Chapter 1 A & P

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Responsiveness

Reaction to a change inside or outside the body.

All organisms share a set of basic requirements. These include all of the following, with the exception of _____________, which is not required by all organisms, even if it is present in many.

Carbon dioxide

Digestion

Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used.

The digestive system acts to bring foods into cells where they are broken down into usable forms.

False

The epididymis is part of the endocrine system.

False

The parietal pleura is the membrane which covers the surface of each lung.

False

The term ipsilateral means on the opposite side.

False

The following are correct cavity terms except which one?

Frontal. (There is a frontal sinus but no frontal cavity).

The skin belongs to the _____ system.

Integumentary

Organ system

Integumentary system, skeletal system, digestive system (9)

The function of the _____ is to remove soluble wastes from the body.

Kidneys

The _____ system returns tissue fluids to the heart.

Lymphatic

The structures called _____ are intracellular areas with specific living functions.

Organelles

Cell

Muscle cell, nerve cell (6)

Most of the body's homeostatic mechanisms operate by negative feedback, although a few function through positive feedback. Choose the example from the list below that operates by positive feedback.

A baby suckling at the breast stimulates greater milk production. (More suckling leads to more milk).

Distal

A body part is farther from a point of attachment to the trunk; The fingers are distal to the wrist.

Water

A chemical substance; For metabolic processes, as a medium for metabolic reactions, to transport substances, and to regulate body temperature.

Oxygen

A chemical substance; To help release energy from food substances.

Cross section

A cut across a cylindrical organ.

Transverse and horizontal

A cut that divides the body into superior and inferior portions.

Negative Feedback Mechanisms

A deviation from the set point is corrected and the correction reduces the action of the effectors.

Pressure

A force; Atmospheric pressure for breathing; hydrostatic pressure to help circulate blood.

Heat

A form of energy; To help regulate the rates of metabolic reactions.

Longitudinal section

A lengthwise cut of a cylindrical organ.

Sagittal

A lengthwise cut that divides the body into left and right portions. If a sagittal section passes along the midline and divides the body into equal parts, it is called median (midsagittal). A sagittal section lateral to midline is called parasagittal.

Proximal

A part closer to a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part; The elbow is proximal to the wrist.

Coronal and frontal

A section that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

The following is an example of positive feedback:

A temperature of 100.2F causes a further increase. (Positive feedback occurs when some physiologic condition such as a rise in temperature or blood pressure causes the condition to increase even further).

Superior

Above another body part; The thoracic cavity is superior to the abdominopelvic cavity.

Oblique section

An angular cut of a cylindrical organ.

Which of the following terms means the same as ventral in humans?

Anterior. (Because humans are bipeds, anterior and ventral are the same).

Serous membranes

Are located lining the walls of the thoracic and abdominal cavities and fold back to cover the organs within these cavities.

The process of turning molecules that are ingested into forms that are compatible with the organism is _____.

Assimilation. (The changing of absorbed compounds into usable forms in the organism; digestion is the process of breaking large molecules into smaller ones).

The ______________ of the body includes the head, neck, and trunk.

Axial portion

Skeletal System

Bones, ligaments, cartilages; Provides framework, protects soft tissues, provides attachments for muscles, produces blood cells, stores inorganic salts.

Nervous System

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs; Detects changes, receive and interpret sensory information, stimulates muscles and glands.

Movement

Change in position of the body or of a body part; motion of an internal organ.

Assimilation

Changing of absorbed substances into different chemical forms.

Medial

Closer to the midline of the body, dividing the body into equal right and left halves; The nose is medial to the eyes.

The _____ separates the thoracic from abdominal cavities.

Diaphragm. (The diaphragm is the muscular lower portion of the thoracic cavity).

The ______________ system includes all the glands that secrete hormones.

Endocrine

Which of the following is not a respiratory organ?

Esophagus. (The esophagus is a digestive organ while the others are respiratory).

Nerve impulses usually have a relatively slow influence on target organs when compared to hormones.

False

Serous fluid is usually protective and thick in consistency.

