Chapter 1 A & P
Responsiveness
Reaction to a change inside or outside the body.
All organisms share a set of basic requirements. These include all of the following, with the exception of _____________, which is not required by all organisms, even if it is present in many.
Carbon dioxide
Digestion
Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used.
The digestive system acts to bring foods into cells where they are broken down into usable forms.
False
The epididymis is part of the endocrine system.
False
The parietal pleura is the membrane which covers the surface of each lung.
False
The term ipsilateral means on the opposite side.
False
The following are correct cavity terms except which one?
Frontal. (There is a frontal sinus but no frontal cavity).
The skin belongs to the _____ system.
Integumentary
Organ system
Integumentary system, skeletal system, digestive system (9)
The function of the _____ is to remove soluble wastes from the body.
Kidneys
The _____ system returns tissue fluids to the heart.
Lymphatic
The structures called _____ are intracellular areas with specific living functions.
Organelles
Cell
Muscle cell, nerve cell (6)
Most of the body's homeostatic mechanisms operate by negative feedback, although a few function through positive feedback. Choose the example from the list below that operates by positive feedback.
A baby suckling at the breast stimulates greater milk production. (More suckling leads to more milk).
Distal
A body part is farther from a point of attachment to the trunk; The fingers are distal to the wrist.
Water
A chemical substance; For metabolic processes, as a medium for metabolic reactions, to transport substances, and to regulate body temperature.
Oxygen
A chemical substance; To help release energy from food substances.
Cross section
A cut across a cylindrical organ.
Transverse and horizontal
A cut that divides the body into superior and inferior portions.
Negative Feedback Mechanisms
A deviation from the set point is corrected and the correction reduces the action of the effectors.
Pressure
A force; Atmospheric pressure for breathing; hydrostatic pressure to help circulate blood.
Heat
A form of energy; To help regulate the rates of metabolic reactions.
Longitudinal section
A lengthwise cut of a cylindrical organ.
Sagittal
A lengthwise cut that divides the body into left and right portions. If a sagittal section passes along the midline and divides the body into equal parts, it is called median (midsagittal). A sagittal section lateral to midline is called parasagittal.
Proximal
A part closer to a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part; The elbow is proximal to the wrist.
Coronal and frontal
A section that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
The following is an example of positive feedback:
A temperature of 100.2F causes a further increase. (Positive feedback occurs when some physiologic condition such as a rise in temperature or blood pressure causes the condition to increase even further).
Superior
Above another body part; The thoracic cavity is superior to the abdominopelvic cavity.
Oblique section
An angular cut of a cylindrical organ.
Which of the following terms means the same as ventral in humans?
Anterior. (Because humans are bipeds, anterior and ventral are the same).
Serous membranes
Are located lining the walls of the thoracic and abdominal cavities and fold back to cover the organs within these cavities.
The process of turning molecules that are ingested into forms that are compatible with the organism is _____.
Assimilation. (The changing of absorbed compounds into usable forms in the organism; digestion is the process of breaking large molecules into smaller ones).
The ______________ of the body includes the head, neck, and trunk.
Axial portion
Skeletal System
Bones, ligaments, cartilages; Provides framework, protects soft tissues, provides attachments for muscles, produces blood cells, stores inorganic salts.
Nervous System
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs; Detects changes, receive and interpret sensory information, stimulates muscles and glands.
Movement
Change in position of the body or of a body part; motion of an internal organ.
Assimilation
Changing of absorbed substances into different chemical forms.
Medial
Closer to the midline of the body, dividing the body into equal right and left halves; The nose is medial to the eyes.
The _____ separates the thoracic from abdominal cavities.
Diaphragm. (The diaphragm is the muscular lower portion of the thoracic cavity).
The ______________ system includes all the glands that secrete hormones.
Endocrine
Which of the following is not a respiratory organ?
Esophagus. (The esophagus is a digestive organ while the others are respiratory).
Nerve impulses usually have a relatively slow influence on target organs when compared to hormones.
False
Serous fluid is usually protective and thick in consistency.
