescents to experience all of the following, except:

anorexia nervosa

The potentially fatal disorder in which young women actually starve themselves is called:

anorexia nervosa

Before the Industrial Revolution, the term child referred to

anyone under age 18 or 21

Overall, teenagers are least likely to comment that their jobs

are dreary

Jeb has the choice of several after-school activities. Statistically, he is the most likely to choose

athletics

Don's teacher is concerned about him because he is passive and indifferent to new experiences, and shows little intellectual curiosity. He also shows signs of developing low self-esteem. Based on Baumrind's classification of parenting styles, the best guess is that Don's parents are:

authoritarian

Michelle is in late adolescence. She excels in school, holds an after-school job, and participates in community service projects on the weekends. Michelle also has lots of friends at school. Her parents most likely use which parenting style?

authoritative

By the end of high school, crowds:

become less important to adolescents.

Steve gets all As in his course work but has a hard time relating to the real world. According to Sternberg, Steve is above average in _____ intelligence but below average in _____ intelligence

componential; contextual

All of the following are aspects of metacognition, except

conserving mental resources

In Marley's society, adolescents are expected to attain adult roles at a certain age; however, they are provided with little training for such responsibilities. Additionally, adolescents tend to be segregated from the workforce and receive little training in school for the types of jobs they will hold as adults. What type of society does Marley most likely belong to

contemporary

Initiation ceremonies for young women in traditional societies most often coincide with:

menarche

The term adolescent became widely used at what time?

since the 19th century

During the industrial revolution, child protectionists argued that

young people needed to be kept away from the labor force for their own good

Who of the following is most likely to be involved in extracurricular activities?

youth who earn better grades

According to the textbook, today, about _____ of American adolescents are from ethnic minority groups; and, by the end of this century, it is estimated that nearly _____ of American adolescent will be non-White

45%; 2/3

Approximately what percentage of American 18- to 24-year-olds live with or are supported financially by their parents?

55%

Tammy's father has absolute standards and expects Tammy to conform to them without exception. If she disobeys he generally punishes her, and sees no reason why he should explain his rules to Tammy. Instead, his response is, "I'm the father and I love you. I know what's best for you." Her father is best described as having what kind of parenting style?

authoritarian

Joshua's parents set rules for him, but he feels that when a rule seems unfair, he can discuss it with his parents and, even if they don't agree to change the rule, they at least listen to his opinions. Joshua's parents fit best into which of the following parenting styles

authoritative

What kind of family environment most closely resembles the optimal classroom environment

authoritative

Through which of the following behaviors does an adolescent help shape authoritative parenting?

by displaying psychosocial maturity, leading parents to encourage further development of maturity

Ten-year-old Luna's budding feelings of sexual attraction are most likely explained:

by maturation of the adrenal glands through the process called adrenarche.

Almost half of all teenage deaths in the United States are a result of:

car accidents and other unintentional injuries

Based on the Five Cs of positive youth development, which "C" stands for a sense of sympathy and empathy for others

caring

The most virulent threats to adolescent health come from all of the following, except:

chronic disabilities, such as cancer.

Which aspect of the school climate is the least important in influencing psychosocial development during adolescence?

class size

Sarah was placed in an advanced track at school. Which of the following is Sarah not likely to experience

classroom activities that emphasize rote memorization

According to the textbook, all of the following are potentially successful ways to reduce adolescent risk taking except:

classroom-based education programs designed to teach adolescents about the dangers of various activities, make better decisions, and resist peer pressure to engage in risky activity

Which group of individuals is likely to describe themselves as individuals who are in many ways more mature than adolescents, but not as mature as adults?

college students

In Marley's society, adolescents are expected to attain adult roles at a certain age; however, they are provided with little training for such responsibilities. Additionally, adolescents tend to be segregated from the workforce and receive little training in school for the types of jobs they will hold as adults. What type of society does Marley most likely belong to?

contemporary

Since Mark was 5 years old, he has been helping his father maintain the family farm. Now, 30 years later, Mark owns the farm and is teaching his own son how to manage it. Based on your knowledge about the continuity of adolescence, how would you describe Mark's transition?

continuous

Dr. Ramirez believes that the passage into adulthood is a gradual process in which the adolescent assumes the roles and status of adulthood bit by bit. This view is most closely associated with the:

continuous transition

One discrepancy in the way that society treats adolescence is that courts have ruled that teenagers have the right to obtain ________; however, the courts have also upheld laws forbidding adolescents to obtain _____.

contraceptives; cigarettes or vulgar magazines

Adolescents who join antisocial peer groups are likely to have:

had problematic parent-child relationships in childhood.