False

The abdominal area could be divided into six regions or quadrants.

False

Normal body temperature, assessed below the tongue, is 20 degrees C.

False. (37 degrees C (98.6 degrees F)).

The term that means the opposite of central is deep.

False. (Central and deep are the same; the opposite is superficial).

An otic abnormality could be a deformed nasal septum.

False. (Otic refers to the ear).

The term parietal is used to name something on the surface of an organ.

False. (Parietal means on the wall around the organ; visceral is the term for an organ).

The skin is the part of the body that homeostatically controls the maintainence of body temperature.

False. (The brain contains the control center (hypothalamus) which maintains temperature; the skin is an organ that responds to signals from the brain).

A carpal fracture is one that occurs to the bones found within the ankle.

False. (The carpals are in the wrist; tarsals are in the ankle).

The term visceral refers to structures on the skin surface.

False. (Visceral refers to organs of the ventral body cavity.

The following are examples of homeostatic parameters or body values except which one?

Heart rate. (The body does not maintain the rate of the heart at a stable level since heart rate falls and rises in response to the demands of the body).

Which of the following would not be covered by visceral peritoneum?

Heart. (The heart is enclosed by the pericardial membranes, the other structures are abdominal).

Organism

Human (10)

Atom

Hydrogen atom, lithium atom, (2)

The force that water exerts on a system is referred to as the ________.

Hydrostatic pressure. (Hydrostatic pressure is the force of the water).

The lower ribs are located in the _____ region.

Hypochondriac

Which of the following is the same as inguinal?

Iliac

Axial portion

Includes head, neck and trunk; Cranial cavity, thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.

Appendicular portion

Includes the upper and lower limbs.

Growth

Increase in body size without change in shape.

A tumor on the side of the abdomen can be described as being on the _____ surface of the body.

Lateral. (Lateral refers to the side).

Lymphatic System

Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen; Return tissue fluid to the blood, carry certain absorbed food molecules, defends the body against infection.

The ____________ system is responsible for transporting tissue fluid and also houses the body's disease-fighting cells.

Lymphatic. (The lymphatic system is the bodies major transporter of excess fluid and contains many white blood cells).

Proteins and carbohydrates are classified as _____.

Macromolecules. (Are large, complex arrangements of atoms, such as proteins).

Reproductive System

Male: Scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, urethra, penis; Produce and maintain sperm cells, transfer sperm cells into female reproductive tract. Female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva; Produce and maintain egg cells, receive sperm cells, support development of an embryo, and function in birth process.

The region between the lungs is the

Mediastinum

The heart lies specifically in the _____ space.

Mediastinum. (The mediastinum is the space in the middle of the thoracic cavity that does not contain the lungs (pleural)).

Organelle

Mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus (5)

Digestive System

Mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestines; Receives, breaks down, and absorbs food; eliminates unabsorbed material.

Circulation

Movement of substances in body fluids.

Muscular System

Muscles; Causes movements, maintains posture, produces body heat.

The _____ system plays a role in moving fluids, wastes, and bones?

Muscular

Respiratory System

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs; Intake and output of air, exchanges of gases between air and blood.

Which of the following terms cannot be properly paired?

Nasal, buccal

Superficial and peripheral

Near the surface; The epidermis is the superficial layer of the skin.

A cervical lesion could be on the uterus or _____.

Neck

A decrease in blood glucose that causes the inhibition of insulin is an example of _____.

Negative feedback

Integration and coordination are properties of the _____ system of organs.

Nervous

A medial tumor on the head could be on the _____.

Nose. (Medial means towards or on the area around the midline; the nose is on the medial surface of the face or skull).

Respiration

Obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and releasing energy from foods (some forms of life do not use oxygen in respiration).

Which of the following is the most complex level of organization?

Organ system

Skin or bone is an example of what level of organization?

Organ. (Skin and bone are a combo of many tissues, which makes them an organ).

A system is defined as a group of _____ that function together.

Organs

Absorption

Passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids.

The _____________ cavity is the portion enclosed by the hip bones.