False
The abdominal area could be divided into six regions or quadrants.
False
Normal body temperature, assessed below the tongue, is 20 degrees C.
False. (37 degrees C (98.6 degrees F)).
The term that means the opposite of central is deep.
False. (Central and deep are the same; the opposite is superficial).
An otic abnormality could be a deformed nasal septum.
False. (Otic refers to the ear).
The term parietal is used to name something on the surface of an organ.
False. (Parietal means on the wall around the organ; visceral is the term for an organ).
The skin is the part of the body that homeostatically controls the maintainence of body temperature.
False. (The brain contains the control center (hypothalamus) which maintains temperature; the skin is an organ that responds to signals from the brain).
A carpal fracture is one that occurs to the bones found within the ankle.
False. (The carpals are in the wrist; tarsals are in the ankle).
The term visceral refers to structures on the skin surface.
False. (Visceral refers to organs of the ventral body cavity.
The following are examples of homeostatic parameters or body values except which one?
Heart rate. (The body does not maintain the rate of the heart at a stable level since heart rate falls and rises in response to the demands of the body).
Which of the following would not be covered by visceral peritoneum?
Heart. (The heart is enclosed by the pericardial membranes, the other structures are abdominal).
Organism
Human (10)
Atom
Hydrogen atom, lithium atom, (2)
The force that water exerts on a system is referred to as the ________.
Hydrostatic pressure. (Hydrostatic pressure is the force of the water).
The lower ribs are located in the _____ region.
Hypochondriac
Which of the following is the same as inguinal?
Iliac
Axial portion
Includes head, neck and trunk; Cranial cavity, thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.
Appendicular portion
Includes the upper and lower limbs.
Growth
Increase in body size without change in shape.
A tumor on the side of the abdomen can be described as being on the _____ surface of the body.
Lateral. (Lateral refers to the side).
Lymphatic System
Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen; Return tissue fluid to the blood, carry certain absorbed food molecules, defends the body against infection.
The ____________ system is responsible for transporting tissue fluid and also houses the body's disease-fighting cells.
Lymphatic. (The lymphatic system is the bodies major transporter of excess fluid and contains many white blood cells).
Proteins and carbohydrates are classified as _____.
Macromolecules. (Are large, complex arrangements of atoms, such as proteins).
Reproductive System
Male: Scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, urethra, penis; Produce and maintain sperm cells, transfer sperm cells into female reproductive tract. Female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva; Produce and maintain egg cells, receive sperm cells, support development of an embryo, and function in birth process.
The region between the lungs is the
Mediastinum
The heart lies specifically in the _____ space.
Mediastinum. (The mediastinum is the space in the middle of the thoracic cavity that does not contain the lungs (pleural)).
Organelle
Mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus (5)
Digestive System
Mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestines; Receives, breaks down, and absorbs food; eliminates unabsorbed material.
Circulation
Movement of substances in body fluids.
Muscular System
Muscles; Causes movements, maintains posture, produces body heat.
The _____ system plays a role in moving fluids, wastes, and bones?
Muscular
Respiratory System
Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs; Intake and output of air, exchanges of gases between air and blood.
Which of the following terms cannot be properly paired?
Nasal, buccal
Superficial and peripheral
Near the surface; The epidermis is the superficial layer of the skin.
A cervical lesion could be on the uterus or _____.
Neck
A decrease in blood glucose that causes the inhibition of insulin is an example of _____.
Negative feedback
Integration and coordination are properties of the _____ system of organs.
Nervous
A medial tumor on the head could be on the _____.
Nose. (Medial means towards or on the area around the midline; the nose is on the medial surface of the face or skull).
Respiration
Obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and releasing energy from foods (some forms of life do not use oxygen in respiration).
Which of the following is the most complex level of organization?
Organ system
Skin or bone is an example of what level of organization?
Organ. (Skin and bone are a combo of many tissues, which makes them an organ).
A system is defined as a group of _____ that function together.
Organs
Absorption
Passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids.
The _____________ cavity is the portion enclosed by the hip bones.