The textbook suggests all of the following for parents who leave their children in self-care, except:

have friends come over for study sessions

Research suggests that the most reliable way to combat the unemployment problem of adolescents who are not attending school is through

helping adolescents stay in school

Research assessing adolescent work experiences found

high rates of misconduct on the job among adolescent workers (stealing from employers, lying about the number of hours worked).

self-esteem is _____ among students who are identified with peer groups that have relatively high status in their school

higher

According to the textbook, one recent study of Mexican-American families found __________ rates of parent-adolescent cohesion during mid-adolescence among __________ families

higher; more highly acculturated

Dan planned a party and invited his whole English class by passing out personal invitations. Dan accidentally forgot to make an invitation for Sam. Sam assumed he intentionally wasn't invited and became irate at Dan for excluding him. This is an example of

hostile attributional bias

Joey enjoys playing the devil's advocate and is always stirring up discussions with his contrary positions. This ability is one aspect of

hypothetical thinking

Research assessing the effects of stepfamilies on children's adjustment suggests that over time

if the remarriage lasts, gender differences in adjustment disappear

Dan, an adolescent, has more developed cognitive skills than his 6-year-old brother Timmy because Timmy's thinking' is:

in general, bound to what he can directly observe

According to a survey conducted in the early 2000s, how do adolescents spend most of their leisure time?

in passive activities

Which of the following is not one of the five chief changes in cognition during adolescence

increased imagination

All of the following are reasons that males have greater gains in strength than females during early adolescence, except:

increased production of androgens among females.

According to the textbook, puberty involves all of the following except

increases in intellectual functioning

Expanding opportunities for adolescents to get involved in athletics, drama group, or another extracurricular activity would be associated with all but which of the following outcomes

increasing the likelihood that they drop out of school

Judy's parents express love toward her and they let her, for the most part, establish her own schedule. She eats when she's hungry, has full run of the house, and sleeps when she's tired. This parenting style fits best with which of the following

indulgent

Judy's parents express love toward her and they let her, for the most part, establish her own schedule. She eats when she's hungry, has full run of the house, and sleeps when she's tired. This parenting style fits best with which of the following?

indulgent

Research has established that circumcision

is associated with negative outcomes for females but not for males

Principal McGonagall has been watching his students for several years as they move through adolescence. Which groups are most likely to exhibit favorable patterns of achievement over time?

jocks and brains

Professor Ngo is studying family transitions. According to family systems theory, he is most likely to see dramatic changes in family relationships during all of the following events, except when:

lack of change creates a sturdy, yet boring, family pattern

Notable contributing factors to the elongation of adolescence compared to previous eras include all except which of the following

later development of emotional maturity

Notable contributing factors to the elongation of adolescence compared to previous eras include all except which of the following

later development of emotional maturity.

Lisa earns approximately $300 a month from her part-time job. She is most likely to spend the money on

leisure activities

Compared to 100 years ago, the adolescent period has been _____ and the transition into adulthood _____.

lengthened; prolonged

Which of the following was not a result of industrialization

less time in school

Late 19th-century adolescents spend _____ time working with their parents and _____ with their peers, being educated or prepping for the future

less, more

Late 19th-century adolescents spend _____ time working with their parents and _____ with their peers, being educated or prepping for the future.

less, more

Although conflict between adolescents and parents over mundane matters (e.g., curfews, clothing) is generally _____ frequent in ethnic minority than in White families, the topics of disagreement are _____ across ethnic groups

less; similar

Dr. Davis is interested in how puberty affects adjustment. He studies a group of 100 junior high school students over the course of three years. He is conducting what kind of study?

longitudinal

The popular notion of a "generation gap" has only been supported in differences between parents and children with regard to

personal taste.