Pelvic

Which field, when compared to the others, tends to rely more on experimentation to find new answers?

Physiology

The _____ membranes surround the lungs.

Pleural. (Pleural is the term for lungs).

The exchanging of gases for the purpose of producing energy is called _____.

Respiration. (Is the exchange of carbon dioxide for oxygen; during this exchange there are several complex chemical reaction that take place for the production of energy).

The larynx is a term in the _____ system.

Respiratory

The human liver is primarily located in the _____________________.

Right upper quadrant of the abdominal area. (The human liver is immediately inferior to the diaphragm on the right side).

A _____ section divides the body into right and left.

Sagittal. (A sagittal plane divides the body into right and left halves and is at right angles to the coronal and transverse planes.

The following are components of the excretory system except which one?

Salivary glands. (The salivary glands secrete mucus which is not considered a waste).

Tissue

Simple squamous epithelium, loose connective tissue (7)

A tumor on top of the head would be on the _____ surface.

Superior

Which of the following includes the other terms?

System. (A system is the highest level of organization and includes all of the lower levels of organization).

Homeostasis

The internal environment of the body consists of the fluid that surrounds our cells, extracellular fluid, and the cells themselves; is the body's maintenance of a sable internal environment.

Peritoneal cavity

The potential space between the visceral peritoneum and parietal peritoneum and is filled with serous fluid.

Pleural cavity

The potential space between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura.

Visceral peritoneum

The serous membrane that covers each abdominal organ.

Visceral pericardium (AKA epicardium)

The serous membrane that covers the heart's surface; is also separated by serous fluid from the parietal pericardium.

Visceral pleura

The serous membrane that covers the lungs.

Parietal peritoneum

The serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic wall.

Parietal pleura

The serous membrane that lines the thoracic cavity.

Pericardial cavity

The space between the pericardial membranes; located between the parietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium.

Anterior and Ventral

Toward the front; The eyes are anterior/ventral to the brain.

Lateral

Toward the side, away from midline; The wars are lateral to the eyes.

A _____ section divides an organ into top and bottom.

Transverse. (Transverse sections are horizontal cuts made through the shortest diameter).

A peripheral wound could be located near the surface of the skin.

True

Anterior can be used the same as ventral.

True

Death is recognized as the absence of vital signs and absence of brain activity.

True

If an organism displays the ability to reproduce itself at some time, including microorganisms, it is probably living.

True

Insulin decreases blood sugar levels while glucagon acts to increase blood glucose.

True

The head is considered to be a cephalic area within the axial division of the body.

True

The occipital area is the region on the back of the skull.

True

The purpose of the reproductive system is for the continuation of the species.

True

The stethoscope is placed on the antecubital surface in order to assess a blood pressure.

True

The term transverse is identical to horizontal section.

True

Metabolism is a term, which can refer to the sum total of all chemical reactions in an organism.

True. (In a biochemical sense this term is used collectively but in medical usage sometimes metabolism is restricted to only those processes which result in energy production).

The peritoneum is a type of abdominal membrane.

True. (The peritoneum is a thin, serous membrane that encloses almost all the abdominal organs).

The thymus gland lies on top of the heart in the mediastinum.

True. (The thymus gland is located near the great vessels on the heart, in the mediastinum).

The central abdominal area is the _____ region.

Umbilical

Food

Various chemical substances; To supply energy and raw materials for the production pf necessary substances and for the regulation of vital reactions.

Another name for the cavity in the front or belly side is _____.

Ventral

The navel is located on the _____ surface.

Ventral

The lungs are covered by a membrane called the _______________.

Visceral pleura. (Visceral refers to covering the organ, and pleura refers to the lungs).

When a nurse takes someone's temperature, they are directly assessing a _____.

Vital sign

Molecule

Water molecule, glucose molecule (3)

The transportation of heat in the body is mainly a property of the _____ it contains.

Water. (Water has special properties of polarity that enable it to transport hear; pressure is a force that explains the movement of water such as the flow of blood).

Three components of a homeostatic mechanism are:

receptors, a control center, and effectors.