Pelvic
Which field, when compared to the others, tends to rely more on experimentation to find new answers?
Physiology
The _____ membranes surround the lungs.
Pleural. (Pleural is the term for lungs).
The exchanging of gases for the purpose of producing energy is called _____.
Respiration. (Is the exchange of carbon dioxide for oxygen; during this exchange there are several complex chemical reaction that take place for the production of energy).
The larynx is a term in the _____ system.
Respiratory
The human liver is primarily located in the _____________________.
Right upper quadrant of the abdominal area. (The human liver is immediately inferior to the diaphragm on the right side).
A _____ section divides the body into right and left.
Sagittal. (A sagittal plane divides the body into right and left halves and is at right angles to the coronal and transverse planes.
The following are components of the excretory system except which one?
Salivary glands. (The salivary glands secrete mucus which is not considered a waste).
Tissue
Simple squamous epithelium, loose connective tissue (7)
A tumor on top of the head would be on the _____ surface.
Superior
Which of the following includes the other terms?
System. (A system is the highest level of organization and includes all of the lower levels of organization).
Homeostasis
The internal environment of the body consists of the fluid that surrounds our cells, extracellular fluid, and the cells themselves; is the body's maintenance of a sable internal environment.
Peritoneal cavity
The potential space between the visceral peritoneum and parietal peritoneum and is filled with serous fluid.
Pleural cavity
The potential space between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura.
Visceral peritoneum
The serous membrane that covers each abdominal organ.
Visceral pericardium (AKA epicardium)
The serous membrane that covers the heart's surface; is also separated by serous fluid from the parietal pericardium.
Visceral pleura
The serous membrane that covers the lungs.
Parietal peritoneum
The serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic wall.
Parietal pleura
The serous membrane that lines the thoracic cavity.
Pericardial cavity
The space between the pericardial membranes; located between the parietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium.
Anterior and Ventral
Toward the front; The eyes are anterior/ventral to the brain.
Lateral
Toward the side, away from midline; The wars are lateral to the eyes.
A _____ section divides an organ into top and bottom.
Transverse. (Transverse sections are horizontal cuts made through the shortest diameter).
A peripheral wound could be located near the surface of the skin.
True
Anterior can be used the same as ventral.
True
Death is recognized as the absence of vital signs and absence of brain activity.
True
If an organism displays the ability to reproduce itself at some time, including microorganisms, it is probably living.
True
Insulin decreases blood sugar levels while glucagon acts to increase blood glucose.
True
The head is considered to be a cephalic area within the axial division of the body.
True
The occipital area is the region on the back of the skull.
True
The purpose of the reproductive system is for the continuation of the species.
True
The stethoscope is placed on the antecubital surface in order to assess a blood pressure.
True
The term transverse is identical to horizontal section.
True
Metabolism is a term, which can refer to the sum total of all chemical reactions in an organism.
True. (In a biochemical sense this term is used collectively but in medical usage sometimes metabolism is restricted to only those processes which result in energy production).
The peritoneum is a type of abdominal membrane.
True. (The peritoneum is a thin, serous membrane that encloses almost all the abdominal organs).
The thymus gland lies on top of the heart in the mediastinum.
True. (The thymus gland is located near the great vessels on the heart, in the mediastinum).
The central abdominal area is the _____ region.
Umbilical
Food
Various chemical substances; To supply energy and raw materials for the production pf necessary substances and for the regulation of vital reactions.
Another name for the cavity in the front or belly side is _____.
Ventral
The navel is located on the _____ surface.
Ventral
The lungs are covered by a membrane called the _______________.
Visceral pleura. (Visceral refers to covering the organ, and pleura refers to the lungs).
When a nurse takes someone's temperature, they are directly assessing a _____.
Vital sign
Molecule
Water molecule, glucose molecule (3)
The transportation of heat in the body is mainly a property of the _____ it contains.
Water. (Water has special properties of polarity that enable it to transport hear; pressure is a force that explains the movement of water such as the flow of blood).
Three components of a homeostatic mechanism are:
receptors, a control center, and effectors.