According to Smetana, adolescents often judge keeping one's room clean and style of dress as _____, whereas parents tend to judge these issues as _____.

personal; conventional

Tony belongs to a peer culture called "the toughs." We would expect that Tony is

possibly a gang member

Juan is 4.5 years old. His language skills are excellent, but his thinking skills demonstrate limitations such as egocentrism. What Piagetian stage of thought would you suspect he is in?

preoperational

The universal process through which an individual's position or status is changed by society is called

social redefinition

According to an example provided in the textbook, a crowd member that has less social capitol who is a really nice, thoughtful, and funny person may be high in _____ popularity but low in _____ popularity

sociometric; perceived

Which theory of media's impact emphasizes the fact that adolescents choose the media to which they are exposed

uses and gratifications approach

All of the following are ways that scientists study brain maturation except:

using fMRI technology to measure event-related potential in response to different stimuli or events.

Kim lives in a poor neighborhood. As a result, Kim's mother drives her to school each morning and refuses to let her go out after dark. According to the textbook, Kim's mother is

using the restrictive strategy.

Kim lives in a poor neighborhood. As a result, Kim's mother drives her to school each morning and refuses to let her go out after dark. According to the textbook, Kim's mother is:

using the restrictive strategy.

Scientists now believe that the transition from concrete operational thought to formal operational thought occurs

very gradually and unevenly across domains of functioning

Scientists now believe that the transition from concrete operational thought to formal operational thought occurs:

very gradually and unevenly across domains of functioning

Legal decisions have tended to support adolescent autonomy when the behavior at issue is:

viewed as having potential benefit.

Bobby's parents expect him to tell them everything. However, now that he's 13 years old, he feels entitled to keep secrets from them. What has this discrepancy been referred to as?

violation of expectations

In recent years, studies of adolescents' consumer behavior have noted the strong influence teens have over one another when it comes to spending money. Advertisers have taken advantage of Internet sites such as YouTube, MySpace, and Facebook to utilize what kind of marketing?

viral marketing

When is delinquency most common

weekday afternoons

Which of the following conditions is most likely to produce the most favorable and easiest adjustment to menarche?

when the girl knows the facts about the physical changes her body will undergo

When it comes to basic, core values (e.g., religion, work, education) diversity _________ is much more striking than are differences _________

within the adolescent population; between the generations

Which of the following statements about social cognition is false?

Adolescents are less likely to see that social rules are subjective

What percent of American adolescents have sent a photo featuring naked breasts, genitals, or buttocks to a fellow student

1%

What percent of American adolescents have sent a photo featuring naked breasts, genitals, or buttocks to a fellow student?

1%

Approximately ____ of teens are out of school, unemployed, and looking for full-time work

3%

Which set of research findings was used in the Supreme Court case of Brown v. Entertainment Merchants (2010), which was a case that debated whether banning the sale of violent video games to minors was unconstitutional

Careful studies have indicated that playing violent video games does not make adolescents more aggressive.

Which set of research findings was used in the Supreme Court case of Brown v. Entertainment Merchants (2010), which was a case that debated whether banning the sale of violent video games to minors was unconstitutional?

Careful studies have indicated that playing violent video games does not make adolescents more aggressive.

Who will have the most difficulty negotiating the transition into adolescence

Charlie, a Hispanic American

Who of the following is probably a child (and not an adolescent)?

Christine, someone who tends to think about things one aspect at a time

Studies show that adolescent mood swings are most closely related to changes in:

Correct activities.

Rosy believes that "fat is beautiful" and has a steady diet of fried chicken, French fries, and cheeseburgers. Tanya believes that "thin is in" and uses vomiting and laxatives as a way to keep her weight down. Both girls exhibit what psychologists call:

Correct disordered eating.

Why is it so difficult to draw a legal boundary between when someone should be treated like a child and when someone is ready to be treated like an adult

Development is so rapid and so variable between individuals

Who of the following is probably an adolescent (and not a child)?

Frank, who appraises his reading comprehension before starting the next chapter

Who of the following individuals is likely to believe that it is always wrong to exclude others

Gwendolyn, who is trying to decide who to invite to her 9th birthday party

Which of the following writers has been the most vocal proponent of the idea that there is a separate and troublesome "youth culture"?

