Chapter 1 & 2

Correlation

A _______ is described with a correlation coefficient, r, which ranges from -1 to 1. The correlation coefficient tells us about the nature (positive or negative) and the strength of the relationship between two or more variables.

were not testable

A major criticism of Freud's early theories involves the fact that his theories ________.

Biological

A researcher interested in how changes in the cells of the hippocampus (a structure in the brain related to learning and memory) are related to memory formation would be most likely to identify as a(n) ________ psychologist.

I-O

A researcher interested in what factors make an employee best suited for a given job would most likely identify as a(n) ________ psychologist.

Cognitive Revolution

A science of behavior began to shift back to its roots of focus on mental processes. The emergence of neuroscience and computer science aided this transition. People came to realize that cognition was crucial to a true appreciation and understanding of behavior

survey

A(n) ________ is a list of questions developed by a researcher that can be administered in paper form.

Personality

An individual's consistent pattern of thought and behavior is known as a(n) ________.

IRB

Any experiment involving human participants must be approved by an

informed consent

Before participating in an experiment, individuals should read and sign the ________ form.

philosophy

Before psychology became a recognized academic discipline, matters of the mind were undertaken by those in ________.

increases; increases

Height and weight are positively correlated. This means that as height ________ weight ________.

PhD

If someone wanted to become a psychology professor at a 4-year college, then s/he would probably need a ________ degree in psychology.

2/3

In Milgram's controversial study on obedience, nearly ________ of the participants were willing to administer what appeared to be lethal electrical shocks to another person because they were told to do so by an authority figure.

is whether participants are exposed to the experimental manipulation.

In ideal experimental design, the only difference between the experimental and control groups...

proposed explanation

In the scientific method, a hypothesis is a(n)

attrition

Longitudinal research is complicated by high rates of ________.

Masters

One would need at least a(n) ________ degree to serve as a school psychologist.

soul

Psyche is a Greek word meaning ________.

What is Psychology?

Psychology derives from the roots psyche (meaning soul) and -ology (meaning scientific study of). Thus, psychology is defined as the scientific study of mind and behavior. Students of psychology develop critical thinking skills, become familiar with the scientific method, and recognize the complexity of behavior.

Conducting experiments

Researchers can test cause-and-effect hypotheses by

operationalize

Researchers must ________ important concepts in their studies so others would have a clear understanding of exactly how those concepts were defined.

reliable (consistent and replicable) and valid (accurate)

Researchers strive to ensure that their tools for collecting data are both

IACUC

Researchers who use animals as experimental subjects must design their projects so that pain and distress are minimized. Animal research requires the approval of an

unconditional positive regard

Rogers believed that providing genuineness, empathy, and ________ in the therapeutic environment for his clients was critical to their being able to deal with their problems

testable

Scientific hypotheses are ________ and falsifiable.

empirical

Scientific knowledge is ________.

case study

Sigmund Freud developed his theory of human personality by conducting in-depth interviews over an extended period of time with a few clients. This type of research approach is known as a(n): ________.

placebo

Sometimes, researchers will administer a(n) ________ to participants in the control group to control for the effects that participant expectation might have on the experiment

independent variable; dependent variable

The ________ is controlled by the experimenter, while the ________ represents the information collected and statistically analyzed by the experimenter.

PsyD

The ________ places less emphasis on research and more emphasis on application of therapeutic skills.

the honesty of the data that is collected in a realistic setting

The benefit of naturalistic observation studies is ________.

it is closest to 0

The correlation coefficient indicates the weakest relationship when ________.

the inability to generalize the findings from this approach to the larger population

The major limitation of case studies is ________.

Skinner

The operant conditioning chamber (aka ________ box) is a device used to study the principles of operant conditioning.

Archival research

Using existing records to try to answer a research question is known as ________.

a. -.90 b. -.50 c. +.80 d. +.25 answer: a

Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables?

Bachelors

Which of the following degrees would be the minimum required to teach psychology courses in high school?

a. critical thinking b. use of the scientific method c. critical evaluation of sources of information answer: all of the above

Which of the following was mentioned as a skill to which psychology students would be exposed?

Students who watch more television perform more poorly on their exams

Which statement best illustrates a negative correlation between the number of hours spent watching TV the week before an exam and the grade on that exam?

James

Who was the first American psychologist, and he was a proponent of functionalism. This particular perspective focused on how mental activities served as adaptive responses to an organism's environment, and also relied on introspection

Who was a STRUCTURALIST, which meant he believed that our cognitive experience was best understood by breaking that experience into its component parts best achieved by INTROSPECTION

Wundt

Who helped create psychology as a distinct scientific discipline?

Wundt and James helped create psychology as a distinct scientific discipline.

Biological

____ psychology involves the study of the bases of behavior. Sensation and perception refer to the area of psychology that is focused on how information from our sensory modalities is received, and how this information is transformed into our perceptual experiences of the world around us.

Surveys

_____ can be administered in a number of ways and make it possible to collect large amounts of data quickly. However, the depth of information that can be collectedis somewhat limited compared to a clinical or case study.

Personality

_____ psychology focuses on individuals' unique patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion.

Cognitive

_____ psychology is concerned with the relationship that exists between thought and behavior, and developmental psychologists study the physical and cognitive changes that occur throughout one's lifespan.

Research

______ enables scientists to separate fact from simple opinion

Cross-sectional

_______ research compares multiple segments of a population at a single time.

facts

________ are defined as observable realities.

longitudinal research

________ involves following a group of research participants for an extended period of time.

Naturalistic Observation

________ involves observing behavior in individuals in their natural environments.

IACUC; IRB

________ is to animal research as ________ is to human research.

random sampling

________ means that everyone in the population has the same likelihood of being asked to participate in the study.

Gestalt

__________ psychology takes a holistic view of an individual and his experiences.still very influential in the study of sensation and perception.

B.f. Skinner

contributed to our understanding of principles of operant conditioning

Correlations

do not tell us anything about causation—regardless of how strong the relationship is between variables.

Behaviorism

focused on making psychology an objective science by studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes.

Humanism

focuses on the potential of all people for good. Both Maslow and Rogers were influential to this.

Longitudinal research

has been incredibly helpful to researchers who need to collect data on how people change over time.

Naturalistic Observation

involves observing behavior in a natural setting and allows for the collection of valid, true-to-life information from realistic situations.

Archival research

involves studying existing data sets to answer research questions.

The clinical or case study

involves studying just a few individuals for an extended period of time. While this approach provides an incredible depth of information, the ability to generalize these observations to the larger population is problematic.

Abraham Maslow

is most well-known for proposing his hierarchy of needs.

John Watson

is often considered the father of behaviorism.

experiment

the only way to demonstrate causation is by conducting an

Peer-reviewed journal articles

where do Psychologists report their research findings

Max Wertheimer

which theorist would have been most likely to agree with this statement: Perceptual phenomena are best understood as a combination of their components.

Sigmund Freud

who believed that understanding the unconscious mind was absolutely critical to understand conscious behavior.This was especially true for individuals that he saw who suffered from various hysterias and neuroses. He relied on dream analysis, slips of the tongue, and free association as means to access the unconscious.