Select the correct statement about the science of anatomy.
Anatomy is concerned with the structure of body parts.
Which of the following is not part of the axial body?
Arm. (The arm is part of the appendicular portion while the head, neck and trunk are axial).
Inferior
Below another body part; The neck is inferior to the head.
Effectors
Cause responses that alter condition in the internal environment. (The muscle)
What is the smallest level of organization considered to be living?
Cell
A headache is an example of a _____ pain.
Cephalic
What is another name for a frontal section?
Coronal. (Frontal and coronal are the same).
Which of the following pairs of terms is not correct?
Costal, abdomen. (Costal refers to ribs).
A _____ fracture occurred in the hip area.
Coxal
The following are sinus areas except which one?
Cranial. (Cranial is used properly as a cavity; there are frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid and mastoid sinuses).
A _____ fracture occurred in the elbow area.
Cubital
Subatomic particles
Electrons, protons, neurons (1)
Hormones are chemicals of the _____ system that affect target areas.
Endocrine
The removal of a compound that the body no longer requires is called _____.
Excretion
The orbital cavity would contain the _____.
Eyes
A bone cell would function the same whether it was alone or together with a group of similar cells.
False
Diseases usually involve positive rather than negative feedback mechanisms.
False
In the anatomical position the palm of the hands face towards the back.
False
Magnetic resonance imaging is a technique using radiation to view the internal structures.
False
Control centers
Function to decide what a particular value should be. (Mob boss)
Endocrine System
Glands that secrete hormones (pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and thymus); Controls metabolic activities of body structures.
Cardiovascular System
Heart, arteries, capillaries, veins; Move blood through blood vessels and transports substances throughout the body.
The chin can be described as being on the _____ surface of the skull.
Inferior. (The chin is the inferior, anterior surface of the skull).
Urinary System
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra; Removes wastes from blood, maintains water and electrolyte balance, stores and eliminates urine.
The arms lie on the _____ surface of the trunk.
Lateral. (The sides of the trunk are lateral surfaces).
The lower arm is _____________ to the stomach area, while the head is ________________ to the stomach.
Lateral; superior. (Lateral and superior are the most appropriate terms to use).
A mental tumor could be one in the _____.
Lower jaw. (Mental indicates a lower jaw area).
Which of the following means the same as lower back?
Lumbar
Deep
More internal parts; The dermis is the deep layer of the skin.
Bilateral
Paired structures, one on each side; The lings are bilateral.
Which one of the following traits is not a characteristic of life shared by all organisms?
Photosynthesis
The study dealing with the explanations of how an organ works would be an example of _____.
Physiology
Reproduction
Production of new organisms and new cells.
Macromolecule
Protein molecule, DNA molecule (4)
Receptors
Provide information about specific conditions in the internal environment. (The snitch)
The wrist is the most _____ part of the hand region.
Proximal. (Proximal and distal are the best terms to use with the limbs).
Excretion
Removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions.
The bulbourethral glands would be found in the _____ system.
Reproductive. (The bulbourethral glands secrete a mucus for reproductive purposes).
Parts of the pharynx belong to the _____ and digestive systems.
Respiratory
Which of the following is an example of a normal homeostatic event?
Shivering when it is cold. (Shivering is an attempt to increase body temperature through muscle contraction which is the major source of heat).
Organ
Skin, femur, heart, kidney (8)
Integumentary System
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands; Protects tissues, regulates body temperature, support sensory receptors.
Anatomical Position
Standing erect, face forward, palms facing forward.
Which of the following does not apply to the dorsal cavity?
Stomach. (The stomach is in the ventral space).
Contralateral
Structures on the opposite side; A patient with a fractured right leg would have to bear weight on the contralateral, left lower limb.
Ipsilateral
Structures on the same side; The right lung and the right kidney are ipsilateral.
Physiology
The study of function of body parts.
Anatomy
The study of structure of body parts including forms and organization.
Simple squamous epithelium is a _____ term.
Tissue
Posterior and dorsal
Toward the back; The pharynx is posterior to the oral cavity.