James Coleman

Which of the following adolescents is most likely to experience their parents' divorce

Jeff, a Black adolescent

Justin's parents try extremely hard (almost excessively) to control his choice of friends. What effect is this style of parenting likely to have on Justin?

Justin may become closer to the "forbidden" peers

Eric, a fourth-grader, spends a lot of time with his peers and is more likely to engage in which of the following activities

Little League baseball

Which of the following girls will experience the greatest menstrual discomfort?

Loryn, who has a negative attitude toward menarche

Natalie's mom believes that peers influence each other to use drugs and spend time partying rather than studying. Given what you know about adolescent peer relationships, is this true?

Natalie's mom is sort of right—adolescents exert both positive and negative influences on each other.

President George W. Bush's 2002 mandate that all children, regardless of economic circumstance, achieve academic proficiency is called the:

No Child Left Behind Act

In general, according to the textbook, is "Americanization" a positive and desirable experience for immigrant adolescents

No, Americanization appears to be associated with worse, not better, outcomes.

Hormones play two very different roles in adolescence. _______ hormones program the brain to behave in certain ways, whereas _______ hormones are thought to stimulate development of the secondary sex characteristics

Organizational; activational

________ involvement has been found to enhance the adjustment of low-income students in their transition to middle school

Parental

Why is it difficult to determine the exact nature (and direction of the effect) of the relations between family characteristics and adolescent development?

Parents and adolescents reciprocally influence each other

Which boy is most likely to commit an act of lethal violence?

Researchers have not identified a reliable mechanism for identifying which students will commit a lethal crime

Which of the following statements concerning sibling relationships is false?

Siblings are likely to be closer in families under economic stress than in affluent families

According to behavioral geneticists, siblings are actually quite different from each other. Which of the following has not been used to explain this difference?

Siblings go through the pubertal transition at different times.

Which of the following is not a finding of social scientists regarding the effects of divorce on adolescents

The adverse consequences of divorce for adolescents are directly linked to living in a single-parent household

Which of the following statements about prenatal development is not true?

The amount of cortisol exposed to the fetus is directly linked to the timing and tempo of puberty

Which of the following statements about the timing and tempo of sexual maturation is true?

The duration of puberty varies widely, from 1.5 to 6 years in girls and 2 to 5 years in boys.

Sarah is a junior high student anticipating and preparing for puberty. She wants to know when puberty will start and how long it will take until she looks and is considered an adult. What would you tell her?

The timing of puberty, as well as the rate with which it occurs, is highly variable and is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors.

What is the best way to conceptualize adolescents' free time

There appear to be adolescents who have substantial time commitments across many activities, adolescents who focus on one type of activity, and adolescents who do not participate in any activities

What was one of the results of the Guyer and colleagues' (2009) study, where teenagers were imaged with fMRI equipment while they thought they were participating in a networking task with other teenagers (in reality, the study was rigged such that they were automatically provided with positive or negative feedback)?

When the adolescents were told that other teenagers were interested in them, areas of their brains known to be sensitive to rewards were activated

Which of the following statements about stepfamilies is false

Younger children have a harder time adjusting to stepfamilies than older adolescents.

Mitch organizes a party for about 20 of his classmates who are all interested in theater, and they all watch a tape of the musical The Phantom of the Opera. This group of teenagers, who don't always hang out together, but share common interests, would most appropriately be labeled

a crowd

Based on the definitions outlined in the Five Cs of positive youth development, what does competence mean?

a positive view of one's actions in domain-specific areas

A group against which an individual compares himself or herself is called

a reference group

In contemporary America, the process of social definition, which typically begins at age 15 or 16, is something that occurs over

a relatively long period of time

Pepler, Jiang, Craig, and Connolly (2008) studied a sample of 10- to 17-year-old Toronto youths and found that:

about 40 percent of adolescents have never bullied anyone

Which theory helps researchers understand adolescent risk taking?

behavioral decision theory

Which of the following is not one of the 10 Basic Principles of Good Parenting

being too loving is too indulgent

Which groups are most likely to disengage from school during early adolescence

boys and students from poor families

Which theory of media's impact emphasizes the idea that media shape adolescents' interests, motives, and beliefs about the world?