Select the correct statement about the science of anatomy.

Anatomy is concerned with the structure of body parts.

Which of the following is not part of the axial body?

Arm. (The arm is part of the appendicular portion while the head, neck and trunk are axial).

Inferior

Below another body part; The neck is inferior to the head.

Effectors

Cause responses that alter condition in the internal environment. (The muscle)

What is the smallest level of organization considered to be living?

Cell

A headache is an example of a _____ pain.

Cephalic

What is another name for a frontal section?

Coronal. (Frontal and coronal are the same).

Which of the following pairs of terms is not correct?

Costal, abdomen. (Costal refers to ribs).

A _____ fracture occurred in the hip area.

Coxal

The following are sinus areas except which one?

Cranial. (Cranial is used properly as a cavity; there are frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid and mastoid sinuses).

A _____ fracture occurred in the elbow area.

Cubital

Subatomic particles

Electrons, protons, neurons (1)

Hormones are chemicals of the _____ system that affect target areas.

Endocrine

The removal of a compound that the body no longer requires is called _____.

Excretion

The orbital cavity would contain the _____.

Eyes

A bone cell would function the same whether it was alone or together with a group of similar cells.

False

Diseases usually involve positive rather than negative feedback mechanisms.

False

In the anatomical position the palm of the hands face towards the back.

False

Magnetic resonance imaging is a technique using radiation to view the internal structures.

False

Control centers

Function to decide what a particular value should be. (Mob boss)

Endocrine System

Glands that secrete hormones (pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and thymus); Controls metabolic activities of body structures.

Cardiovascular System

Heart, arteries, capillaries, veins; Move blood through blood vessels and transports substances throughout the body.

The chin can be described as being on the _____ surface of the skull.

Inferior. (The chin is the inferior, anterior surface of the skull).

Urinary System

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra; Removes wastes from blood, maintains water and electrolyte balance, stores and eliminates urine.

The arms lie on the _____ surface of the trunk.

Lateral. (The sides of the trunk are lateral surfaces).

The lower arm is _____________ to the stomach area, while the head is ________________ to the stomach.

Lateral; superior. (Lateral and superior are the most appropriate terms to use).

A mental tumor could be one in the _____.

Lower jaw. (Mental indicates a lower jaw area).

Which of the following means the same as lower back?

Lumbar

Deep

More internal parts; The dermis is the deep layer of the skin.

Bilateral

Paired structures, one on each side; The lings are bilateral.

Which one of the following traits is not a characteristic of life shared by all organisms?

Photosynthesis

The study dealing with the explanations of how an organ works would be an example of _____.

Physiology

Reproduction

Production of new organisms and new cells.

Macromolecule

Protein molecule, DNA molecule (4)

Receptors

Provide information about specific conditions in the internal environment. (The snitch)

The wrist is the most _____ part of the hand region.

Proximal. (Proximal and distal are the best terms to use with the limbs).

Excretion

Removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions.

The bulbourethral glands would be found in the _____ system.

Reproductive. (The bulbourethral glands secrete a mucus for reproductive purposes).

Parts of the pharynx belong to the _____ and digestive systems.

Respiratory

Which of the following is an example of a normal homeostatic event?

Shivering when it is cold. (Shivering is an attempt to increase body temperature through muscle contraction which is the major source of heat).

Organ

Skin, femur, heart, kidney (8)

Integumentary System

Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands; Protects tissues, regulates body temperature, support sensory receptors.

Anatomical Position

Standing erect, face forward, palms facing forward.

Which of the following does not apply to the dorsal cavity?

Stomach. (The stomach is in the ventral space).

Contralateral

Structures on the opposite side; A patient with a fractured right leg would have to bear weight on the contralateral, left lower limb.

Ipsilateral

Structures on the same side; The right lung and the right kidney are ipsilateral.

Physiology

The study of function of body parts.

Anatomy

The study of structure of body parts including forms and organization.

Simple squamous epithelium is a _____ term.

Tissue

Posterior and dorsal

Toward the back; The pharynx is posterior to the oral cavity.


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