cultivation theory

Tam is good at drawing conclusions from given information. Thus, Tam is good at _________ reasoning

deductive

Esther has been rejected by her peers because she is withdrawn and rejected. Esther is most likely to be at risk for:

diminished social competence

In contemporary society, the transition into adult work roles is fairly:

discontinuous

Luis and Carla Hernandez are getting a divorce. It is likely that the family will go through a period of _________ before it can adjust to this challenge

disequilibrium

What two dominant characteristics distinguish the development of postsecondary education in contemporary America from that in other parts of the world?

diversity and accessibility

While studying for her biology exam, Jennifer watches her favorite show on TV. This is an example of

divided attention

Jane, an adolescent, can attribute her improved planning skills to developments in her ______ and she can attribute her gut-level, intuitive decision making to her ______.

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; ventromedial prefrontal cortex

According to the textbook, the main contributor to the increased rate of automobile accidents among teenagers is:

driving with other teenagers in the car

Ruben works over 20 hours a week during the school year and Marianne does not work at all. Ruben, compared to Marianne, is more likely to

drop out of school

The highest levels of media use are reported by

early adolescents.

Which group is most at risk for obesity?

early-maturing Black girls

Behavioral decision theory draws heavily on _____, and is a rational process in which individuals _____.

economics; calculate the costs and benefits

As discussed in your textbook, the major characteristics of good schools include all but which of the following

emphasizing rote memorization and passive listening in classrooms

Current efforts aimed at encouraging healthy behaviors among adolescents involve all of the following, except:

encouraging adolescents to sign contracts promising to abstain from unhealthy behaviors.

Based on information presented in the textbook, in the United States today, which of the following strategies would be the least efficient way to promote adolescent health?

ensuring that school bathrooms are sanitary

Molly's breasts are beginning to develop, she is beginning to grow pubic hair, her skin is becoming more oily, and her body is growing rapidly. These changes are brought about by the secretion of _____ by the _____.

estrogen and androgens; ovaries

The _____ may act as a buffer for children growing up in single-parent households and plays an important role in the socialization of Black youth.

extended family

Which of the following is considered a shared environmental influence for siblings

family socioeconomic status

Which of the following characteristics is not associated with being an early-maturing boy?

fewer problem behaviors

Which of the following terms applies more to adolescent thought than to childhood thought?

flexible, speculative, abstract

According to Piaget, the period of cognitive development that is based on theoretical, abstract principles of logic is called

formal operations

Older students are more likely to hold _____ jobs and working teenagers in rural areas are more likely to be employed in _____ jobs.

formal; agricultural

Current research on the effects of remarriage indicates that

girls have more problems than boys.

All of the following are features of hypothetical thinking, except:

greater awareness of concrete, observable events

Which of the following is not associated with adolescents who work?

greater enjoyment of school

One type of structural change in the brain has to do with changes in the levels of grey and white matter in the brain. Which of the following statements is true

grey matter decreases while white matter increases

Dr. Eckert wants to learn whether students with high self-esteem are more likely to participate in extracurricular activities, or if participation in extracurricular activities enhances adolescents' psychological well-being. She is most likely to understand a cause-and-effect relationship between psychological well-being and extracurricular activities by using which type of study

longitudinal

One reason that the adolescent years may constitute a difficult period of adjustment is that parents

may also be experiencing identity crises of their own

Research testing Elkind's theory of adolescent egocentrism has found that certain aspects:

may remain present throughout the adolescent and adult years

Which theory of media's impact emphasizes the reciprocal link between adolescents' preferences and their media exposure and that adolescents not only choose what they are exposed to but interpret the media in ways that shape their impact?

media practice model

Initiation ceremonies for young women in traditional societies most often coincide with

menarche

The average girl in the United States reaches _________, the time of her first menstrual period, sometime between the ages of 12 and 13.

menarche

During puberty, individuals who mature early are likely to experience which of the following?

more frequent and more intense temper tantrums

Authoritative parents value all of the following, except

obedience

Kelly's parents are disappointed with the education she is receiving in her public high school, so they have been investigating alternative options. Assuming Kelly's parents are financially strapped but want to send her to a private school, which of the following should they do?

obtain government-subsidized school vouchers to use for private school tuition

The first ejaculation of seminal fluid that occurs is:

often determined culturally.

Adults tend to be ______ when their children are adolescents than the past generation

older

Today's teenagers spend the most hours

on leisure activities

According to Brown's (2004) study of crowds in high school, what fraction of adolescents do not fit clearly into any crowd?

one-sixth

The presence or absence of certain hormones early in life may "program" the brain and the nervous system to develop in certain ways later on. These hormones are considered:

organizational.

When it comes to matters like religion, adolescents are more likely to be influenced by _____ over _____.

parents; friends

A research technique in which the researcher "infiltrates" a group of individuals in order to study their behavior and relationships is called

participant observation

Dr. Whitney wanted to study the structure of adolescents' peer groups. She pretended to be a newcomer to the community and attended the local high school. She met a group of students and eventually joined their group. This type of observation is called:

participant observation

Which of the following factors have not been found to influence the onset of maturation?

peer pressure

Research evaluating media messages about sex and drugs finds that

repeated exposure to these messages is likely to have an effect on adolescent attitudes and beliefs.

Based on the definitions outlined in the Five Cs of positive youth development, what does character mean?

respect for societal and cultural rules

Of the following, the biggest threat to adolescents' health is:

risky behaviors.

Mary is having trouble understanding how to do a math problem. Her teacher asks her just the right question and Mary understands the problem. Vygotsky would refer to the structuring process used by the teacher to guide Mary's thinking as:

scaffolding.

Over the past century, the onset of puberty has been coming at an earlier age. This has been referred to as the:

secular trend.

The extreme skepticism observed in many adolescents is most likely a result of:

seeing knowledge as relative rather than as absolute

What emotional characteristic makes an individual more likely to engage in risky behaviors?

sensation seeking

The term given in the textbook that describes siblings who are deliberately trying to be different from each other is:

sibling deidentification.

Adolescents develop the ability to think about social issues, a concept more generally referred to as

social cognition

According to the textbook, in non-Western cultures, there is huge discrepancy in the extension of privileges to males and females. In general, girls' behavior is more _____, whereas boys are given more ____.

subject to the control of adults; freedom and autonomy

The status of adolescents as full-time students arose as a result of:

the Industrial Revolution

The hormonally induced increase in the rate of growth in height and weight is referred to as:

the adolescent growth spurt.

Jacob is looking forward to the upcoming presidential election because he is now able to cast his vote. Based on your knowledge of the social redefinition of adolescence, what has Jacob attained

the age of majority

Some researchers have suggested that ______ __in contemporary society has (have) caused difficulties for many of today's youth, especially poor or minority youth

the discontinuous and prolonged nature of the transition from adolescence to adulthood

All of the following are true regarding the legal boundary between childhood and adulthood except

the legal boundary between childhood and adulthood is very clear and consistent.

President Obama's education secretary suggested what to address the problem of the state-dependent standards in the No Child Left Behind act?

the need to have a set of common standards across all 50 states

Jacquelynne Eccles believes that ________ a negative effect on junior high school teachers, which then affects the teachers' interactions with their students

the organization and anonymity of junior high schools have

The textbook states that _________ is the most critical influence on adolescents' adjustment.

the quality of the parent-child relationships at home

Kerry and Kristie's teacher accidentally got their test scores mixed up and mistakenly thought that Kerry was the more intelligent of the two girls. At the end of the year, her records demonstrated that, indeed, Kerry had gained more and performed at a higher level than Kristie. This is best thought of as an example of:

the self-fulfilling prophecy

Which of the following themes is generally not a universal element in the process of social redefinition

the separation of adolescents experiencing menarche from elder members of the community

Which of the following themes is generally not a universal element in the process of social redefinition?

the separation of adolescents experiencing menarche from elder members of the community

Psychologist Jeffery Arnett has suggested that 18- to 25-year-olds are caught between adolescence and adulthood in "emerging adulthood," which is characterized by all but which of the following?

the subjective feeling of emotional immaturity

Mr. Edwards is the principal at a public school and has just read a research study that discussed ways to maximize student's success. The main message of the research study was that what takes place within a school is probably more important than the nature of its funding and oversight. Based on what you learned from the textbook, what do you think the researchers argued that schools should focus on?

the ways in which schools train, certify, place, and compensate teachers

The messages that contemporary society sends adolescents are

unclear and inconsistent